Analysis of the episodes of tropospheric ozone concentration in relation with hot days and heat waves in Warsaw

The study presents the characteristics of the occurrence of smog episodes - days with exceeded the limit value of 8-hour tropospheric ozone concentration (120 μg.m-3) with the occurrence of hot days (maximum air temperature greater than 25°C), very hot (maximum air temperature greater than 30°C) and heat waves during 13-year period 2004-2016 in the area of Warsaw, Poland. In the analyzed period, the average number of hot days was 45, and very hot days was 8. The highest number of these days occurred in 2015, 54 and 20 days respectively. Heat waves were short and lasted usually 3-4 days. The highest number of them was recorded in 2010 and 2015 (14 days). The highest ozone concentration value 189 μg.m-3was recorded on 28 May 2005, thus exceeding the information threshold (180 μg.m-3for the value of 1 hour ozone concentration). However, the number of days with the exceeded limit value of ozone concentration was not in any year exceeded the target value, i.e. 25 days in a calendar year. The relatively stronger relationship (R=0.513) in comparison to others obtained between average maximum temperature during LTO exceedance days and average ozone concentration during these days but it was not statistically significant.

Download Full-text

Trends of Changes of Maximum Air Temperature in Ukraine as an Impact Factor on Population Health

Man and Environment. Issues of Neoecology ◽

10.26565/1992-4224-2020-33-01 ◽

2020 ◽

Keyword(s):

Population Health ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Thermal Regime ◽

Climate Changes ◽

System Analysis ◽

Global Climate ◽

Maximum Temperature ◽

Air Temperatures ◽

Average Maximum ◽

Maximum Air Temperature

Purpose. The aim of this research is detection of trends of changes (according to fact and scenario data) of extreme air temperature as a component of thermal regime in different regions of Ukraine because of global climate change. Methods. System analysis, statistical methods. Results. Time distribution of maximum air temperature regime characteristics based on results of observations on the stations located in different regions of Ukraine during certain available periods: Uzhgorod (1946-2018), Kharkiv (1936-2005), Оdessа (1894-2005), аnd also according to scenarios of low (RCP2.6), medium (RCP4.5) and high (RCP8.5) levels of greenhouse gases emissions. Meanwhile, air temperature ≥ 25°С was considered high (days with maximum temperature within 25,0-29,9°С are hot), ≥ 30°С was considered very high (days with such temperature are abnormaly hot). Trends of changes of extreme air temperatures were identified as a component of thermal regime in different regions of Ukraine within global climate changes. Dynamics of maximum air temperature and its characteristics in ХХ and beginning of ХХІ centuries were researched. Expected time changes of maximum air temperature and number of days with high temperature during 2021-2050 were analyzed by RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. There were identified the highest day air temperatures possible once in a century and also possibility of maximum day temperature more than 30°С by RCP4.5 scenario. Well-timed prediction of climate changes will help evaluate their impact on human and natural systems which will be useful for development and taking preventive measures towards minimization of negative influence of such changes. Conclusions. Processes of climate warming in Ukraine are activating. There was determined a strong trend on increasing of average maximum of air temperature in winter with speed 0.17-0,39 degrees centigrade/10 years. According to climatic norm this index mainly increased mostly (up to 3,3 degrees centigrade) in January in North-East of the country. In future such anomalies will grow. Determination of correlation between climate and health is the base for taking protective measures against perils for population health connected with climate.

Download Full-text

A Consistent Methodology to Evaluate Temperature and Heat Wave Future Projections for Cities: A Case Study for Lisbon

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10031149 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 1149 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Alfredo Rocha ◽

Susana C. Pereira ◽

Carolina Viceto ◽

Rui Silva ◽

Jorge Neto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Heat Wave ◽

Heat Waves ◽

Maximum Temperature ◽

Present Climate ◽

Average Maximum ◽

Recent Climate ◽

Average Maximum Temperature ◽

Accumulated Temperature

Heat waves are large-scale atmospheric phenomena that may cause heat stress in ecosystems and socio-economic activities. In cities, morbidity and mortality may increase during a heat wave, overloading health and emergency services. In the face of climate change and associated warming, cities need to adapt and mitigate the effects of heat waves. This study suggests a new method to evaluate heat waves’ impacts on cities by considering some aspects of heat waves that are not usually considered in other similar studies. The method devises heat wave quantities that are easy to calculate; it is relevant to assessing their impacts and permits the development of adaptation measures. This study applies the suggested method to quantify various aspects of heat waves in Lisbon for future climate projections considering future mid-term (2046–2065) and long-term (2081–2100) climates under the RCP8.5 greenhouse emission scenario. This is achieved through the analysis of various regional climate simulations performed with the WRF model and an ensemble of EURO-CORDEX models. This allows an estimation of uncertainty and confidence of the projections. To evaluate the climate change properties of heat waves, statistics for future climates are compared to those for a reference recent climate. Simulated temperatures are first bias corrected to minimize the model systematic errors relative to observations. The temperature for mid and long-term futures is expected to increase relative to the present by 1.6 °C and 3.6 °C, respectively, with late summer months registering the highest increases. The number of heat wave days per year will increase on average from 10, in the present climate, to 38 and 63 in mid and long-term climates, respectively. Heat wave duration, intensity, average maximum temperature, and accumulated temperature during a heat wave will also increase. Heat waves account for an annual average of accumulated temperature of 358 °C·day in the present climate, while in the mid and long-term, future climates account for 1270 °C·day and 2078 °C·day, respectively. The largest increases are expected to occur from July to October. Extreme intensity and long-duration heat waves with an average maximum temperature of more than 40 °C are expected to occur in the future climates.

Download Full-text

The occurrence of heat waves in Europe and their circulation conditions

Geografie ◽

10.37040/geografie2019124010001 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 124 (1) ◽

pp. 1-17 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Arkadiusz M. Tomczyk ◽

Ewa Bednorz ◽

Marek Półrolniczak

Keyword(s):

Sea Level ◽

Heat Wave ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Atmospheric Pressure ◽

Geopotential Height ◽

Heat Waves ◽

Daily Maximum ◽

Isobaric Surface ◽

Hot Days ◽

Maximum Air Temperature

The objective of the paper was to characterize the occurrence of heat waves in Europe between 1976 and 2015 and to determine circulation conditions causing their occurrence. The heat waves were recognized as a sequence of at least 5 consecutive hot days. The hot day was defined as a day on which daily maximum air temperature was higher than 95th percentile of all the values in the analyzed period. The conducted research showed an increase in the number of heat waves and their duration in the analyzed period. The longest heat wave occurred in 2010, in Moscow, which lasted 45 days. The most intense changes were observed in the eastern and south-eastern regions. The occurrence of heat waves was mainly connected with positive anomalies of atmospheric pressure at sea level, geopotential height of 500 hPa, and temperature on isobaric surface 850 hPa.

Download Full-text

The Effect of the Thermal Mass of the Building Envelope on Summer Overheating of Dwellings in a Temperate Climate

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14144117 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (14) ◽

pp. 4117

Author(s):

Tadeusz Kuczyński ◽

Anna Staszczuk ◽

Piotr Ziembicki ◽

Anna Paluszak

Keyword(s):

Building Materials ◽

Heat Waves ◽

Residential Buildings ◽

Building Envelope ◽

Temperate Climate ◽

Maximum Temperature ◽

Thermal Mass ◽

Occupant Behavior ◽

Average Maximum ◽

Night Ventilation

The main objective of this paper is to demonstrate the effectiveness of increasing the thermal capacity of a residential building by using traditional building materials to reduce the risk of its excessive overheating during intense heat waves in a temperate climate. An additional objective is to show that the use of this single passive measure significantly reduces the risk of overheating in daytime rooms, but also, though to a much lesser extent, in bedrooms. Increasing the thermal mass of the room from light to a medium heavy reduced the average maximum daily temperature by 2.2K during the first heat wave and by 2.6K during the other two heat waves. The use of very heavy construction further reduced the average maximum temperature for the heat waves analyzed by 1.4K, 1.2K and 1.7K, respectively, giving a total possible reduction in maximum daily temperatures in the range of 3.6 °C, 3.8 °C and 4.3 °C. A discussion of the influence of occupant behavior on the use of night ventilation and external blinds was carried out, finding a significant effect on the effectiveness of the use of both methods. The results of the study suggest that in temperate European countries, preserving residential construction methods with heavy envelopes and partitions could significantly reduce the risk of overheating in residential buildings over the next few decades, without the need for night ventilation or external blinds, whose effectiveness is highly dependent on individual occupant behavior.

Download Full-text

Micro-climatological influences on temperature condition in an old people’s home in Helsinki, Finland, caused by extended heat-waves

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-10897 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Achim Drebs ◽

Tim Sinsel ◽

Kirsti Jylhä

Keyword(s):

Air Temperature ◽

Heat Waves ◽

Daily Maximum ◽

Old People ◽

Concrete Walls ◽

Meteorological Forcing ◽

Clear Sky ◽

Wave Event ◽

Construction Type ◽

Maximum Air Temperature

In our research we describe the micro-climatological influences of two heat-waves around and the air temperature development in a certain old people&#8217;s home in Helsinki, Finland. The stand-alone six-storey concrete building was erected in the late 1970&#8217;s and represents the prevailing construction type of this area. The building is located on a slightly southwards declining slope.The first simulation used real meteorological forcing-data from the heat-wave event in summer 2018, which lasted from July, 13th until August, 5th. In this period the daily maximum air temperature reached almost every day 25 &#176;C and more, sometimes even more than 30 &#176;C. All air temperature, wind, humidity, and solar radiation (cloudiness) measurements were conducted at a near-by synoptical weather station.The second simulation used fourteen-day constructed meteorological forcing-data, based on a clear-sky, slowly increasing air temperature, higher than normal humidity, and low wind conditions assumption starting on July, 13th (day 194 of the year).We used the holistic ENVI-met simulation soft-ware to simulate the physical environment around the old people&#8217;s home and especially the energy fluxes inside the concrete walls to explain the needs for cooling demands.The research is part of the HEATCLIM-project financed by the Academy of Finland Science Program CLIHE (2020-2023).

Download Full-text

Exploring the Sensitivity of Subtropical Stand Aboveground Productivity to Local and Regional Climate Signals in South China

Forests ◽

10.3390/f10010071 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 71 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hua Zhou ◽

Yang Luo ◽

Guang Zhou ◽

Jian Yu ◽

Sher Shah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Regional Climate ◽

Mixed Forest ◽

Single Species ◽

Forest Productivity ◽

Maximum Temperature ◽

Forest Types ◽

Monthly Average ◽

Aboveground Productivity ◽

Average Maximum ◽

Average Maximum Temperature

Subtropical forest productivity is significantly affected by both natural disturbances (local and regional climate changes) and anthropogenic activities (harvesting and planting). Monthly measures of forest aboveground productivity from natural forests (primary and secondary forests) and plantations (mixed and single-species forests) were developed to explore the sensitivity of subtropical mountain productivity to the fluctuating characteristics of climate change in South China, spanning the 35-year period from 1981 to 2015. Statistical analysis showed that climate regulation differed across different forest types. The monthly average maximum temperature, precipitation, and streamflow were positively correlated with primary and mixed-forest aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) and its components: Wood productivity (WP) and canopy productivity (CP). However, the monthly average maximum temperature, precipitation, and streamflow were negatively correlated with secondary and single-species forest ANPP and its components. The number of dry days and minimum temperature were positively associated with secondary and single-species forest productivity, but inversely associated with primary and mixed forest productivity. The multivariate ENSO (EI Niño-Southern Oscillation) index (MEI), computed based on sea level pressure, surface temperature, surface air temperature, and cloudiness over the tropical Pacific Ocean, was significantly correlated with local monthly maximum and minimum temperatures (Tmax and Tmin), precipitation (PRE), streamflow (FLO), and the number of dry days (DD), as well as the monthly means of primary and mixed forest aboveground productivity. In particular, the mean maximum temperature increased by 2.5, 0.9, 6.5, and 0.9 °C, and the total forest aboveground productivity decreased by an average of 5.7%, 3.0%, 2.4%, and 7.8% in response to the increased extreme high temperatures and drought events during the 1986/1988, 1997/1998, 2006/2007, and 2009/2010 EI Niño periods, respectively. Subsequently, the total aboveground productivity values increased by an average of 1.1%, 3.0%, 0.3%, and 8.6% because of lagged effects after the wet La Niña periods. The main conclusions of this study demonstrated that the influence of local and regional climatic fluctuations on subtropical forest productivity significantly differed across different forests, and community position and plant diversity differences among different forest types may prevent the uniform response of subtropical mountain aboveground productivity to regional climate anomalies. Therefore, these findings may be useful for forecasting climate-induced variation in forest aboveground productivity as well as for selecting tree species for planting in reforestation practices.

Download Full-text

The safety of dental extractions in patients with hematologic malignancies.

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.1989.7.6.798 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 7 (6) ◽

pp. 798-802 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

S K Williford ◽

P L Salisbury ◽

J E Peacock ◽

J M Cruz ◽

B L Powell ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wound Healing ◽

Myeloproliferative Disorders ◽

Hematologic Malignancies ◽

Maximum Temperature ◽

Average Maximum ◽

Average Maximum Temperature ◽

Sources Of Infection ◽

The Mean ◽

Risk For Bleeding ◽

Dental Infections

Dental disorders have been recognized as major sources of infection in patients with hematologic malignancies (HM). Management of severe dental infections usually includes dental extractions (DE), but the safety of extractions in patients with HM who are at risk for bleeding, sepsis, and poor wound healing has not been well established. In conjunction with an aggressive program of dental care, 142 DE were performed in 26 patients with acute leukemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, and myeloproliferative disorders. Granulocytopenia (less than 1,000 granulocytes/microL) was present during or within ten days following surgery in 14 patients. In these 14 patients (101 DE), the mean granulocyte count was less than 450/microL, with a median duration of granulocytopenia following surgery of 32 days (range, four to 169 days). Thrombocytopenia (less than 100,000 platelets/microL) occurred during or within two days following surgery in 13 patients (80 DE), with a mean platelet count of 63,500/microL. Transfusions were given for platelet counts less than 50,000/microL. All DE were performed without significant complications. Bleeding was minor to moderate and easily controlled with local measures; no patient required transfusion due to hemorrhage. Average maximum temperature 24 hours after DE was 37.7 degrees C. No episodes of bacteremia were documented within ten days of DE. Minor delay in wound healing was observed in two patients. We conclude that DE can be safely performed in patients with HM in combination with aggressive supportive care.

Download Full-text

CORRELATION COMMUNICATION BETWEEN METEOROLOGICAL PARAMETERS AT EXTREME VALUES OF MAXIMUM AIR TEMPERATURES

Hydrology, hydrochemistry and hydroecology ◽

10.17721/2306-5680.2020.1.11 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 101-112

Author(s):

S.V. Savchuk ◽

V.E. Timofeev ◽

O.A. Shcheglov ◽

V.A. Artemenko ◽

I.L. Kozlenko

Keyword(s):

Air Temperature ◽

Meteorological Parameters ◽

Extreme Values ◽

Daily Temperature ◽

Sea Level Pressure ◽

Maximum Daily Temperature ◽

The North ◽

Air Temperatures ◽

Average Maximum ◽

Maximum Air Temperature

The object of the study is the maximum daily air temperature during the months of the year over 1991-2016 by the data of 186 meteorological stations of Ukraine. Extreme values of the maximum daily temperature equal to or exceeded their 95th (Tmax95p and above, ºС) percentile were taken as extreme. The article sets the dates (137 cases) of extreme values of maximum air temperature on more than 60 % of the territory. For these dates, 13 meteorological parameters were selected: average, minimum, and maximum air temperatures; average, minimum and maximum relative humidity; station and sea-level pressure; average, maximum (from 8 synoptic hours) wind speed; rainfall; height of snow cover. The purpose of this work is to determine the correlation coefficient (K), in particular, statistically significant (K≤-0.6, K≥0.6), on these dates between selected meteorological parameters at 186 meteorological stations of Ukraine for 1991-2013. The density of the cases of statistically significant dependence between the meteorological parameters in extremely warm days in separate seasons is determined. In extremely warm days, meteorological parameters and areas with statistically significant correlations at K≤-0.6 were detected: T and F (focally in southern and some western regions with significant density) − in winter; T and F (with the highest density ubiquitous or almost ubiquitous), P and V (in a large number of regions, usually west or right-bank, but with less frequency) − in the transition seasons, and in the autumn between − T and F (in the south with smaller density) and P and F (in some areas of the north, northwest, west, lower east). In all seasons, such a correlation between other meteorological parameters had a focal distribution, usually with a smaller density. In these days, a focal distribution with a small frequency of dependencies at K≥0.6 was found between the meteorological parameters detected (F and V in transition seasons, T and F in winter), except for similar ones. However, such dependence is observed between T and V in some regions in winter and autumn and in some areas of south, southeast, east with a smaller density. The study of the maximum daily temperature is relevant, because from the level of natural hydrometeorological phenomena it is accompanied by dangerous phenomena, negatively affecting the weather dependent industries.

Download Full-text

Soil temperatures in Egypt

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600018906 ◽

1928 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 90-122 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

E. McKenzie Taylor

Keyword(s):

Soil Temperature ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Temperature Wave ◽

Maximum Temperature ◽

Straight Line ◽

Temperature Waves ◽

Soil Temperatures ◽

The Times ◽

Maximum Air Temperature

1. The soil temperatures in Egypt at a number of depths have been recorded by means of continuous recording thermometers. In general, the records show that the amplitude of the temperature wave at the surface of the soil is considerably greater than the air temperature wave. There is, however, a considerable damping of the wave with depth, no daily variation in temperature being observed at a depth of 100 cm.2. No definite relation between the air and soil temperatures could be traced. The maximum air temperature was recorded in May and the maximum soil temperature in July.3. The amplitude of the temperature wave decreases with increase in depth. The decrease in amplitude of the soil temperature wave is not regular owing to variations in the physical properties of the soil layers. Between any two depths, the ratio of the amplitudes of the temperature waves is constant throughout the year. The amplitude of the soil temperature wave bears no relation to the amplitude of the air temperature wave.4. The time of maximum temperature at the soil surface is constant throughout the year at 1 p.m. The times of maximum temperature at depths below the surface lag behind the time of surface maximum, but they are constant throughout the year. When plotted against depth, the times of maximum at the various soil depths lie on a straight line.

Download Full-text

Analysis of the extreme heat events in Iran

International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management ◽

10.1108/ijccsm-04-2016-0046 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 418-432 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hojjatollah Yazdanpanah ◽

Josef Eitzinger ◽

Marina Baldi

Keyword(s):

Trend Analysis ◽

Heat Wave ◽

Heat Waves ◽

Temporal Variations ◽

Maximum Temperature ◽

Daily Maximum Temperature ◽

Daily Maximum ◽

Positive Trend ◽

Content Type ◽

Hot Days

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess the spatial and temporal variations of extreme hot days (H*) and heat wave frequencies across Iran. Design/methodology/approach The authors used daily maximum temperature (Tmax) data of 27 synoptic stations in Iran. These data were standardized using the mean and the standard deviation of each day of the year. An extreme hot day was defined when the Z score of daily maximum temperature of that day was equal or more than a given threshold fixed at 1.7, while a heat wave event was considered to occur when the Z score exceeds the threshold for at least three continuous days. According to these criteria, the annual frequency of extreme hot days and the number of heat waves were determined for all stations. Findings The trend analysis of H* shows a positive trend during the past two decades in Iran, with the maximum number of H* (110 cases) observed in 2010. A significant trend of the number of heat waves per year was also detected during 1991-2013 in all the stations. Overall, results indicate that Iran has experienced heat waves in recent years more often than its long-term average. There will be more frequent and intense hot days and heat waves across Iran until 2050, due to estimated increase of mean air temperature between 0.5-1.1 and 0.8-1.6 degree centigrade for Rcp2.6 and Rcp8.8 scenarios, respectively. Originality/value The trend analysis of hot days and heat wave frequencies is a particularly original aspect of this paper. It is very important for policy- and decision-makers especially in agriculture and health sectors of Iran to make some adaptation strategies for future frequent and intense hot days over Iran.

Download Full-text