Nitrifying Continuous Upflow Filters: Understanding Large Scale Plant from Laboratory and Pilot Scale Experiments

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Alkhaddar ◽  
E. Loffil ◽  
D. A. Phipps ◽  
Robert Andoh
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Pilot Scale

scholarly journals ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION BY WASTEWATER FROM BROWN COAL PROCESSING ¬ A REMEDIATION CASE STUDY IN GERMANY

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arndt Wiessner ◽  
Jochen A. Müller ◽  
Peter Kuschk ◽  
Uwe Kappelmeyer ◽  
Matthias Kästner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Wastewater Disposal ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approaches ◽  
Phenolic Wastewater ◽  
Term Monitoring

The large scale of the contamination by the former carbo-chemical industry in Germany requires new and often interdisciplinary approaches for performing an economically sustainable remediation. For example, a highly toxic and dark-colored phenolic wastewater from a lignite pyrolysis factory was filled into a former open-cast pit, forming a large wastewater disposal pond. This caused an extensive environmental pollution, calling for an ecologically and economically acceptable strategy for remediation. Laboratory-scale investigations and pilot-scale tests were carried out. The result was the development of a strategy for an implementation of full-scale enhanced in situ natural attenuation on the basis of separate habitats in a meromictic pond. Long-term monitoring of the chemical and biological dynamics of the pond demonstrates the metamorphosis of a former highly polluted industrial waste deposition into a nature-integrated ecosystem with reduced danger for the environment, and confirmed the strategy for the chosen remediation management.

Water recycling at the Millennium Dome

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 287-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Hills ◽  
A. Smith ◽  
P. Hardy ◽  
R. Birks
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Water Recycling ◽  
Water Usage ◽  
Customer Perception ◽  
Recycling System ◽  
Optimum Configuration ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
System Information ◽  
System Water

Thames Water is working with the New Millennium Experience Company to provide a water recycling system for the Millennium Dome which will supply 500m3/d of reclaimed water for WC and urinal flushing. The system will treat water from three sources:rainwater - from the Dome roofgreywater - from handbasins in the toilet blocksgroundwater - from beneath the Dome site The treatment technologies will range from “natural” reedbeds for the rainwater, to more sophisticated options, including biological aerated filters and membranes for the greywater and groundwater. Pilot scale trials were used to design the optimum configuration. In addition to the recycling system, water efficient devices will be installed in three of the core toilet blocks as part of a programme of research into the effectiveness of conservation measures. Data on water usage and customer behaviour will be collected via a comprehensive metering system. Information from the Dome project on the economics and efficiency of on-site recycling at large scale and data on water efficient devices, customer perception and behaviour will be of great value to the water industry. For Thames Water, the project provides vital input to the development of future water resource strategies.

Further Evaporation and Final Treatment of Process-Water Concentrates

1999 ◽  
Vol 40 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 25-32
Author(s):  
Paterson McKeough ◽  
Leena Fagernäs
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Paper Mill ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Forced Circulation ◽  
Final Treatment ◽  
Solids Content ◽  
Combustion Processes ◽  
Future Work

The study is part of a longer-term effort aimed at developing a separate treatment process for evaporation-concentrates of paper-mill process waters. This article deals with research on the two key processing steps; namely, the further evaporation and the final treatment of the concentrates. In laboratory experiments, various feed waters, including several different TMP filtrates, were evaporated to high dry-solids contents. The condensates recovered in most experiments contained relatively small amounts of organic matter. The extent of vapourisation of organic acids, relative to water, increased somewhat with increase in dry-solids content. Two TMP concentrates from large-scale evaporation plants were further concentrated in a pilot-scale forced-circulation evaporator. Viscosity was the factor limiting the extent of concentration. Using an evaporation temperature of about 80°C, the maximum dry-solids contents achieved with the two different concentrates were about 45 wt% and about 60 wt%, respectively. Fouling of heat-transfer surfaces was observed with both concentrates. A techno-economic evaluation of final-treatment options for alkali-rich concentrates is under way. According to intermediate results, molten-phase combustion processes would not require support fuel once the dry-solids content of TMP concentrate exceeds about 50 wt%. The aim of future work is to optimise the overall treatment process.

Large Scale Anaerobic-Aerobic Treatment of Complex Industrial Waste Water Using Biofilm Reactors

1991 ◽  
Vol 23 (7-9) ◽  
pp. 1427-1436 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Heijnen ◽  
A. Mulder ◽  
R. Weltevrede ◽  
J. Hols ◽  
H. L. J. M. van Leeuwen
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Wastewater ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Rate Process ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Industrial Waste Water ◽  
Biofilm Reactors ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Production Problems ◽  
Air Lift

Warm concentrated industrial wastewaters are preferably treated in an anaerobic reactor for reasons of energy generation and low surplus sludge production. Problems to be solved in the practical application concern a low growth rate of the micro-organisms, their low settling rate process instability, and the need for after-treatment of the noxious anaerobic effluent which often contains NH4+ and HS−. The use of biomass immobilized on small suspended carriers (< 0.5 mm) has proven to be a suitable mean to overcome most of these problems. Results are presented on–pilot and full-scale pretreatment of industrial wastewater in an anaerobic 2-stage fluidized bed reactor for CH.-production.–laboratory and pilot scale post-treatment of the anaerobic effluent, which contains NH4+. and HS2− in an aerobic air-lift suspension reactor for the production of NO3− and SO4−.

Analysis and Comparison of Biochar From Pilot Scale Downdraft Gasifier

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tejasvi Sharma ◽  
Yunye Shi ◽  
Guiyan Zang ◽  
Albert Ratner
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Volatile Components ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Reduction Zone ◽  
Downdraft Gasifier ◽  
Porosity Analysis ◽  
Corn Grains

Gasification is incomplete combustion of solid fuel that results in the production of vapor, often referred to as syngas or producer gas, char, and tar. When this process is applied to biomass, the resulting char, referred to as biochar, is produced and has been shown to enhance soil fertility and crop growth. As part of a broader effort, this work examines how the gasification process impacts the biochar generated through downdraft gasification. In contrast to previous publications, which only focused on the syngas compositions, this research paper expands the analysis to the composition of the biochar produced in the gasification systems. In a large-scale gasifier, corn grains at about a 15% moisture level are inserted into a pilot scale downdraft gasifier from the top. In this system, both air and fuel move in the same direction. The air entering the setup is controlled using a damper. Corn grains entering the gasifier pass through a drying zone where the moisture content in it is removed. The dry corn then passes through a combustion and pyrolysis zone, followed by a reduction zone. The high temperature present at the bottom in the reduction zone cracks any tar present in the syngas produced. This syngas exits from the bottom of the gasifier. The char produced has a residence time from half an hour to several hours. About 20% of the fuel that’s inserted in the gasifier is converted to biochar. An ultimate and proximate chemical composition analysis, BET porosity analysis, and an SEM image analysis were carried out on the biochar produced from this system. From the SEM analysis, a surface area of 2.38 m2/g was obtained. From the ultimate and proximate analysis, it was observed that the biochar had higher carbon content and a lack of volatile components compared to other reported biochars and levels similar to activated carbon. From the BET porosity analysis, both small scale and large-scale pores were observed but quantified comparison with other biochar is still on going. Porosity is known to be an important factor in biochar effectiveness as a soil amendment.

Experience and Plans for Rationalization of Small-Scale Fisheries in India

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 2172-2177
Author(s):  
P. C. George
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Fishing Industry ◽  
Small Scale Fisheries ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Fishing Capacity ◽  
Small Craft

Small-scale fisheries have traditionally been the backbone of the fishing industry all over the world. Although large-scale mechanized fishing has come into the limelight recently, even such countries as have developed substantial capability in this direction still have a large fleet of small boats in coastal areas. The landings of this sector of the industry are always substantial, and in many countries they still dominate the picture. In India, small-scale fisheries landed almost 1.15 million tons in 1971. This figure has been increasing as motor-powered small craft have increased in numbers, although 70% of marine fish is still caught from nonpowered boats. Measures taken to increase fishing capacity, landings, and net fishermen’s income over the past 10 years include various kinds of loans and subsidies for the purchase of boats, motors, and nets; assistance for the construction of ponds in inland areas; organization of cooperatives; training programs for fishermen and supporting personnel, especially motor repairmen (with the cooperation of Norway); and gear and vessel research including pilot-scale demonstrations with new types of vessels and equipment.

scholarly journals Improving aeration systems in saline water (part II): effect of different salts and diffuser type on oxygen transfer of fine-bubble aeration systems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Behnisch ◽  
M. Schwarz ◽  
J. Trippel ◽  
M. Engelhart ◽  
M. Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Transfer ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Mixed Salt ◽  
Water Oxygen ◽  
Aeration System ◽  
Fine Bubble ◽  
Scale Test

Abstract The objective of the present study is to investigate the different effects on the oxygen transfer of fine-bubble aeration systems in saline water. Compared to tap water, oxygen transfer increases due to the inhibition of bubble coalescence. In Part I of the present study, we investigated in lab-scale experiments the effect of design of diffuser membrane. The objective of Part II is the assessment of effects of different salts, diffuser type and diffuser density. We measured the concentration of various salts (MgCl2; CaCl2; Na2SO4; NaCl; KCl) above which coalescence is fully inhibited and oxygen transfer reaches its maximum (referred to as the critical coalescence concentration; CCC). For this purpose, we developed a new analytical approach, which enables to investigate the coalescence behaviour of any aeration system and (mixed) salt solution quickly and easily by evaluating the results of oxygen transfer tests. To investigate the transferability to large scale and the effect of diffuser type and density, we repeated lab-scale experiments in a 17,100 L pilot scale test tank and carried out additional tests with tube and plate diffusers at different diffuser densities. The results show, that despite the higher pressure drop, diffusers with dense slit density and smaller slits are to be recommended in order to improve efficiency of aeration systems in saline water.

scholarly journals Performance Comparison of Spiral-Wound and Plate-and-Frame Forward Osmosis Membrane Module

Membranes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 318
Author(s):  
Sungyun Lee
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Drop ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Performance Comparison ◽  
Normal Operation ◽  
Membrane Area ◽  
Feed Pressure ◽  
Spiral Wound

We compared two representative forward osmosis (FO) modules—spiral-wound (SW) and plate-and-frame (PF)—to provide practical information for the selection of FO element for a large-scale FO process. The FO operating performance of commercially available SW FO and PF FO was explored under different membrane area and flow rate conditions. The performance trend as a function of the membrane was obtained by adjusting the number of serially connected elements. Although SW FO and PF FO elements exhibited comparable feed pressure drops, SW FO demonstrated a significantly higher draw channel pressure drop than PF FO. Furthermore, the significant draw pressure drop in SW FO increased the draw inlet pressure, consequently limiting the number of serially connected elements. For example, the maximum number of serially connected elements for the normal operation was three elements for SW FO (45.9 m2) but nine elements for PF FO (63 m2) when the flow rate of 10 LMP was applied for feed and draw streams. Additionally, a footprint analysis indicated that SW FO module exhibited a slightly larger footprint than PF FO. Under investigated conditions, PF FO exhibited relatively better performance than SW FO. Therefore, this pilot-scale FO study highlighted the need to reduce the flow resistance of SW FO draw channel to take advantage of the high packing density of the SW element.

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