The Estimation of Environmental Impacts for Transport Policy Assessment

1976 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
M R Wigan
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Economic Assessment ◽  
Research System ◽  
The Past ◽  
Estimation Equations ◽  
Transportation Modelling ◽  
Illustrative Application

The analysis of traffic and transport alternatives by means of mathematical models is well-established as an aid to design and economic assessment. The emphasis in the past has been on the traffic effects of the policies involved, and it is only recently that methods have been devised to give approximate estimates of the levels of and degree of exposure to noise, air pollution, and pedestrian interference as an essential part of the study of traffic and transport proposals. This paper covers the design and use of special models, and the collection and analysis of noise and pollution data in a form suitable for forecasting. The application of the techniques is illustrated by means of models of Coventry drawn from the Transportation Study report. One model was designed to simulate conditions in 1967, and another to simulate extreme (and unlikely) conditions in a future where congestion and pollution are both severe. The environmental impact estimation process has been integrated into the RRLTAP transportation modelling research system. The strengths and weaknesses of this approach are brought out by an illustrative application. Special attention has been paid to the different pollution estimation equations as a basis for forecasting, and the degree to which a particular choice could affect the results.

scholarly journals Blueprint of Permanent Education Number (PEN) Card for Reducing Paper Usage Ratio in Education and Job Sector

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 3285-3290
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Education Sector ◽  
Recruitment Process ◽  
Observation Methods ◽  
Job Recruitment

Several decades ago, it was a thought that usage of paper will reduce with the advancement of technology but rather it has been increased through the printing/photocopying of different documents specifically in education and job sector, as there is a much need of paper consumption, which in turn leading a perceptible environmental impacts like air pollution, deforestation, greenhouse gas emissions, etc. This study intends to develop a concept where entire documents (education and job sector) will be digitalized. Furthermore, this study aims to propose a framework that will be ensuring the reduction of paper consumption as well as condense the negative environmental impacts. Besides, this paper focuses to study the paper usage estimation in the education sector (enrolment of various levels) and job recruitment process as well as the effect of the paper industry on the environment. It is observed that the average paper used yearly 659078400 by an Indian. This study adopted a qualitative approach by embracing some case studies moreover observation methods have been used to obtain the outcomes. This study concludes that using the PEN (Permanent Education Number) of an induvial, fetching data will be erased as the data will remain digitalized, which furnishes several advantages i.e. reducing fraud, increase the data lifespan, reducing of manual paperwork, saving the environment, etc. Henceforth, the digitalization of enrolment in the education sector and recruitment in the service sector is indispensable to restraint the upsurge of paper used along with decrease the subsequent environmental impact.

Relevance of Impact Studies on the Environmental Impacts of Tourism and Sustainability

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Ravi Sharma ◽  
Prakash Rao
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Bibliometric Study ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Impact Studies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Tourism Studies ◽  
The Relationship

The chapter investigates the relationship and trends in tourism-environmental impact studies in research communities for past 10 years. It discusses the various components and categories of the environmental impacts within context to the tourism. To achieve the purpose, a bibliometric study of the Scopus-indexed publications was conducted and analyzed for three themes using the Scopus search-defined parameters. During the search defining parameters, a total of 125, 28, and 88 relevant documents were obtained from the database for the theme, tourism-environmental impact overall studies, tourism-environmental impact and carrying capacity, socio-cultural and perception-based relevant studies, respectively. Based on the results, the authors conclude that there is a significant increase in environmental impact and tourism-related studies in the past 10 years. European countries have a major contribution towards environmental impact and tourism studies as compared to other Asian countries. The technical studies using tools of assessment for environmental impacts and tourism linkages is still insufficient.

Guest Editorial: The James Bay Hydroelectric Project - Issue of the Century

ARCTIC ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
J.I. Linton
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Mercury Contamination ◽  
James Bay ◽  
Migration Routes ◽  
Hydroelectric Project ◽  
Habitat Creation ◽  
The Past

... The James Bay project has become a major issue because it involves a number of factors that represent a critical change in our outlook over the past twenty years. The first of these is the growth in popularity and scientific credibility of the environmental movement. Environmental awareness has flowered since the first phase of the James Bay project was begun. The environmental impact of the project was not a matter of great debate in the early '70s and no formal environmental assessment was ever done prior to construction of the first phase. It has only been since the mid-1970s that environmental impact assessments of major government projects have been performed on a regular basis in Canada. A surge in public concern about the state of the environment in the late 1980s came at the time Hydro-Quebec began preparations for the Great Whale phase of the project. As a result, the environmental impacts of the first phase have come under close scrutiny, and many of the concerns expressed by opponents in the 1970s have been substantiated. It has been shown that environmental impacts of the first phase include: methyl mercury contamination of water in reservoirs and downstream rivers and mercury accumulation in fish; reversal of the natural seasonal flow patterns of rivers; conversion of La Grande estuary from a saltwater environment to a freshwater one because of regulated peak flow in winter; changes in water temperatures in affected rivers; loss of wetland productivity; production of greenhouse gases by the decomposition of vegetation in inundated areas; destruction of shoreline and shoreline habitat (creation of dead zones) around reservoirs due to fluctuating water levels; riverbank erosion downstream from dams; and interference with animal migration routes. This presents a far different picture from the one advanced in the past of hydroelectricity as a clean, environmentally safe energy source. A second factor has been the internationalization of environmental issues. ... A third factor is our growing understanding of, and respect for, native peoples. ... Today, the idea of progress is undergoing a massive shift away from material and economic growth for growth's sake and toward what has come to be known as "sustainable development." The James Bay project might have been considered "the project of the century" in an earlier era. However, in the era of sustainable development, it must be regarded as something quite different.

scholarly journals ZERO STATE OF AIR QUALITY IN THE AREA OF FUTURE FACTORY R-S SILICON IN MRKONJIĆ GRAD

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (16) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dušica Pešević ◽  
Nebojša Knežević
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Quality Measurement ◽  
Suspended Particles ◽  
Metal Production ◽  
Total Suspended Particles ◽  
Pollution Measurement

Air quality measurement was conducted in the vicinity of the industrial plot that belongs to RS SiliconLLC Mrkonjić Grad where a plant for the production of the silicon metal is constructed, during theperiod January – December 2015; this air quality measurement comprised the immissionsconcentrations of CO, SO2, NO2 and total suspended particles (TSP), while simultaneously measuringwind speed and direction.The factory for Si-metal production will generate direct and indirect environmental impacts, especiallyon air. Generally, the largest environmental impact during operation of the factory will be reflected inthe emission of a large quantity of waste gases. This document shows air pollution measurement resultswhich represent the zero state, it is to say a basis for further assessment of air quality after thecommissioning of subject factory.

scholarly journals Assessing the Environmental Impact and Cost of the Tourism-Induced CO2, NOx, SOx Emission in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 604
Author(s):  
Yalan Shi ◽  
Miaojing Yu
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Correlation Effect ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Travel Agency ◽  
Sustainable Mobility ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Direct Emission

Tourism, as one economic activity, results in a full range of environmental impacts globally as well as in China. However, the evaluation of environmental impacts is insufficient because of the strong correlation effect between tourism and other industries. This study attempted to assess the environmental impact and cost of the tourism-induced pollutant emissions (in a broad sense) at the national scale through constructing the environmental-economic input-output model. Our results suggested that the China’s total emission of CO2, NOx, SOx related to tourism industry increased from 42 × 106 t, 162 kt, 345 kt in 1995 to 157 × 106 t, 527 kt, 854 kt in 2009. The indirect CO2, NOx, and SOx emissions of tourism and related industries were nearly 6.8–11 times of their direct emission in travel agency. Most of these indirect emissions (73% of CO2 in 2009, 54% of NOx in 1995, 62% of SOx in 2009) are derived from the energy plants and industrial sectors. The sustainable tourism should largely depend on the realization of sustainable mobility and transportation, through the low-emission behavior and energy-saving technology. The emission reduction cost of tourism industry in China was 30,170 and 172,812 million CNY in 1995 and 2009, accounting for nearly 14% of the total tourism revenue.

scholarly journals A health economic assessment of air pollution effects under climate neutral vehicle fleet scenarios in Stockholm, Sweden

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 101084
Author(s):  
Hedi Katre Kriit ◽  
Johan Nilsson Sommar ◽  
Bertil Forsberg ◽  
Stefan Åström ◽  
Mikael Svensson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Economic ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Economic Assessment ◽  
Pollution Effects ◽  
Air Pollution Effects ◽  
Vehicle Fleet

scholarly journals Tree Vitality and Forest Health: Can Tree-Ring Stable Isotopes Be Used as Indicators?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Cherubini ◽  
Giovanna Battipaglia ◽  
John L. Innes
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Stable Isotopes ◽  
Tree Ring ◽  
Forest Decline ◽  
Forest Health ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Tree Vitality ◽  
The Past ◽  
Physiological Processes

Abstract Purpose of Review Society is concerned about the long-term condition of the forests. Although a clear definition of forest health is still missing, to evaluate forest health, monitoring efforts in the past 40 years have concentrated on the assessment of tree vitality, trying to estimate tree photosynthesis rates and productivity. Used in monitoring forest decline in Central Europe since the 1980s, crown foliage transparency has been commonly believed to be the best indicator of tree condition in relation to air pollution, although annual variations appear more closely related to water stress. Although crown transparency is not a good indicator of tree photosynthesis rates, defoliation is still one of the most used indicators of tree vitality. Tree rings have been often used as indicators of past productivity. However, long-term tree growth trends are difficult to interpret because of sampling bias, and ring width patterns do not provide any information about tree physiological processes. Recent Findings In the past two decades, tree-ring stable isotopes have been used not only to reconstruct the impact of past climatic events, such as drought, but also in the study of forest decline induced by air pollution episodes, and other natural disturbances and environmental stress, such as pest outbreaks and wildfires. They have proven to be useful tools for understanding physiological processes and tree response to such stress factors. Summary Tree-ring stable isotopes integrate crown transpiration rates and photosynthesis rates and may enhance our understanding of tree vitality. They are promising indicators of tree vitality. We call for the use of tree-ring stable isotopes in future monitoring programmes.

The Benefit of Focusing on Air Pollution Instead of Climate Change: How Discussing Power Plant Emissions in the Context of Air Pollution, Rather than Climate Change, Influences Perceived Benefits, Costs, and Political Action for Policies to Limit Emissions

2020 ◽  
pp. 107554702098044
Author(s):  
P. Sol Hart ◽  
Lauren Feldman
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Power Plant ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
Political Action ◽  
Perceived Benefits ◽  
Power Plant Emissions ◽  
Plant Emissions ◽  
Benefits And Costs

This experiment examines how framing power plant emissions in terms of air pollution or climate change, and in terms of health or environmental impacts, influences perceived benefits and costs of policies to reduce emissions and intentions to take political action that supports such policies. A moderated-mediation model reveals that focusing on air pollution, instead of climate change, has a positive significant indirect influence on intended political action through the serial mediators of perceived benefits and costs. Political ideology moderates the association between perceived benefits and political action. No framing effects are observed in the comparison between health and environmental impacts.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Characteristics of Environmental Impacts According to the Cut-Off Criteria Applicable to the Streamlined Life Cycle Assessment (S-LCA) of Apartment Buildings in South Korea

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2898
Author(s):  
Rakhyun Kim ◽  
Myung-Kwan Lim ◽  
Seungjun Roh ◽  
Won-Jun Park
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Impact Analysis ◽  
Impact Categories ◽  
Environmental Impact Analysis ◽  
Apartment Buildings ◽  
Environmental Impact Categories ◽  
Weight Percentile

This study analyzed the characteristics of the environmental impacts of apartment buildings, a typical housing type in South Korea, as part of a research project supporting the streamlined life cycle assessment (S-LCA) of buildings within the G-SEED (Green Standard for Energy and Environmental Design) framework. Three recently built apartment building complexes were chosen as study objects for the quantitative evaluation of the buildings in terms of their embodied environmental impacts (global warming potential, acidification potential, eutrophication potential, ozone layer depletion potential, photochemical oxidant creation potential, and abiotic depletion potential), using the LCA approach. Additionally, we analyzed the emission trends according to the cut-off criteria of the six environmental impact categories by performing an S-LCA with cut-off criteria 90–99% of the cumulative weight percentile. Consequently, we were able to present the cut-off criterion best suited for S-LCA and analyze the effect of the cut-off criteria on the environmental impact analysis results. A comprehensive environmental impact analysis of the characteristics of the six environmental impact categories revealed that the error rate was below 5% when the cut-off criterion of 97.5% of the cumulative weight percentile was applied, thus verifying its validity as the optimal cut-off criterion for S-LCA.

scholarly journals Environmental Impacts ofJatropha curcasBiodiesel in India

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Gmünder ◽  
Reena Singh ◽  
Stephan Pfister ◽  
Alok Adheloya ◽  
Rainer Zah
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Assessment Procedure

In the context of energy security, rural development and climate change, India actively promotes the cultivation ofJatropha curcas, a biodiesel feedstock which has been identified as suitable for achieving the Indian target of 20% biofuel blending by 2017. In this paper, we present results concerning the range of environmental impacts of differentJatropha curcascultivation systems. Moreover, nine agronomic trials in Andhra Pradesh are analysed, in which the yield was measured as a function of different inputs such as water, fertilizer, pesticides, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Further, the environmental impact of the wholeJatropha curcasbiodiesel value chain is benchmarked with fossil diesel, following the ISO 14040/44 life cycle assessment procedure. Overall, this study shows that the use ofJatropha curcasbiodiesel generally reduces the global warming potential and the nonrenewable energy demand as compared to fossil diesel. On the other hand, the environmental impacts on acidification, ecotoxicity, eutrophication, and water depletion all showed increases. Key for reducing the environmental impact ofJatropha curcasbiodiesel is the resource efficiency during crop cultivation (especially mineral fertilizer application) and the optimal site selection of theJatropha curcasplantations.

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