The adding influence of natural nano powder to unsaturated polyester as a green composite for prosthetic socket application

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qahtan A. Hamad ◽  
Lamees A. Khalaf ◽  
Mayyadah S. Abed ◽  
Mohanad N. Al-Shroofy
Keyword(s):  
Unsaturated Polyester ◽  
Green Composite ◽  
Prosthetic Socket ◽  
Nano Powder

scholarly journals The Development of a Rapid Prototyping Prosthetic Socket Coated with a Resin Layer for Transtibial Amputees

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. H. Hsu ◽  
G. F. Huang ◽  
C. T. Lu ◽  
D. Y. Hong ◽  
S. H. Liu
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Prototyping ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Polyester Resin ◽  
Unsaturated Polyester ◽  
Unsaturated Polyester Resin ◽  
Forming Process ◽  
Prosthetic Foot ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Prosthetic Socket ◽  
Transtibial Amputees

This article proposes a type of transtibial socket composed of an inner layer fabricated by a rapid prototyping (RP) machine and an outer layer coated with unsaturated polyester resin. This work integrates contemporary technologies including a handheld scanner and CAD systems, to design a thin primary socket shape and then manufactures the socket using a fused deposition-modeling machine. To prevent breakage caused by the layer-based forming process and to reinforce flexural strength, the current research coats the preliminary RP socket with a layer of unsaturated polyester resin. After shaping the proximal brim of the resin-reinforced RP socket to match the specific stump, this study assembles and aligns a shank and a prosthetic foot to form a prosthesis set. After completing a trial safety walk wearing the prosthesis, which is satisfactory to the amputee and a registered prosthetist, this research measures interface pressures between the stump and the resin-reinforced RP socket. Experiment results demonstrate that the resin-reinforced RP socket is applicable for transtibial amputees. In addition to strengthening the FDM socket and producing consistent socket fit, this study also demonstrates a feasible procedure that employs current technologies to design and manufacture transtibial sockets without plaster moulds.

Introduction to a Type of Resin-Reinforced Rapid Prototyping Transtibial Socket

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. H. Hsu ◽  
C. T. Lu ◽  
G. F. Huang ◽  
J. T. Chen ◽  
W. C. Chuang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Rapid Prototyping ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Polyester Resin ◽  
Unsaturated Polyester ◽  
Unsaturated Polyester Resin ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Residual Limb ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Prosthetic Socket

This article introduced a type of rapid prototyping (RP) transtibial socket that is fabricated by a fused deposition modeling (FDM) machine and wrapped with a layer of unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) to enhance its flexural strength. As current rapid prototyping machines use a layer-based process to manufacture products, this will result in RP products liable to break along forming layers once bending moment is applied. To prevent RP prosthetic socket from breakage, this study proposed wrapping a layer of unsaturated polyester resin around a preliminary thin RP socket to reinforce its flexural strength. Factors affecting the strength of the resin-reinforced RP socket include thickness and forming orientation of the preliminary RP socket, thickness of the UPR layer, and type of material used to make the preliminary RP socket. Employing Taguchi experimental design method and ASTM three-point bending test standard, the parameters that influence the flexural strength of the resin-reinforced RP prosthetic socket can be determined. Based on the appropriate parameters, including thickness of the RP layer and UPR layer, the RP material and RP fabricating orientation, the preliminary thin RP prosthetic sockets can be fabricated by an FDM machine. And the thin layer preliminary RP sockets were then wrapped with cotton socks and laminated UPR layer to form resin-reinforced RP sockets. To confirm the effectiveness of the resin-reinforced sockets developed in this study, the pressures at residual limb/socket interface were measured by using a pressure distribution measurement system and movement was captured by a motion analysis system while a patient wears the resin-reinforced RP socket. Two resin-reinforced RP sockets have been fabricated and tested by a volunteer amputee. Analysis of the experimental results would assist a prosthetist to assess the distribution of interface pressures at the pressure-tolerant (PT) and pressure-relief (PR) areas of the residual limb. And, the gait pattern will be used to evaluate the applicability while the resin-reinforced RP socket is worn. Trial uses for durability test of the proposed RP socket are being arranged.

The Gait Analysis and Interface Pressure Measurement Between Stump and Resin-Reinforced Rapid Prototyping Transtibial Socket

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. T. Chen ◽  
H. K. Peng ◽  
C. T. Lu ◽  
L. H. Hsu ◽  
G. F. Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Prototyping ◽  
Gait Analysis ◽  
Unsaturated Polyester ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Bending Moment ◽  
Experimental Systems ◽  
Prosthetic Socket ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Walking Speeds ◽  
Interface Pressures

Currently, rapid prototyping (RP) products are manufactured by layer-based process; this result may cause RP products to break easily along layers when a bending moment is applied. To prevent RP transtibial sockets from breaking, wrapping a layer of unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) around transtibial sockets to reinforce its flexural strength is proposed. To verify the applicability of resin-reinforced RP socket fabrication, two experimental systems, including a socket sensor measurement and gait analysis system, are used to obtain interface pressures between stump, socket and gait characteristics during stance phase while such type of prosthetic socket is used. A male volunteer with a left below-knee amputation, a twenty-year transtibial socket user, was selected for this study. In the experiments, sensors were pasted on the stump and measurement data was collected at different walking speeds. The results of these experiments showed that the interface pressures were concentrated on pressure-tolerant areas, and the swing phase and stride length of stump increased while the volunteer was walking at a fast speed. The resin-reinforced rapid prototyping sockets have better comfortable quality of fitting because the interface pressures are more concentrated on pressure-tolerant areas including the patella tendon and medial tibia flare while wearing the new type of sockets.

Study on Water Absorption and Impact Properties of Vegetal Composites Material: Composite Structures

2012 ◽  
Vol 530 ◽  
pp. 34-39
Author(s):  
Abdalla Abdal-Hay ◽  
Do Yeon Jung ◽  
Kang Il Lee ◽  
G.T. Abdel-Jaber ◽  
Jae Kyoo Lim
Keyword(s):  
Water Absorption ◽  
Composite Structures ◽  
Date Palm ◽  
Alkali Treatment ◽  
Unsaturated Polyester ◽  
Natural Fibers ◽  
Green Composite ◽  
Seed Particles ◽  
Pull Out ◽  
Material Composite

The delamination and fibers pull out have been the main factors failure application of natural fibers in various engineering fields. To address these problems, particles reinforced composites are the promising candidate. The present paper investigates on vegetal particles (date palm seed particles/DPSp) and applies it as composites material reinforced unsaturated polyester (USP). The influence of alkali treatment on the surface morphology and structure of DPSp was investigated. They investigated by SEM and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) mapping. The water absorption results showed directly proportion with the particles loading as the relative increases were 0.645% and 7.345% for 10 wt% and 40 wt% of DPSp content, respectively. In addition, the water absorption ability of the composites showed low value comparing with many natural fibers. In addition, the fracture toughness of the composites was studied. Overall, addition of the proposed DPSp particles may be opens a new avenue to exploit the utilized natural cheap material to produce a green composite.

scholarly journals STUDY ON PREPARATION OF BAMBOO FIBER REINFORCED UNSATURATED POLYESTER RESIN "GREEN" COMPOSITES

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 5-14
Author(s):  
Thanh Duy Tran ◽  
Tai Tan Dang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Composite Materials ◽  
Unsaturated Polyester ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Glass Fibers ◽  
Natural Fibers ◽  
Green Composite ◽  
Polyester Resins ◽  
Neat Polymer ◽  
Synthetic Fibers

Composite materials are usually made with organic matrixes reinforced by synthetic fillers, such as carbon or glass fibers.... But the high cost and environmental awareness of the synthetic fibers has limited their application. Meanwhile, natural fibers have been very attractive because they have been low cost, low density, eco-friendly, available in high quantities, renewable, biodegradable and shown excellent mechanical properties. In this study, green composite materials were prepared by using unsaturated polyester resins and bamboo fibers. The fibers were previously modified by chemical treatment and inserted into matrix in the role of the reinforcement. Some factors effecting to properties of products showed more advantages than modifier content were studied meticulously. As a result, composite products showed more advantages than neat polymer. For example, it does not only improve significantly mechanical properties but also becomes cheaper and friendlier with environment.

A Simplified Integration System for the Fabrication of Total Surface Bearing Transtibial Socket by Employing Rapid Prototyping Technology

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. H. Hsu ◽  
M. J. Tzeng ◽  
J. T. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Prototyping ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Unsaturated Polyester ◽  
Cad Systems ◽  
Prosthetic Socket ◽  
Service Bureau ◽  
Interface System ◽  
Complex Procedure ◽  
Alternative Means

This project is to validate the preliminary result of rapid prototyping (RP)-based transtibial socket that was reinforced by wrapping a layer of unsaturated polyester resin. By employing contemporary technologies including a scanner, computer-aided engineering systems, a rapid prototyping machine, together with the expertise of a prosthetist, RP-based prosthetic sockets with a comfortable fit to volunteer amputees can be fabricated. However, the expensive cost and complex procedure of using current commercial scanners and CAD systems will be barriers experienced by clinical professionals. As the existing service bureau infrastructure and cheaper RP technology are easily accessed, fabrication and technology cost barriers will be reduced. The remaining problems include the availability of easily-used CAD systems for designing prosthetic sockets, simple scanner and stump duplicating tool. This study therefore focuses on the integration of simplified systems including a vacuum forming tool, compact scanner and an interface system for designing prosthetic sockets. Although the type of PTB (patella tendon bearing) transtibial socket is widely adopted in plaster-based manual process, TSB (total surface bearing) sockets are more acceptable by amputees. Since the concept of TSB socket should obtain the stump mold of an amputee under appropriate pressure by using a specific stump forming tool, editing complex surfaces can be avoided when using a TSB-based stump model to design a socket. The quality of socket fit is expected to improve by a simplified design process in which an interface system based on grid-editing algorithms is utilized. In addition, cheaper RP technology, such as 3-D printing or droplet binding process, can be alternative means to fabricate RP-based prosthetic sockets. By combining TSB stump mold, simplified design process and a cheaper RP machine, this study proposes a simplified integrating system to manufacture RP stump mold. Using this RP stump mold together with the traditional lamination method of infiltrating resin into cotton layers, the RP-based transtibial sockets will then be fabricated easily. The expected result will demonstrate the feasibility of employing cheaper emerging technologies to assist an unskilled prosthetist who will be able to produce good quality of prosthetic socket.

Flexural and Impact Properties of Kenaf-Glass Hybrid Composite

2012 ◽  
Vol 576 ◽  
pp. 471-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Abdul Maleque ◽  
Atiqah Afdzaluddin ◽  
Mohammed Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
Hybrid Composite ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Hybrid Composites ◽  
Unsaturated Polyester ◽  
Glass Fibers ◽  
Mechanical Tests ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Green Composite ◽  
Impact Properties ◽  
Structural Applications

This paper investigates the flexural and impact properties of kenaf-glass (KG) fibers reinforced unsaturated polyester (UPE) hybrid composite on a source of green composite. The matrix is kept constant with 70 % volume fraction while kenaf and glass fibers were varied, such as 7.5/22.5 v/v, 15/15 v/v and 22.5/7.5 v/v. The 30 % kenaf and 30 % glass are also used for the preparation of composite materials. The kenaf fiber was treated with 6% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) diluted solution for 3 hours. Hybrid composites are fabricated using sheet molding compound (SMC) process. The mechanical tests, such as flexural and impact are performed using ASTM D790-03 and ASTM D256-04 respectively. The study showed that the highest flexural strength was obtained from treated kenaf with 15/15 v/v KG fiber reinforced hybrid composite while untreated of 15/15 v/v KG composite showed the highest value of impact strength in this investigation. This can be concluded that 15/15 v/v KG fiber reinforced unsaturated polyester hybrid composite is the most appropriate hybrid composite which can be considered for many engineering structural applications, such as automotive, aerospace, construction or sports.

Investigation Into the Flexural Strength of a Material for Resin-Reinforced Rapid Prototyping Transtibial Sockets

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. H. Hsu ◽  
C. T. Lu ◽  
G. F. Huang ◽  
J. T. Chen ◽  
H. S. Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Rapid Prototyping ◽  
Polyester Resin ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Unsaturated Polyester ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Taguchi Experimental Design ◽  
Three Point Bending ◽  
Prosthetic Socket ◽  
Experimental Design Method

This investigation employed Taguchi experimental design method and ASTM three-point bending test to determine the parameters that influence the flexural strength of a material composed of a thin layer fabricated by a rapid prototyping (RP) machine and coated with a layer of unsaturated polyester resin (UPR). Since current rapid prototyping machines use a layer-based process to manufacture products, this will result in RP products liable to break along forming layers when bending load is applied. A type of resin-reinforced RP transtibial socket is proposed to strengthen the flexural strength so that the abrupt collapse can be prevented if a transtibial prosthetic socket made by an RP machine. This study proposed wrapping a layer of unsaturated polyester resin around a preliminary thin RP socket manufactured by a fused deposition modeling (FDM) machine to reinforce its flexural strength. Factors affecting the strength of the resin-reinforced RP socket include thickness and forming orientation of the preliminary RP socket, thickness of the UPR layer, and type of material used to make the preliminary RP socket. Employing Taguchi experimental design method and ASTM three-point bending test standard, the parameters that influence the flexural strength of the resin-reinforced RP prosthetic socket can be determined. Based on the appropriate parameters, including thickness of the RP layer and UPR layer, the RP material and RP fabricating orientation, the preliminary thin RP prosthetic sockets can be fabricated by an FDM machine. And the thin layer preliminary RP sockets were then wrapped with cotton socks and laminated UPR layer to form resin-reinforced RP sockets. To confirm the effectiveness of the resin-reinforced sockets developed in this study, a volunteer subject with unilateral left below-knee amputation is recruited to implement the experiment. The pressures at residual limb/socket interface were measured by using a pressure distribution measurement system and movement was captured by a motion analysis system while a volunteer patient wears the resin-reinforced RP socket. The experimental results demonstrated that the applicability of the proposed type of material and a resin-reinforced RP transtibial socket has been verified. A prosthetist may use the interface pressures exerting on stump and gait pattern during walking to assess the suitability of this type of RP socket based on clinical expertise. Further trial use and more subjects are needed to validate the durability of the proposed RP socket.

A Study of Some Mechanical and Physical Properties for Palm Fiber/Polyester Composite

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (3B) ◽  
pp. 104-114
Author(s):  
Samah M. Hussein
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Dielectric Constant ◽  
Date Palm ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Unsaturated Polyester ◽  
Dielectric Strength ◽  
Palm Fiber ◽  
Mechanical And Physical Properties ◽  
Polyester Composite

This research has been done by reinforcing the matrix (unsaturated polyester) resin with natural material (date palm fiber (DPF)). The fibers were exposure to alkali treatment before reinforcement. The samples have been prepared by using hand lay-up technique with fiber volume fraction of (10%, 20% and 30%). After preparation of the mechanical and physical properties have been studied such as, compression, flexural, impact strength, thermal conductivity, Dielectric constant and dielectric strength. The polyester composite reinforced with date palm fiber at volume fraction (10% and 20%) has good mechanical properties rather than pure unsaturated polyester material, while the composite reinforced with 30% Vf present poor mechanical properties. Thermal conductivity results indicated insulator composite behavior. The effect of present fiber polar group induces of decreasing in dielectric strength, and increasing dielectric constant. The reinforcement composite 20% Vf showed the best results in mechanical, thermal and electrical properties.

Method for nano-powder dispersion degree definition

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 (7) ◽  
pp. 45-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Лариса Шестопалова ◽  
Larisa Shestopalova
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Curve ◽  
Powder Dispersion ◽  
Nano Powder ◽  
Dispersion Degree ◽  
Definition Of

Relying upon Stokes Law there was offered a way for the definition of nano-powder dispersion on measuring a speed of its sedimentation from powder slurry in water. Way is to construct differential nanopowder’s particles distribution curve of by fractions to determine their main size.

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