scholarly journals Mandible Growth of Wistar Rats: Effects of Malnutrition during Lactation in Adulthood Mandibular Size

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (04) ◽  
pp. 246-250
Author(s):  
Hugo Degani Jr ◽  
Monique Babinski ◽  
Cristiane Ramos ◽  
Viviane Degani ◽  
Lucas Pires ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Growth ◽  
Wistar Rat ◽  
World Health ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Standard Laboratory ◽  
Mandibular Growth ◽  
Commercial Diet ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Standard Laboratory Diet ◽  
Digital Caliper

Introduction Malnutrition is a world health issue; thus, it is imperative to know its effects during lactation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of maternal protein restriction during lactation on the horizontal and vertical bone growth of the mandible, according to predetermined parameters. Material and Methods At parturition, Wistar rat dams were randomly assigned to the following groups: (1) control, which had free access to a standard laboratory diet containing 23% of protein; (2) protein energy-restricted, which had free access to an isoenergetic, protein-restricted diet containing 8% of protein; and (3) energy-restricted group, which received limited access to commercial diet containing 23% of protein. After 21 days, all pups received free access to a standard laboratory diet containing 23% of protein until their adulthood. Afterwards, the animals were euthanized under thiopental anesthesia and their mandibles were excised. The dimensions of the excised pup mandibles were measured directly with a digital caliper. Results The protein-restricted and the energy-restricted groups presented minor adulthood mandibular length in all parameters analyzed. Conclusion Our results provide original information regarding the mandibular growth and indicate that the maternal nutritional state during lactation can affect the development of mandibular growth. Moreover, our results indicated that the growth dysfunction could not be restored after normalization of the diet.

scholarly journals Maternal malnutrition during lactation alters the folliculogenesis and gonadotropins and estrogen isoforms ovarian receptors in the offspring at puberty

2008 ◽  
Vol 198 (3) ◽  
pp. 625-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiane da Silva Faria ◽  
Flávia de Bittencourt Brasil ◽  
Francisco J B Sampaio ◽  
Cristiane da Fonte Ramos
Keyword(s):  
Serum Concentration ◽  
Primordial Follicle ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Standard Laboratory ◽  
Restricted Diet ◽  
Maternal Malnutrition ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Standard Laboratory Diet ◽  
Protein Restricted Diet

In this study, we aimed to evaluate whether maternal malnutrition during lactation alters the folliculogenesis and the expression of the gonadotropins and estrogen isoforms ovarian receptors in the offspring at puberty. At parturition, dams were randomly assigned to the following groups: control (C) group, with free access to a standard laboratory diet containing 23% protein and protein-energy-restricted (PER) group, with free access to an isoenergy and protein-restricted diet containing 8% protein. After weaning, the female pups had free access to standard laboratory diet. The maternal malnutrition caused a significant increase in the number of preantral (C=13.72±2.87; PER=26.36±3.03, P<0.01) and small antral follicles (C=9.32±1.35; PER=17.64±2.33, P<0.01) and decrease in the number of primordial (C=11.72±1.37; PER=3.92±0.60, P<0.01) and Graafian follicles (C=1.84±0.21; PER=0.96±0.11, P<0.01), and corpus luteum (C=2.00±0.28; PER=0.80±0.31, P<0.01). The estradiol serum concentration was significantly higher (C=67.86±4.39; PER=83.29±2.68, P<0.05) while testosterone serum concentration did not show statistical difference (C=0.09±0.02; PER=0.11±0.01, P>0.05) in the PER group. In relation to the receptors expression, maternal malnutrition led to a significant increase in the amount of Fshr (C=0.89±0.04; PER=1.07±0.03, P<0.05) and Lhcqr (C=0.87±0.15; PER=1.33±0.08, P<0.05) transcripts and a significant decrease in the amount of Ar (C=0.59±0.006; PER=0.13±0.080, P<0.05), ERα (Esr1) (C=3.33±0.71; PER=0.74±0.50, P<0.05), ERβ1 (Esr2) (C=1.33±0.06; PER=0.49±0.36, P<0.05), and ERβ2 (Esr2) (C=3.28±0.60; PER=0.62±0.34, P<0.05) transcripts. In conclusion, perinatal maternal malnutrition can directly affect folliculogenesis at puberty probably as a consequence of changes in the ovarian expression of gonadotropins, androgen and estrogens isoforms receptors. Long-term sexual alterations could be expected in this experimental model, since a reduction in the primordial follicle number is observed, which can result in a decrease in the reproductive lifetime and an earlier termination of breeding capacity.

scholarly journals Effects of maternal undernutrition during lactation on aromatase, estrogen, and androgen receptors expression in rat testis at weaning

2007 ◽  
Vol 192 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cíntia Vilanova Teixeira ◽  
Dorothée Silandre ◽  
Alba Marcelly de Souza Santos ◽  
Christelle Delalande ◽  
Francisco J B Sampaio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Serum Concentration ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Standard Laboratory ◽  
Maternal Malnutrition ◽  
Testosterone Concentration ◽  
Maternal Undernutrition ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Standard Laboratory Diet

The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of maternal malnutrition during lactation on serum levels of testosterone and estradiol, testicular testosterone concentration, aromatase, testicular androgen (AR) and estrogen α (ERα) receptors expression in the pups at weaning. From parturition until weaning, Wistar rats were separated into three groups: (C) control group, with free access to a standard laboratory diet containing 23% protein; protein-energy restricted (PER) group, with free access to an isoenergy and protein-restricted diet containing 8% protein; and energy-restricted (ER) group, receiving standard laboratory diet in restricted quantities, which were calculated according to the mean ingestion of the PER group. All pups were killed at weaning, corresponding to 21 days post partum. Compared with the C group, body weights (C = 48 ± 2.3 g; PER = 20 ± 1.3 g; ER = 25.4 ± 0.9 g; P < 0.01) and testicular weights (C = 0.15 ± 0.02 g, PER = 0.05 ± 0.01 g, ER = 0.06 ± 0.02 g, P < 0.001) of both PER and ER groups were lower. However, there was no significant difference in the testicular/body weight ratio in PER and ER groups compared with the C group. The testosterone serum concentration (ng/ml) was significantly higher in the PER group compared with ER and C groups (C = 0.09 ± 0.012; PER = 0.45 ± 0.04; ER = 0.15 ± 0.03, P < 0.01). Testicular testosterone concentration (C = 2.1 ± 0.43; PER = 6.5 ± 0.7; ER = 13 ± 2.3, P < 0.01) was increased in treated groups when compared with controls. The estradiol serum concentration (pg/ml) was lower in both dietary groups (C = 74 ± 4.6; PER = 49 ± 3.2; ER = 60 ± 5.5, P < 0.01). The amounts of aromatase mRNA and ERα transcripts were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in PER and ER groups; conversely AR (both mRNA and protein) was significantly enhanced (P < 0.05) in treated animals. The nutritional state in early phases of development is important since we have demonstrated here that the maternal malnutrition during lactation leads to alterations in estradiol and testosterone serum concentrations, testicular testosterone concentration, AR and ERα expression together with a decrease of aromatase expression. All together, these changes of steroid status may be deleterious for future germ cell development and reproductive function of these male pups submitted to early malnutrition.

Plasma and white adipose tissue lipid composition in marmots

1990 ◽  
Vol 258 (5) ◽  
pp. R1123-R1131 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. Florant ◽  
L. C. Nuttle ◽  
D. E. Mullinex ◽  
D. A. Rintoul
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Plasma Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Plasma Samples ◽  
Standard Laboratory ◽  
Marmota Flaviventris ◽  
Fa Composition ◽  
Omega 6 ◽  
Standard Laboratory Diet

White adipose tissue biopsies and plasma samples were obtained from hibernating yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) maintained in the laboratory. In addition, biopsies and plasma samples were obtained from normothermic animals in the field and laboratory. Measurement of plasma free fatty acid (FA) levels indicated that winter laboratory animals exhibited increased lipolysis. Additionally, analysis of white adipose tissue triacylglycerol revealed that the FA composition of the storage fat in animals maintained on the standard laboratory diet is remarkably simple and uniform between different adipose depots in the same animal. Three FAs (palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids) made up greater than 95% of the total. Triene (alpha-linolenate) was found in newly captured animals, but the percentage of this FA decreased rapidly when the animals were maintained on the standard laboratory diet. Throughout the hibernation season (October to April), white adipose tissue-saturated FA percentage decreased, monoene percentage remained constant, and diene percentage increased. Analysis of plasma FA composition suggested that these animals tended to metabolize saturated FAs from stored lipid during hibernation and that dienes were mobilized briefly after the last arousal from hibernation in spring. From these observations, we hypothesize that marmots preferentially metabolize saturated fats during the hibernation period and that essential FAs of the omega 6 series tend to be metabolized more slowly than other FAs. These characteristics suggest that marmots are a valuable animal model in which to study lipid metabolism.

scholarly journals Possible Amelioration of the Severity of Nutritional Steatohepatitis by Guggulsterone in Mice

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-23
Author(s):  
Sara Ameen Nafeer ◽  
Munaf Zalzala
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Free Access ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Commercial Diet ◽  
Group I ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Control Group Group

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become one of the most common chronic liver diseases worldwide, which characterized by steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. The aim of this designed study is to evaluate the ability of guggulsterone to prevent high fat diet induced steatohepatitis in mice. Five groups of male mice were selected and treated as the following: group I, mice had free access to standard commercial diet and considered as control group, group II, mice were fed a specially formulated high-fat diet for 12 weeks to induce non-alcoholic liver disease, while groups III, IV and V the mice were administered high fat diet containing guggulsterone at 500, 1000 and 2000 ppm concentration respectively for 12 weeks. Maintaining mice on fat rich diet only resulted in inducing the metabolic and histological NAFLD associated. While the treatment with guggulsterone significantly improves the evaluated markers. These results demonstrate guggulsterone may be useful in preventing the development of steatohepatitis.

scholarly journals Screening Community-Living Older Adults for Protein Energy Malnutrition and Frailty: Update and Next Steps

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 640-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna T. Dwyer ◽  
Jaime J. Gahche ◽  
Mary Weiler ◽  
Mary Beth Arensberg
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Predictive Validity ◽  
Screening Tool ◽  
Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽  
The United States ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Screening Tools ◽  
World Health ◽  
Community Settings ◽  
Protein Energy

Abstract Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)/undernutrition and frailty are prevalent, overlapping conditions impacting on functional and health outcomes of older adults, but are frequently unidentified and untreated in community settings in the United States. Using the World Health Organization criteria for effective screening programs, we reviewed validity, reliability, and feasibility of data-driven screening tools for identifying PEM and frailty risk among community-dwelling older adults. The SCREEN II is recommended for PEM screening and the FRAIL scale is recommended as the most promising frailty screening tool, based on test characteristics, cost, and ease of use, but more research on both tools is needed, particularly on predictive validity of favorable outcomes after nutritional/physical activity interventions. The Malnutrition Screening Tool (MST) has been recommended by one expert group as a screening tool for all adults, regardless of age/care setting. However, it has not been tested in US community settings, likely yields large numbers of false positives (particularly in community settings), and its predictive validity of favorable outcomes after nutritional interventions is unknown. Community subgroups at highest priority for screening are those at increased risk due to prior illness, certain demographics and/or domiciliary characteristics, and those with BMI < 20 kg/m2 or < 22 if > 70 years or recent unintentional weight loss > 10% (who are likely already malnourished). Community-based health professionals can better support healthy aging by increasing their awareness/use of PEM and frailty screening tools, prioritizing high-risk populations for systematic screening, following screening with more definitive diagnoses and appropriate interventions, and re-evaluating and revising screening protocols and measures as more data become available.

Experimental cardiac necrosis in hypobaric and anemic hypoxia

1975 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. McGrath ◽  
B. Ostadal ◽  
J. Prochazka ◽  
M. Wachtlova ◽  
V. Rychterova
Keyword(s):  
White Male ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Standard Laboratory ◽  
Simulated Altitude ◽  
Subcutaneous Injections ◽  
The Third ◽  
Infant Rats ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Standard Laboratory Diet ◽  
Cardiac Necrosis

Resistance to isoproterenol-induced cardiac necrosis (IPRO) was compared in rats exposed to two types of hypoxia (i.e., hypobaric and anemic). IPRO was induced by two consecutive, subcutaneous injections of isoproterenol (80 mg/kg) at 24-h intervals. The animals were killed on the third day and the severity of the lesion was evaluated on a 0 (no damage) to 4 (severely damaged) scale. White male rats (HA) were exposed in a barometric chamber to a simulated altitude of 7,000 m (307 mmHg) for 4 h/day for 24 days. Two groups of control rats were kept at sea level; one group (SLA) was the same age and one group (SLW) was the same weight as the altitude-exposed rats. The HA rats were significantly more resistant to IPRO with a mean necrogenic rating of 1.8 compared to 3.3 for the SLA and SLW rats. Infant rats (AA) were made anemic by feeding full-cream milk and glucose for 100 days after weaning. Two groups of control animals were fed a standard laboratory diet; one group (AC) was the same age and one group (AW) was the same weight as the AA rats. There was no significant difference in the necrogenic ratings of the AA (3.3), AC (3.5), or WC (3.7) hearts. Thus, hypobaric hypoxia affords some protection against IPRO which is not afforded by anemic hypoxia. Similarities and differences in the two hypoxias are discussed.

Persistent impairment of endothelium-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine and progression of atherosclerosis following 6 weeks of cholesterol feeding in the rabbit

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (11) ◽  
pp. 1454-1460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laal Jayakody ◽  
Manohara P. J. Senaratne ◽  
Alan B. R. Thomson ◽  
Nadarajan Sreeharan ◽  
C. Tissa Kappagoda
Keyword(s):  
Rabbit Aorta ◽  
Atherogenic Diet ◽  
Acute Stage ◽  
Standard Laboratory ◽  
Cholesterol Feeding ◽  
Functional Abnormality ◽  
New Zealand White Rabbits ◽  
Standard Laboratory Diet ◽  
Endothelium Dependent Relaxation ◽  
Progression Of Atherosclerosis

The synthesis and (or) release of endothelium-dependent relaxant factor released by acetylcholine is impaired in New Zealand white rabbits fed an atherogenic diet. Experiments were designed to investigate whether the synthesis and (or) release of the endothelium-dependent relaxant factor from rabbit aortas are restored after reversal from an atherogenic diet to a non-atherogenic diet. Atherosclerosis was induced by feeding a diet containing lipids and 2% cholesterol for 6 weeks. Rabbits were sacrificed after 6 weeks on the atherogenic diet and 36 weeks after return to a standard laboratory diet. Synthesis and (or) release of the factor from the thoracic aorta was assayed using a bioassay system. The relaxant responses produced in the assay tissue were impaired both in the acute stage and after 36 weeks on non-atherogenic food. This impaired relaxation is probably due to a persistent functional abnormality in the aortic endothelium resulting in the failure to synthesize and (or) release endothelium-dependent relaxation factor 36 weeks after induction of atherosclerosis.Key words: endothelium dependent relaxation, rabbit aorta, atherosclerosis, regression, cholesterol feeding.

scholarly journals Hinari and Agora: free access to scientific information for poor countries

2003 ◽  
Vol 02 (04) ◽  
pp. F04 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabetta Tola
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Information ◽  
World Health ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Knowledge Based Economy ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Right

In the midst of a debate on access to information, the World Health Organization and the FAO have decided to develop a strategy to guarantee the right of poor countries to have free access to scientific publications. This right is often denied, mainly because of high subscription costs. For this reason, universities and research centres in southern countries must forego buying magazines, which are a valuable instrument for updating, and exchanging information on research and scientific issues. This choice has been made in an historical period when the industrialized world is marked by a knowledge-based economy.

scholarly journals Impact of protein energy malnutrition on thyroid size in an iodine deficient population of Gujarat (India): Is it an aetiological factor for goiter?

2001 ◽  
pp. 11-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
SR Brahmbhatt ◽  
RM Brahmbhatt ◽  
SC Boyages
Keyword(s):  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
World Health ◽  
Aetiological Factor ◽  
Anthropometric Parameters ◽  
Thigh Circumference ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
The Impact

OBJECTIVE: To assess the severity of protein energy malnutrition (PEM) in iodine deficient subjects and to assess the impact of PEM on thyroid size. METHODS: 1002 subjects (530 school-aged children and 472 adults) were assessed for PEM by direct anthropometric measurements of height, weight, triceps skinfold (TSF) thickness, mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) and thigh circumference (TC), and derived indices of body surface area (BSA), body mass index (BMI), and Z-scores for weight-for-age (WAZ), height-for-age (HAZ), and weight-for-height (WHZ). Severity of PEM was based on the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria and the threshold on the Waterlow classification. Thyroid size was measured by ultrasonography to determine the thyroid volume (TV). Linear regression analysis was performed between TV and anthropometric parameters. RESULTS: Children had severe PEM as evident from the WHO percentage prevalence of stunting (HAZ<-2SD)=64% (where <-2SD is the Z-score deficit), wasting (WHZ<-2SD)=43%, underweight (WAZ<-2SD)=82% and BMI<16 kg/m=90%. Waterlow classification showed that children were either stunted or wasted, or stunted and wasted, or stunted and obese. Nearly 100% (529/530) of the children had goiter as evidenced from enlarged TV-for-BSA when compared with the WHO reference. There was a weak but statistically significant (P<0.05) positive correlation between TV and BSA, weight, height, MUAC, TC and HAZ but a negative correlation between TV and WHZ, BMI and TSF (r=-0.1-0.2). Adults had PEM as evident from BMI<18.5 kg/m in 54% subjects. Median MUAC=22.7 cm reveals prolonged severe PEM. Eighty-two percent had enlarged TV (>20 ml). There was a significant (P=0.01) negative correlation between TV and MUAC. CONCLUSIONS: (i) The severity of acute (wasting) and chronic (stunting) PEM is very high in Gujarati children. They are stunted or wasted, or stunted and wasted, or stunted and obese. Gujarati adults are thin with low protein and fat reserves. (ii) Anthropometric parameters showed a significant (P<0.001) correlation (r=0.1-0.2) with thyroid size. (iii) Higher prevalence of goiter may be due to macro-nutrient malnutrition (PEM) in the face of micro-nutrient malnutrition (iodine deficiency disorders, IDD).

Early Onset of Disk Degeneration and Spondylosis in Sand Rats (Psammomys Obesus)

1983 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.H. Adler ◽  
M. Schoenbaum ◽  
R. Silberberg
Keyword(s):  
Salt Content ◽  
Psammomys Obesus ◽  
Standard Laboratory ◽  
Disk Herniation ◽  
Sand Rat ◽  
Disk Degeneration ◽  
Intervertebral Disks ◽  
High Salt Content ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Standard Laboratory Diet

The sand rat is a desert animal which feeds mainly on salt bush, a shrub with a high salt content in its leaves. Sand rats have been used for the study of renal function, and since they may develop diabetes if kept on a laboratory diet without a supplement of salt bush, they have been used for investigation of diabetes-related disorders as well. Older diabetic and non-diabetics and rats are prone to develop severe degeneration of the intervertebral disks, disk herniation, and subsequent hyperostotic spondylosis. This report is concerned with the relation of these processes to aging. The vertebral columns of 25 sand rats which were fed a standard laboratory diet and a supplement of salt bush ad libitum were examined. The sand rats ranged from 12 to 18 months of age. The vertebral columns were dissected, prepared for microscopic examination, and the findings were compared with those obtained previously in sand rats from 1 ½ to 2 ½ years of age. Both disk degeneration and spondylosis were comparable in course and frequency to the changes found in the older sand rats. It was concluded that factors other than age are involved in the pathogenesis of disk degeneration in the sand rat.

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