scholarly journals Comparison of Value Added within EU in Terms of Corporate Investment in Research and Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 90 ◽  
pp. 01008
Author(s):  
Yaroslava Kostiuk ◽  
Kristína Korená
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Value Added ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Manufacturing Sectors ◽  
Optimal Values

Globalization has accelerated the growth of innovation in many countries outside the European Union. In order to remain competitive, companies and individual EU economies therefore support the development of innovations through investments in research and development. This contribution is focused on the specification of value added in terms of investments in research and development in the construction and manufacturing sectors. Using statistics of the European Commission for the period 2013 – 2017, a dataset of 269,892 companies in the EU28 countries was generated. The purpose of this contribution is to determine to what extent investment in research and development participates in the creation of value added. A research question was formulated to determine the ideal ratio between value added and investment. Methods: To achieve the objectives set, regression analysis of neural networks was applied using Statistica software. The results of the research indicate that the optimal values in the construction sector were achieved by Great Britain (~EUR 11.3 billion.) and France (~EUR 16.1 billion), and in the manufacturing sector by France (~EUR 11.42 billion), Italy (~EUR 11.41 billion) and Great Britain (~EUR 10.6 billion). The authors consider the method of regression analysis and neural networks to be appropriate for examining the optimal ratio between investment in R&D and value added.

scholarly journals The Use of Artificial Neural Networks to Analyze Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollutant Emissions from the Mining and Quarrying Sector in the European Union

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1925 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarosław Brodny ◽  
Magdalena Tutak
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
European Union ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Mining Activities ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
The Eu

The European Union (EU) is considered one of the most economically developed regions worldwide. It was driven by the mining industry for several decades. Despite certain changes in this area, a number of mineral and energy resources are still being mined in the EU. Nevertheless, mining activities are accompanied by many unfavorable phenomena, especially for the environment, such as greenhouse gas and air pollutant emissions. The great diversity of the EU countries in terms of the size of the “mining and quarrying” sector means that both the volume and structure of these emissions in individual countries varies. In order to assess the current state of affairs, research was conducted to look at the structure and volume of these emissions in individual EU countries. The aim of the study was to divide these countries into homogenous groups by structure and volume of studied emissions. In order to reflect both the specificity and diversity of the EU countries, this division was based on the seven most important gases (CO2, CH4, N2O, NH3, NMVOC, CO, NOx) and two types of particulate matter (PM 2.5, PM 10) emitted into the atmosphere from the sector in question. The volume of studied emissions was also compared to the number of inhabitants of each EU country and the gross value added (GVA) by the mining and quarrying sector. This approach enabled a new and broader view on the issue of gas and air pollutant emissions associated with mining activities. The artificial Kohonen’s neural networks were used for the analysis. The developed method, the analyses and the results constitute a new approach to studying such emissions in the EU. Research that looks only at the emission of harmful substances into the environment in relation to their absolute values fail to fully reflect the complexity of this problem in individual EU countries. The presented approach and the results should broaden the knowledge in the field of harmful substance emissions from the mining and quarrying sector, which should be utilized in the process of implementing the new European climate strategy referred to as “The European Green Deal”.

scholarly journals Nature of Indonesia’s Deindustrialization

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 220-232
Author(s):  
Muhammad Irfan Islami ◽  
Fithra Faisal Hastiadi
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Downward Trend ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Productivity Data ◽  
Per Capita

This research aims to identify the nature of deindustrialisation on Indonesia’s economy. To test the negative deindustrialisation, this research performed a descriptive analysis on value-added, export-import, and productivity data of manufacturing sector. To test the premature deindustrialisation, this research conducted a regression analysis to create a simulation of value of GDRP per capita at the top of industrialization taken place on Indonesia’s economy. Descriptive analysis shows that deindustrialization in Indonesia prevails with downward trend of value-added, trade performance, and productivity of manufacturing sector. Subsector analysis also shows that manufacturing subsectors having high value added experienced negative trend in all mentioned indicators. The result of premature deindustrialization model regression shows that the peak of industrialization in Indonesia achieved at lower level income per capita compared to several thresholds of premature deindustrialization. Those results show that negative and premature deindustrialisation prevailed in Indonesia’s economy.  The consequence of these research’s results is to promote the politics of reindustrialization. There are several recommendations for policy makers to enhance performance of manufacturing sector. From demand-side, it is important to expand market of manufacturing product internationally and domestically. From supply side, the policy makers should increase the investments and insentives for businesses.

scholarly journals The Globalization in the actual Context of the European Union Economy

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 739-750
Author(s):  
Mihai Păunică ◽  
Alexandru Manole ◽  
Cătălina Motofei ◽  
Gabriela Lidia Tănase
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Foreign Direct Investments ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Recent Period ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Current Characteristics ◽  
Net Export ◽  
Geographical Dimension

Abstract In this paper, the authors aim to realize an in-depth analysis of the current characteristics of the globalization phenomenon from the viewpoint of the European Union and Romanian economy. The study will pursue some of the globalization indicators published by Eurostat, their status and a multidimensional perspective on their evolution. Namely, the foreign trade, the foreign direct investments, the employment, value added shall be subjected to analysis. The authors will apply statistical and econometric techniques to outline the behavior of economic globalization, depending on the values and dynamics of the support indicators. The structural and dynamic evaluation shall consider the main aspect of the multi-dimensional perspective, the geographical dimension. Both statistical and econometric tools applied lead to a set of conclusions, either general or subject-oriented, which show the present impact and trends of globalization in the European Union and Romanian economic activity. The research question was focused on how strong is the influence of globalization indicators on the economic growth for European Union and Romania. The results outline the behavior of the globalization indicators in the recent period, with focus on the effects of the economic crisis. The main indicators considered were the net export, import, export and the foreign direct investments, and their impact of the Gross Domestic Product is also revealed.

scholarly journals A Probe into the Status of the Oil Palm Sector in the Malaysian Value Chain

Economies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 106
Author(s):  
Fathin Faizah Said ◽  
Sharifah Nur Ainn Syed Roslan ◽  
Mohd Azlan Shah Zaidi ◽  
Mohd Ridzwan Yaakub
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Network Visualization ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Input Factor ◽  
High Level

A ban on palm oil imports by the European Union has become a problematic issue, especially for palm oil producers’ countries. Oil palm has been widely used in many sub-sectors, and any changes in the production side may affect many sectors that use oil palm as an input factor in their productions. This study explores the chain of the oil palm sector on the other sub-sectors in Malaysia by using a value-added multiplier method and network modeling. The study focuses on the specific oil palm sub-sector and oils and fats sub-sector in the Malaysian economic structure based on the Malaysian Input-Output 2015 Table. Network visualization and all the analyses involving network methods were developed and performed using UCINET and GEPHI software. The value-added multiplier results explained that the net value between output multiplier and import multiplier is vital to depict the real impact of net resources used as an input factor in the oils and fats and oil palm sub-sectors. The high-density value level shows that the Malaysian oil palm sector has high connectivity in the economic system. From the network visualization analysis, the oils and fats sub-sector has a high level of integration with other sectors within the network. Meanwhile, the oil palm sub-sector categorized in the periphery structure group has a low level of integration in the input-output network. This is due to the high value-added demand for oil palm in the oils and fats sub-sector in the manufacturing sector. Overall, most of the sub-sectors in Malaysia are highly interconnected due to the high clustering ratio. Therefore, ensuring sufficient oil palm production is vital for sustainable production of other sub-sectors.

scholarly journals Selected Aspects of the Copenhagen Economics Study on Reduced VAT Rates in the Current Conditions of the Moravian-Silesian Region

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-41
Author(s):  
Kateřina Randová ◽  
Michal Krajňák
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Value Added Tax ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Deductive Method ◽  
Dominant Influence

This paper deals with a long-debated issue of the application of value added tax rates to labour-intensive services. The level of value added tax rates has a dominant influence on the tax liability of suppliers of these services and subsequently on the amount of available funds that they could use for development of their business. The aim of this paper is a presentation of results of the student grant “Quantification of Impacts of Application of Reduced Value Added Tax Rate to Locally Supplied Services on the Suppliers of these Services”, which is focused on selected aspects of the “Study on reduced VAT applied to goods and services in the Member States of the European Union” in the conditions of the providers of these services from the Moravian-Silesian Region. For this paper the methods of regression analysis and analysis of variance – ANOVA were used. The deductive method and method of analysis have also been used.

scholarly journals A Correlation between Process Management and Procurement Efficiency in Manufacturing Sector

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-192
Author(s):  
M. Laraib ◽  
M. Asim ◽  
S. Manzoor
Keyword(s):  
Process Management ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Manufacturing Sectors ◽  
The Relationship

Procurement has been evolved with this era of evolution. Now procurement has become an important part of supply chain, hence the performance and the quality of procurement is measured for the continuous improvement. Here process management and process design play very crucial role. The study aims to identify the relationship between process management and the procurement efficiency. The literature review would support the finding of this study by previous studies and researchers’ findings showing the linkage between these two variables. Several researchers in the literature have addressed the positive impact on procurement efficiency by integrating, and implementing the process management approach, and drew their findings in the favor of this approach. The study is based on the qualitative research, for which the data was taken from the secondary sources, as well as from the primary source, through unstructured interviews from the procurement professionals in different organization of manufacturing sectors. The study concludes the valid and value added results, which are showing the significant and positive relationship between process management approach and the procurement efficiency. In addition, this leads to suggestion of some more valuable implementations.

scholarly journals Non-Destructive Micromagnetic Determination of Hardness and Case Hardening Depth Using Linear Regression Analysis and Artificial Neural Networks

Metals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Rahel Jedamski ◽  
Jérémy Epp
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Neural Networks ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Artificial Neural Networks ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Case Hardening ◽  
Artificial Neural ◽  
Non Destructive

Non-destructive determination of workpiece properties after heat treatment is of great interest in the context of quality control in production but also for prevention of damage in subsequent grinding process. Micromagnetic methods offer good possibilities, but must first be calibrated with reference analyses on known states. This work compares the accuracy and reliability of different calibration methods for non-destructive evaluation of carburizing depth and surface hardness of carburized steel. Linear regression analysis is used in comparison with new methods based on artificial neural networks. The comparison shows a slight advantage of neural network method and potential for further optimization of both approaches. The quality of the results can be influenced, among others, by the number of teaching steps for the neural network, whereas more teaching steps does not always lead to an improvement of accuracy for conditions not included in the initial calibration.

scholarly journals Women’s Economic Empowerment in Vietnam: Performance and Constraints of Female-Led Manufacturing SMEs

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 255
Author(s):  
MinhTam Bui ◽  
Trinh Q. Long
Keyword(s):  
Labor Productivity ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Medium Enterprises

This paper identifies whether there was a performance difference among micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) led by men and by women in Vietnam during the period 2005–2013 and aims to provide explanations for the differences, if any, in various performance indicators. The paper adopts a quantitative approach using a firm-level panel dataset in the manufacturing sector in 10 provinces/cities in Vietnam in five waves from 2005 to 2013. Fixed effect models are estimated to examine the influence of firm variables and demographic, human capital characteristics of owners/managers on firms’ value added, labor productivity and employment creation. We found that men led MSMEs did not outperform those led by women on average. Although the average value added was lower for female-led firms in the informal sector, the opposite was true in the formal sector where women tend to lead medium-size firms with higher value added and labor productivity. The performance disparity was more envisaged across levels of formality and less clear from a gender perspective. Moreover, while firms owned by businessmen seemed to create more jobs, firms owned by women had a higher share of female employees. No significant difference in business constraints faced by women and by men was found.

scholarly journals VAT Efficiency—A Discussion on the VAT System in the European Union

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 4768
Author(s):  
Anna Kowal ◽  
Grzegorz Przekota
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Square Function ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Aggregated Data ◽  
Tax Gap ◽  
Standard Rate ◽  
Tax Fraud

The effectiveness of the tax system can be analysed in various ways. According to the authors one of manifestations of such effectiveness is resistance to tax evasion. This phenomenon is influenced by multiple factors, with few being the level of VAT rates and the number of rates in force in the country concerned. The aim of the considerations is therefore to analyse how the standard VAT rate as well as the number of rates affect the effectiveness of this tax. The research was based on a literature query in the field of value added tax in the European Union. In addition, the problem of tax evasion was indicated and the aggregated data on the size of the tax gap in the Member States were presented. Then, there are the results of the research for 27 European Union countries for 2011–2019. The efficiency of VAT collection was modelled using square function, determining the significance of the parameters of this function, as well as the value of abscissa, which made it possible to group the countries based on how they maintained the efficiency of VAT collection over the analysed period of time. The final part of the study concentrates on the relationship between the efficiency of tax collection and the amount of both the basic rate and the number of rates. The conclusions of the research are as follows: a tax system with a small number of reduced rates, and preferably with one relatively low standard rate, is the system least susceptible to tax fraud. The research also shows a positive correlation between the value of the basic VAT rate along with the number of preferential rates and the scale of the tax gap, i.e., in countries with a higher standard VAT rate and a greater number of preferential rates, the tax gap is greater. The study will enable further investigation into the strategy of determining the optimal VAT rate and the process of its unification. Proposed changes may contribute to increasing the efficiency of VAT administration in EU countries, reducing the shadow economy, tax fraud and positively influencing economic growth.

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