The Standardized Wood Extract of Albizia myriophylla: Its Potential as an Active Ingredient in an Anti-inflammatory Herbal Gel Formulation

Abstract Albizia myriophylla has been used in Thai folk medicine for treating inflammation-related diseases. The wood of this medicinal plant is traditionally used as a single herbal drug in the form of an aqueous decoction and as a component in several Thai herbal formulations for the remedy of fever, sore throat, and aphthous ulcers. This study aimed to evaluate in vivo the anti-inflammatory potential and possible mechanism of action of the standardized wood extract of A. myriophylla as well as to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity and physicochemical properties of the developed herbal gel formulation containing standardized wood extract of A. myriophylla. Results of quantitative HPLC analysis demonstrated that the standardized wood extract of A. myriophylla contained 22.95 mg/g of 8-methoxy-7,3′,4′-trihydroxyflavone, a bioactive marker compound of A. myriophylla. The standardized wood extract of A. myriophylla (1% w/v) exhibited remarkable inhibition (54.4 – 80.3%) in the croton oil model of topical inflammation at all assessment times, comparable to standard indomethacin (55.3 – 63.6%). Real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was performed to clarify the anti-inflammatory mechanism of standardized wood extract of A. myriophylla, and the result showed that this standardized extract decreased lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide synthase mRNA levels in a dose-dependent manner. The developed herbal gel containing standardized wood extract of A. myriophylla (1% w/w) had good physicochemical characteristics and exhibited potent inhibition (51.4 – 77.8%) of inflammation in a rat ear edema model at all assessment times, comparable to indomethacin gel (33.3 – 40.5%). The notable anti-inflammatory activity of standardized wood extract of A. myriophylla and its developed herbal gel formulation indicates their potential application as natural anti-inflammatory agents.

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Trichosanthes tricuspidata Lour. Methanol Extract Exhibits Anti-Inflammatory Activity by Targeting Syk, Src, and IRAK1 Kinase Activity

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2019/6879346 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Akash Ahuja ◽

Deok Jeong ◽

Mi-Yeon Kim ◽

Jae Youl Cho

Keyword(s):

Mouse Models ◽

Nuclear Translocation ◽

Inflammatory Responses ◽

Inflammatory Activity ◽

Migraine Treatment ◽

No Production ◽

Mrna Levels ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Trichosanthes tricuspidata Lour., also known as T. palmata Roxb, T. bracteata Lam., T. puber Blume, and Modecca bracteata, is a vine belonging to the Cucurbitaceae family (English name: redball snake gourd). Distributed in China, South and East Asia, and tropical Australia, it has been traditionally used as a medicinal plant for its antifever, laxative, anthelmintic properties and for migraine treatment. In this paper, we examined the effects of Trichosanthes tricuspidata Lour. ethanol extract (Tt-ME) in vitro and in vivo. To confirm the effects of Tt-ME on inflammatory responses, we conducted experimental analyses including level of nitric oxide (NO) production, RT-PCR, and immunoblotting and using a HCl/EtOH-induced gastritis animal model. Tt-ME attenuated the release of NO and decreased mRNA levels of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), TNF-α, and IL-6 in lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced macrophages in a concentration-dependent manner. Tt-ME time-dependently suppressed nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) subunits p50 and p65, activator protein (AP-1) subunits c-Fos and c-Jun, and STAT3 transcriptional activity by inhibiting nuclear translocation of p50, p65, c-Fos, c-Jun, and STAT3. Tt-ME significantly downregulated NF-κB, MAPK, and JAK2 signaling by targeting Syk, Src, and IRAK1 protein kinases. Furthermore, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression and cell migration were observed to be downregulated by Tt-ME in LPS-activated macrophages. In vivo studies on Tt-ME also produced similar trends in Hcl/EtOH-induced gastritis mouse models by inhibiting proinflammatory cytokines and the inflammatory signaling pathway. Our results strongly suggest that Tt-ME exerted anti-inflammatory activity in LPS-stimulated macrophages and mouse models of acute inflammatory disease.

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In vitro antihemolytic effect, in vivo anti inflammatory and In vitro antioxidant activity of Anchusa azurea Mill

Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents in Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1871523020666211201162917 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 ◽

Author(s):

Boussoualim Naouel ◽

Trabsa Hayat ◽

Krache Imane ◽

Ouhida Soraya ◽

Arrar Lekhmissi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Methanolic Extract ◽

Folk Medicine ◽

Oxidative Degradation ◽

Negative Control ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Β Carotene ◽

Inflammatory Effect

Background: Anchusa azurea Mill. (AA) is a medicinal plant largely used traditionally in folk medicine in Algeria, it is locally named: hamham. It is effective in the treatment of various diseases. Objectives: The aim of the present study is to determine the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-hemolytic effects of phenolic fractions from Anchusa azurea Mill. Methods: In this study, various extracts from Anchusa azurea Mill. (AA) using solvents with increasing polarity were prepared. The quantification of polyphenols and flavonoids was determined. The anti-radical activity of the different extracts was evaluated using DPPH and by measuring the inhibition of the oxidative degradation of β-carotene. The In vitro antihemolytic effect of the plant extracts is determined (CrE, ChE, AcE and AqE). For each extract, four concentrations were tested: 10.59, 21.18, 42.37, 84.74 µg/ml. Vitamin C is used as a standard. Free-radical attack was measured by measuring the HT50 (Half-Hemolysis Time). The anti-inflammatory effect using PMA on mice of the methanolic extract (CrE) was evaluated. Results: The quantification of polyphenols and flavonoids showed that ethyl acetate extract (AcE) contains a higher amount of polyphenols. However, chloroform extract (ChE) presents a higher amount of flavonoids. AcE showed an important scavenging activity using the DPPH radical (IC50= 68.35 µg/ml). The results showed that AcE also exhibited very great inhibition on the oxidation of β-carotene/linoleic acid (84.33%). All extracts increased the HT50 values (Half-Hemolysis Time) in a dose-dependent manner. The three highest concentrations (21.18, 42.37 and 84.74 µg / ml) of ChE caused a very significant delay (p ≤ 0.001) of hemolysis compared to the negative control and the positive control "VIT C". The anti-inflammatory effect using PMA on mice showed that the methanolic extract (CrE) of AA reduced the weight of the ear edema. Conclusions: This plant has a strong pharmacological power, which supports its traditional medicinal use.

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Anti-Inflammatory Activity of the Active Compounds of Sanguisorbae Radix In Macrophages and in Vivo Toxicity Evaluation in Zebrafish

Cosmetics ◽

10.3390/cosmetics6040068 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 68

Author(s):

Young-Ah Jang ◽

Yong Hur ◽

Jin-Tae Lee

Keyword(s):

Target Genes ◽

Inflammatory Activity ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Active Components ◽

Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽

In Vivo Toxicity ◽

Cox 2 ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Sanguisorbae Radix

Sanguisorbae Radix (SR) is the root of the Sanguisorba officinalis L., a plant native to Asian countries and used in traditional medicine. We isolated the active components of SR and investigated their anti-inflammatory potential. Quercetin (QC), (+)-catechin (CC), and gallic acid (GA) were isolated from acetone extracts of SR. To elucidate the molecular mechanism by which these compounds suppress inflammation, we analyzed the transcriptional up-regulation of inflammatory mediators, such as nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and its target genes, inducible NOS (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophage RAW264.7 cells. Notably, QC, CC, and GA were found to inhibit the production of nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and prostaglandin in a dose-dependent manner. Western blot results indicate that the compounds decreased the expression of iNOS and COX-2 proteins. Furthermore, the compounds decreased phosphorylation of IKK, IκB, ERK, p-38, and JNK proteins in LPS-induced cells. The results support the notion that QC, CC, and GA can potently inhibit the inflammatory response, with QC showing the highest anti-inflammatory activity. In in vivo toxicity studies in zebrafish (Danio rerio), QC showed no toxicity up to 25 μg/mL. Therefore, QC has non-toxic potential as a skin anti-inflammatory biomaterial.

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Stauntonia hexaphylla leaf extract (YRA-1909) suppresses inflammation by modulating Akt/NF-κB signaling in lipopolysaccharide-activated peritoneal macrophages and rodent models of inflammation

Food & Nutrition Research ◽

10.29219/fnr.v65.7666 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jaeyong Kim ◽

Gyuok Lee ◽

Huwon Kang ◽

Ji-Seok Yoo ◽

Yongnam Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Leaf Extract ◽

Inflammatory Diseases ◽

Vascular Diseases ◽

Peritoneal Macrophages ◽

Inflammatory Activity ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Inflammatory Stimuli ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Background: Inflammation is emerging as a key contributor to many vascular diseases and furthermore plays a major role in autoimmune diseases, arthritis, allergic reactions, and cancer. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is a component constituting the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, is commonly used for an inflammatory stimuli to mimic inflammatory diseases. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) is a transcription factor and regulates gene expression particularly related to the inflammatory process. Stauntonia hexaphylla (Lardizabalaceae) is widely used as a traditional herbal medicine for rheumatism and osteoporosis and as an analgesic, sedative, and diuretic in Korea, Japan, and China. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of YRA-1909, the leaf aqueous extract of Stauntonia hexaphylla using LPS-activated rat peritoneal macrophages and rodent inflammation models. Results: YRA-1909 inhibited the LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) and proinflammatory cytokine production in rat peritoneal macrophages without causing cytotoxicity and reduced inducible NO synthase and prostaglandin E2 levels without affecting the cyclooxygenase-2 expression. YRA-1909 also prevented the LPS-stimulated Akt and NF-κB phosphorylation and reduced the carrageenan-induced hind paw edema, xylene-induced ear edema, acetic acid-induced vascular permeation, and cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation in a dose-dependent manner in mice and rats. Conclusions: S. hexaphylla leaf extract YRA-1909 had anti-inflammatory activity in vitro and in vivo that involves modulation of Akt/NF-κB signaling. Thus, YRA-1909 is safe and effective for the treatment of inflammation.

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The Phytochemical and Biological Investigation of Jatropha pelargoniifolia Root Native to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules23081892 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 23 (8) ◽

pp. 1892 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Hanan Aati ◽

Ali El-Gamal ◽

Oliver Kayser ◽

Atallah Ahmed

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Activity ◽

In Vivo Model ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Isolation And Identification ◽

Traditional Use ◽

In Vivo Models ◽

Induced Hyperthermia ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Extensive phytochemical analysis of different root fractions of Jatropha pelargoniifolia Courb. (Euphorbiaceae) has resulted in the isolation and identification of 22 secondary metabolites. 6-hydroxy-8-methoxycoumarin-7-O-β-d-glycopyranoside (15) and 2-hydroxymethyl N-methyltryptamine (18) were isolated and identified as new compounds along with the known diterpenoid (1, 3, 4, and 7), triterpenoid (2 and 6), flavonoid (5, 11, 13, 14, and 16), coumarinolignan (8–10), coumarin (15), pyrimidine (12), indole (17, 18), and tyramine-derived molecules (19–22). The anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities were evaluated for fifteen of the adequately available isolated compounds (1–6, 8–11, 13, 14, 16, 21, and 22). Seven (4, 6, 10, 5, 13, 16, and 22) of the tested compounds showed a significant analgesic effect ranging from 40% to 80% at 10 mg/kg in two in vivo models. Compound 1 could also prove its analgesic property (67.21%) when it was evaluated on a third in vivo model at the same dose. The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity was also recorded where all compounds showed the ability to scavenge nitric oxide (NO) radical in a dose-dependent manner. However, eight compounds (1, 4, 5, 6, 10, 13, 16, and 22) out of the fifteen tested compounds exhibited considerable in vivo anti-inflammatory activity which reached 64.91% for compound 10 at a dose of 10 mg/kg. Moreover, the tested compounds exhibited an antipyretic effect in a yeast-induced hyperthermia in mice. The activity was found to be highly pronounced with compounds 1, 5, 6, 10, 13, and 16 which decreased the rectal temperature to about 37 °C after 2 h of the induced hyperthermia (~39 °C) at a dose of 10 mg/kg. This study could provide scientific evidence for the traditional use of J. pelargoniifolia as an anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic.

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Comparative Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Different Extracts of Traditionally Used Romanian Ajuga genevensis L. and A. reptans L. (Lamiaceae)

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules24081597 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (8) ◽

pp. 1597 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Anca Toiu ◽

Andrei Mocan ◽

Laurian Vlase ◽

Alina Elena Pârvu ◽

Dan Cristian Vodnar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Folk Medicine ◽

Inflammatory Activity ◽

Ajuga Reptans ◽

Aerial Parts ◽

Inflammatory Mechanism ◽

Biological Potential ◽

Phytochemical Profile ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Ethanol Extracts

Several Ajuga species are used in Romanian folk medicine for their antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, to treat pain, fever or arthritis. Still, the active compounds responsible for these effects and their mechanism of action are scarcely known. This research was designed to investigate the phytochemical profile (e.g. iridoids, polyphenolic compounds, phytosterols), as well as the biological potential (antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory properties) of two selected Ajuga species collected from different regions of Romanian spontaneous flora. The main compounds identified in A. reptans aerial parts extracts were 8-O-acetylharpagide, isoquercitrin and β-sitosterol, whilst in A. genevensis were 8-O-acetylharpagide, luteolin and campesterol. The extracts were screened for their antioxidant potential using different methods (DPPH, TEAC, EPR) and the results showed a good activity, in accordance with the polyphenol content (18–26 mg GAE/g dw). The antifungal activity on the tested strains was good. The determination of few parameters linked with the inflammatory mechanism allowed the assessment of in vivo anti-inflammatory potential. Ajuga reptans and A. genevensis ethanol extracts had anti-inflammatory activity through lowering the oxidative stress, phagocytosis, PMN and total leukocytes. The best anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activity was observed for the Ajuga reptans 100 mg dw/mL extract when compared with diclofenac, thus the dose could be correlated with the pharmacological effect. These findings provide substantial evidence that both selected Ajuga species have the potential to be valued as sources of phytochemicals in effective anti-inflammatory herbal preparations.

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Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of Justicia secunda Vahl leaf extract using in vitro and in vivo inflammation models

Clinical Phytoscience ◽

10.1186/s40816-019-0137-8 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Godswill Nduka Anyasor ◽

Azeezat Adenike Okanlawon ◽

Babafemi Ogunbiyi

Keyword(s):

Erythrocyte Membrane ◽

Diclofenac Sodium ◽

Inflammatory Activity ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Paw Edema ◽

In Vivo Models ◽

In Vivo Inflammation ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Abstract Background Justicia secunda Vahl. is a medicinal plant used in ethnomedical practice as therapy to manage inflammation. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of methanol extract of J. secunda leaves (MEJSL) using in vitro and in vivo inflammation models. Methods Seventy-percent MEJSL was prepared following standard procedure. In vitro anti-inflammatory assays were performed using heat-induced bovine serum albumin (BSA) denaturation and erythrocyte membrane stabilization assays. Carrageenan and formaldehyde induced inflammation in rat models were used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of MEJSL in vivo. Diclofenac sodium was used as a reference drug. In addition, liver and kidney function assays and hematological analysis were carried out. Results Data revealed that varying concentrations of MEJSL significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited heat-induced BSA denaturation and stabilized erythrocyte membrane against hypotonicity-induced hemolysis when compared with diclofenac sodium in a concentration-dependent manner. In vivo study showed that 10 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) diclofenac sodium, 100 and 300 mg/kg b.w. MEJSL suppressed carrageenan-induced paw edema at the sixth hour by 71.14%, 83.08%, and 89.05%, respectively. Furthermore, 10 mg/kg b.w. diclofenac sodium, 100 and 300 mg/kg b.w. MEJSL inhibited formaldehyde-induced paw edema by 72.53%, 74.73%, and 76.48%, respectively. Animals treated with varying doses of MEJSL had reduced plasma aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities; urea and creatinine concentrations; and modulated hematological parameters when compared with the untreated control group. Conclusions Findings from this study showed that MEJSL exhibited substantial anti-inflammatory actions in the in vitro and in vivo models. It also indicated that MEJSL anti-inflammatory mechanisms of action could be through interference with phase 2 inflammatory stressors, upregulation of cytoprotective genes, stabilization of inflammatory cell membranes and immunomodulatory activity.

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In vitro and In vivo Anti-inflammatory Activities of Mesua ferrea Linn

International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research ◽

10.25258/phyto.v10i03.11940 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (03) ◽

Author(s):

Krishna Chaithanya K ◽

Gopalakrishnan V K ◽

ZenebeHagos . ◽

Nagaraju B ◽

Kamalakararao K ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Wistar Rats ◽

Inflammatory Activity ◽

Raw 264.7 Cells ◽

Bark Extract ◽

Raw 264.7 ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Objective: Mesuaferrea L is a medicinal plant belongs to the family Clusiace, it is extensively used in folk medicine for treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases.The present study was aimed to evaluate in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of M. ferrea L. Methods: The in vitro anti-inflammatory activities such as nitric oxide, PGE2, pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β) were studied in RAW 264.7 cells and in vivo studies were carried out on carrageenan -induced inflammation in Wistar rats. The sequentially extracted M. ferreaL bark extracts (MFBHE, MFBEE, and MFBME) exhibited inhibitory effects on pro-inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, tumour necrosis factorαandinterleukin-1βproduction in concentration dependent manner in LPS induced RAW 264.7 cells andCarrageenan induced paw oedema in Wistar rats. Conclusion: The result of the present study indicated that M. ferrea L ethyl acetate bark extract exhibited significant in vitroand in vivoanti-inflammatory activity.

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Anti-Inflammatory Potential Evaluation (In-Vitro and In-Vivo) of Arthrophytum scoparium Aerial Part

Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics ◽

10.22270/jddt.v10i5.4409 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 213-218

Author(s):

Sabrina Manel Kaddour ◽

Lekhmici Arrar ◽

Abderrahmane Baghiani

Keyword(s):

Protein Denaturation ◽

Radical Scavenging Activity ◽

Folk Medicine ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Inflammatory Activity ◽

Traditional Use ◽

Rat Paw Edema ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Arthrophytum scoparium is plant commonly used in folk medicine in Algeria to treat numerous human diseases especially infectious, Rheumatism, diabetes and cancer. However, its anti-inflammatory activity and the underlying mechanisms have not been studied systematically. The present study aims to assess both the in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory potential and antioxidant activity of the plant. Results showed that A. scoparium chloroform extract (ChE) contains the largest amount of phenolic and flavonoid compounds. In-vitro bioassay consisted of investigating the effect of the plant extracts against protein denaturation (BSA and egg albumin). In-vivo anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by measuring the percentage inhibition of carrageenan-induced rat paw edema after oral administration of the extracts. Results showed that inhibition of protein denaturation was maximum in case of A. scoparium crude extract (CrE) with dose dependant manner. Similarly in the in-vivo study, carrageenan induced inflammation was significantly antagonized by CrE with inhibition of 87.02% at 400 mg/kg. CrE extracts showed the highest scavenger effect against hydroxyl and hydrogen peroxide. The CrE showed potent anti-inflammatory activity in both the conditions in vivo and in vitro. In conclusion different A. scoparium extracts scavenged reactive oxygen species efficiently; it may be due to the presence of its flavonoids and polyphenols. These results support the traditional use of this plant. Keywords: Arthrophytum scoparium, polyphenols, anti-inflammatory activity, radical scavenging activity.

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Analysis of the Potential Topical Anti-Inflammatory Activity ofAverrhoa carambolaL. in Mice

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1093/ecam/neq026 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2011 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Daniela Almeida Cabrini ◽

Henrique Hunger Moresco ◽

Priscila Imazu ◽

Cíntia Delai da Silva ◽

Evelise Fernandes Pietrovski ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Folk Medicine ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

Inflammatory Activity ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Skin Disorders ◽

Edema Formation ◽

Maximum Inhibition ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Inflammatory skin disorders, such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, are very common in the population; however, the treatments currently available are not well tolerated and are often ineffective.Averrhoa carambolaL. (Oxalidaceae) is an Asian tree that has been used in traditional folk medicine in the treatment of several skin disorders. The present study evaluates the topical anti-inflammatory effects of the crude ethanolic extract ofA. carambolaleaves, its hexane, ethyl acetate, and butanol fractions and two isolated flavonoids on skin inflammation. Anti-inflammatory activity was measured using a croton oil-induced ear edema model of inflammation in mice. Topically applied ethanolic extract reduced edema in a dose-dependent manner, resulting in a maximum inhibition of 73 ± 3% and an ID50value of 0.05 (range: 0.02–0.13) mg/ear. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was also inhibited by the extract, resulting in a maximum inhibition of 60 ± 6% (0.6 mg/ear). All of the fractions tested caused inhibition of edema formation and of MPO activity. Treatment with the ethyl acetate fraction was the most effective, resulting in inhibition levels of 75 ± 5 and 54 ± 8% for edema formation and MPO activity, respectively. However, treatment of mice with isolated compounds [apigenin-6-C-β-l-fucopyranoside and apigenin-6-C-(2″-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl)-β-l-fucopyranoside] did not yield successful results. Apigenin-6-C-(2″-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl)-β-l-fucopyranoside caused only a mild reduction in edema formation (28 ± 11%). Taken together, these preliminary results support the popular use ofA. carambolaas an anti-inflammatory agent and open up new possibilities for its use in skin disorders.

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