Sex-Dependent Effect of Metformin on Serum Prolactin Levels In Hyperprolactinemic Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Pilot Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 126 (06) ◽  
pp. 342-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Krysiak ◽  
Witold Szkróbka ◽  
Bogusław Okopień
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Pituitary Hormones ◽  
Serum Prolactin ◽  
Free Thyroid Hormones ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Circulating Levels

Abstract Background Metformin was found to reduce circulating levels of pituitary hormones. Objective The purpose of this study was to assess whether sex determines the effect of metformin on lactotroph secretory function. Methods The study population included 25 women and 12 men with mildly elevated serum prolactin levels (25–75 ng/mL). Because of concomitant type 2 diabetes, all participants were treated with metformin (3 g daily). Plasma levels of glucose and lipids, HOMA1-IR, serum levels of prolactin, thyrotropin and free thyroid hormones, as well as Jostel’s, SPINA-GT and SPINA-GD indices were assessed at baseline and at the end of metformin treatment. Results The study completed 24 women and 11 men. At baseline, there were no significant differences in circulating levels of glucose and lipids, insulin sensitivity, hormones, Jostel’s, SPINA-GT and SPINA-GD indices between women and men. In both men and women, metformin reduced fasting glucose levels and HOMA1-IR. However, only in women metformin decreased elevated prolactin levels and this effect correlated with an improvement insulin sensitivity, as well as with the impact on SPINA-GT. Conclusions The results of the study suggest that the effect of metformin on serum prolactin levels is sex-dependent.

scholarly journals Ethnic distinctions in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes: a focus on black African-Caribbean populations

2019 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise M. Goff ◽  
Meera Ladwa ◽  
Olah Hakim ◽  
Oluwatoyosi Bello
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Black African ◽  
African Caribbean ◽  
Black Populations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Caribbean Populations

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a global public health priority, particularly for populations of black African-Caribbean ethnicity, who suffer disproportionately high rates of the disease. While the mechanisms underlying the development of T2D are well documented, there is growing evidence describing distinctions among black African-Caribbean populations. In the present paper, we review the evidence describing the impact of black African-Caribbean ethnicity on T2D pathophysiology. Ethnic differences were first recognised through evidence that metabolic syndrome diagnostic criteria fail to detect T2D risk in black populations due to less central obesity and dyslipidaemia. Subsequently more detailed investigations have recognised other mechanistic differences, particularly lower visceral and hepatic fat accumulation and a distinctly hyperinsulinaemic response to glucose stimulation. While epidemiological studies have reported exaggerated insulin resistance in black populations, more detailed and direct measures of insulin sensitivity have provided evidence that insulin sensitivity is not markedly different to other ethnic groups and does not explain the hyperinsulinaemia that is exhibited. These findings lead us to hypothesise that ectopic fat does not play a pivotal role in driving insulin resistance in black populations. Furthermore, we hypothesise that hyperinsulinaemia is driven by lower rates of hepatic insulin clearance rather than heightened insulin resistance and is a primary defect rather than occurring in compensation for insulin resistance. These hypotheses are being investigated in our ongoing South London Diabetes and Ethnicity Phenotyping study, which will enable a more detailed understanding of ethnic distinctions in the pathophysiology of T2D between men of black African and white European ethnicity.

scholarly journals Interleukin-18 Promoter Gene Polymorphisms are not Associated with Myocardial Infarction in Type 2 Diabetes in Slovenia

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Kariž ◽  
D Petrovič
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Gene Polymorphisms ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Interleukin 18 ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Promoter Gene ◽  
The Impact

Interleukin-18 Promoter Gene Polymorphisms are not Associated with Myocardial Infarction in Type 2 Diabetes in SloveniaType 2 diabetes is a major risk factor for myocardial infarction (MI) and chronic inflammation may play a central role in both diseases. Interleukin (IL)-18 is a potent proinflammatory cytokine, which is considered important in acute coronary syndromes and type 2 diabetes. We investigated the association of the -137 (G>C), polymorphism (rs187238) and the -607 (C<A) polymorphism (rs1946518) of the IL-18 gene promoter region in 495 Caucasians with type 2 diabetes, of whom 169 had MI and 326 subjects had no clinically evident coronary artery disease (controls). We also investigated the impact of these polymorphisms on the serum IL-18 level in subsets of both groups and in a normal group. Genotype distributions of the polymorphisms showed no significant difference between cases and controls. However, IL-18 serum levels were significantly lower in diabetics with the137 CC genotype than in those with other genotypes (241.5 ± 132.7 ng/Lvs.340.2 ± 167.4 ng/L; p <0.05). High sensitivity C-reactive protein and IL-18 serum levels were higher in diabetics in the MI group than in the control group. We conclude that these IL-18 promoter gene polymorphisms are not risk factors for MI in Caucasians with type 2 diabetes.

scholarly journals A study on relationship between severity of diabetic retinopathy and subclinical hypothyroidism

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 1818
Author(s):  
Mitali Borooah ◽  
Shobhana Phukan
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Subclinical Hypothyroidism ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Free Thyroxine ◽  
Serum Tsh

Background: Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is defined as an asymptomatic condition characterized by normal serum levels of free thyroxine and elevated serum concentration of thyrotropin (>4.0µIU/ml). Association between diabetic retinopathy and SCH is unclear. Aim was to study the relationship between severity of diabetic retinopathy and SCH in patients of diabetic retinopathy with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Methods: 120 patients of diabetic retinopathy with known type 2 diabetes mellitus were taken and categorized them according to severity of diabetic retinopathy as per ETDRS classification. Serum thyrotropin (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) concentration were measured in all 120 patients. Patients with normal TSH and FT4 values are euthyroid patients and those with normal FT4 but TSH value >4µIU/ml are considered as having subclinical hypothyroidism. Severity of diabetic retinopathy is compared between the euthyroid and subclinical hypothyroid group.Results: Out of the 120 patients included in the study, 72 (60%) were male and 48 (40%) were female. 97 patients (80.83%) were Euthyroid and 23 patients (19.17%) had subclinical hypothyroidism. It was observed that prevalence of more severe form of diabetic retinopathy (severe NPDR and PDR) was higher in SCH group as compared to euthyroid group. Severity of diabetic retinopathy was compared with serum TSH level and it was seen that severity of diabetic retinopathy significantly increases with increase in serum TSH value.Conclusions: Patients with SCH had more severe form of diabetic retinopathy as compared to patients with euthyroidism. Severity of diabetic retinopathy significantly increases with increase in serum TSH value.

The Impact of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on the Markers of Osteoporosis (Sclerostin and CTRP3) in Postmenopausal Women: A Comparative, Observational, Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inass Hassan Ahmad ◽  
Mervat El Shahat El Wakeel ◽  
Sally Said Abd Elhamed ◽  
Marwa Abdelmonim Mohammed ◽  
Basma Elnagger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Observation Study ◽  
Left Femur ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background In the present study, our goal was to assess the impact of type 2 diabetes mellites (T2DM) on osteoporosis markers (sclerostin and CTRP3) among postmenopausal women, and whether sclerostin and CTRP3 can be used as early biomarkers of osteoporosis/osteopenia in T2DM patients. Methods In a comparative, observation, study, a total of 30 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis/osteopenia and T2DM were included, as well as 30 non-diabetic women with osteoporosis/osteopenia. Thirty age and sex-matched healthy women were included as control groups. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to assess the serum levels of sclerostin and CTRP3. Results A total of 90 women were included in the present study (30 patients per group). The serum CTRP3 was significantly lower in the DM-OST (3.45 ± 3.5 ng/dL) and OST (9.15 ± 3.65 ng/dL) groups than the control group (16.80 ± 0.55 ng/dL; p < 0.001); likewise, the serum sclerostin was higher in the DM-OST (109.95 ± 28.96 pmol/L) and OST (51.52 ± 23.18 pmol/L) than the control group (11.22 ± 1.21 pmol/L; p < 0.001). Notably, the serum CTRP3 was significantly lower and sclerostin was significantly higher in the DM-OST group than the OST group (p < 0.001)). In the DM + OST and OST groups, the serum CTRP3 correlated positively with BMD of lumbar spines, left femur, and left forearm. Serum CTRP3 was associated with lower risk of osteoporosis (OR) and diabetes (OR) in postmenopausal women. In addition, the serum sclerostin was associated with higher risk of osteoporosis (OR) and diabetes (OR) in postmenopausal women. Conclusion The present study provides a novel evidence about the impact of T2DM on osteoporosis biomarkers, serum CTRP3 and sclerostin. The results indicated that women with combined T2DM and osteoporosis/osteopenia exhibited more dysregulation in both biomarkers than women with osteoporosis/osteopenia. alone. Thus, serum CTRP3 and sclerostin can be used as biomarkers for early detection of osteoporosis in diabetic patients.

Serum levels of sFas and sFasL in subjects with type 2 diabetes — the impact of arterial hypertension

Open Medicine ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 704-708
Author(s):  
Nikolay Stoynev ◽  
Krassimir Kalinov ◽  
Georgi Kirilov ◽  
Tsvetalina Tankova
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
The Impact

Abstract

scholarly journals Inflammation during obesity is not all bad: evidence from animal and human studies

2013 ◽  
Vol 304 (5) ◽  
pp. E466-E477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianping Ye ◽  
Owen P. McGuinness
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Proinflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
The Impact

Chronic inflammation is a characteristic of obesity and is associated with accompanying insulin resistance, a hallmark of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Although proinflammatory cytokines are known for their detrimental effects on adipose tissue function and insulin sensitivity, their beneficial effects in the regulation of metabolism have not drawn sufficient attention. In obesity, inflammation is initiated by a local hypoxia to augment angiogenesis and improve adipose tissue blood supply. A growing body of evidence suggests that macrophages and proinflammatory cytokines are essential for adipose remodeling and adipocyte differentiation. Phenotypes of multiple lines of transgenic mice consistently suggest that proinflammatory cytokines increase energy expenditure and act to prevent obesity. Removal of proinflammatory cytokines by gene knockout decreases energy expenditure and induces adult-onset obesity. In contrast, elevation of proinflammatory cytokines augments energy expenditure and decreases the risk for obesity. Anti-inflammatory therapies have been tested in more than a dozen clinical trials to improve insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis in patients with T2DM, and the results are not encouraging. One possible explanation is that anti-inflammatory therapies also attenuate the beneficial effects of inflammation in stimulating energy expenditure, which may have limited the efficacy of the treatment by promoting energy accumulation. Thus, the positive effects of proinflammatory events should be considered in evaluating the impact of inflammation in obesity and type 2 diabetes.

The impact of T786C and G894T polymorphisms of eNOS on vascular endothelial growth factor serum levels in type 2 diabetes patients

2016 ◽  
Vol 222 ◽  
pp. 155-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodosia Konsola ◽  
Gerasimos Siasos ◽  
Alexios S. Antonopoulos ◽  
Christina Kollia ◽  
Evangelos Oikonomou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Vascular Endothelial ◽  
Endothelial Growth Factor ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Diabetes Patients

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF DIFFERENT CHARACTERISTICS AND MODALITIES OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ON HEALTH VARIABLES IN ELDERLY PEOPLE WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 533
Author(s):  
Karina Rodionova ◽  
Aija Kļaviņa
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Glycemic Control ◽  
Aerobic Exercise Training ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Research Studies

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) comprises 90% of people with diabetes around the world, and is largely the result of excess body weight and physical inactivity (WHO, 2015). Objective: To evaluate and analyze evidence based research studies exploring the impact of physical activity on health variables in elderly population age 50-70 years with T2D.Data sources: Web of Science, CINAHL, SCOPUS, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PubMed and SPORTdiscus data bases were used for screening and selecting relevant research studies over the period 2005-2015.Study Selections: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Population: older adults or elderly with T2D. Intervention: All types of physical activity such as interval walking, aquatics or free living activity were included. Outcomes: glycemic control, lipid profile, insulin sensitivity, BMI, blood pressure and VO₂max. Methodological quality was assessed using the Delphi List.Data Synthesis: While 1773 potentially relevant studies were found and 213 RCTs were relevant to the topic, only 16 studies (patients n= 946) accepted to the review. Results: The circuit resistance training was associated with hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) decrease (8.0 (.35) to 7.36 (.28)), body mass index (BMI) reduction from 22.0(.8) to 20.9 (.8) and body weight change from 53.3 (1.6) to 51.9 (1.7). Improvement of insulin sensitivity, VO2max and glycemic control were observable in 8 studies including 16-week aerobic exercise training, 16-week interval walking training, and combined aerobic and resistance training. Combination of aerobic and resistance exercises were associated with positive change in plasma fasting glucose and were 6.86 (1.40) and 6.19 (1.47).Conclusions: The most effective and time consuming physical activity is interval walking, circuit training or combination of different intensity and/or physical activity modalities.

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