The Relationship between Apparent Depth and Disparity in Rivalrous-Texture Stereograms

Perception ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 661-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P Frisby ◽  
John E W Mayhew
Keyword(s):  
Random Noise ◽  
Significant Degree ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Apparent Depth ◽  
Depth Effect ◽  
Complex Stimuli ◽  
Depth Cue ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Binocular Depth

A series of experiments is reported on rivalrous-texture stereograms composed of narrow-band-filtered random noise. Experiment 1 found that the apparent depth—disparity function for such stereograms was different from that observed with similar but nonrivalrous stimuli. In particular, rivalrous divergent disparities produced the same depth as rivalrous zero disparity and this latter disparity itself produced a significant degree of protruding (i.e. ‘convergent’) depth in a certain type of rivalrous-texture stereogram. Free inspection was permitted and disparities were in the range 16 min convergent to 16 min divergent. Experiment 2 found no convincing evidence for reliable qualitative depth discriminations from tachistoscopic presentations of rivalrous-texture stereograms, using a forced-choice task requiring a discrimination between 16 min convergent and 16 min divergent conditions. This task was solved easily for equivalent nonrivalrous stimuli. Experiment 3 measured a hitherto unreported binocular depth effect, termed ‘paradepth’, which is produced by presenting a target in one field only. This effect appears to be a genuine binocular depth effect and not just the result of an ordinary monocular masking depth cue. The size of the depth effect was found to be a function of the width of the target. The overall conclusion derived from the series of experiments is that rivalrous-texture stereograms are complex stimuli capable of yielding curious and unexpected depth effects which are not readily explained in detail within any existing theoretical framework.

scholarly journals Blur Discrimination and its Relation to Blur-Mediated Depth Perception

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p3254 ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 31 (10) ◽  
pp. 1211-1219 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Mather ◽  
David R R Smith
Keyword(s):  
Depth Perception ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Other ◽  
Retinal Images ◽  
Apparent Depth ◽  
Depth Of Focus ◽  
Depth Cue ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Depth Ordering

Retinal images of three-dimensional scenes often contain regions that are spatially blurred by different amounts, owing to depth variation in the scene and depth-of-focus limitations in the eye. Variations in blur between regions in the retinal image therefore offer a cue to their relative physical depths. In the first experiment we investigated apparent depth ordering in images containing two regions of random texture separated by a vertical sinusoidal border. The texture was sharp on one side of the border, and blurred on the other side. In some presentations the border itself was also blurred. Results showed that blur variation alone is sufficient to determine the apparent depth ordering. A subsequent series of experiments measured blur-discrimination thresholds with stimuli similar to those used in the depth-ordering experiment. Weber fractions for blur discrimination ranged from 0.28 to 0.56. It is concluded that the utility of blur variation as a depth cue is constrained by the relatively mediocre ability of observers to discriminate different levels of blur. Blur is best viewed as a relatively coarse, qualitative depth cue.

The relationship of the scleractinian corals to the rugose corals

Paleobiology ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 6 (02) ◽  
pp. 146-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Critical Points ◽  
Scleractinian Corals ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Early Triassic ◽  
Rugose Corals ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Biologic Factors

The Mesozoic-Cenozoic coral Order Scleractinia has been suggested to have originated or evolved (1) by direct descent from the Paleozoic Order Rugosa or (2) by the development of a skeleton in members of one of the anemone groups that probably have existed throughout Phanerozoic time. In spite of much work on the subject, advocates of the direct descent hypothesis have failed to find convincing evidence of this relationship. Critical points are:(1) Rugosan septal insertion is serial; Scleractinian insertion is cyclic; no intermediate stages have been demonstrated. Apparent intermediates are Scleractinia having bilateral cyclic insertion or teratological Rugosa.(2) There is convincing evidence that the skeletons of many Rugosa were calcitic and none are known to be or to have been aragonitic. In contrast, the skeletons of all living Scleractinia are aragonitic and there is evidence that fossil Scleractinia were aragonitic also. The mineralogic difference is almost certainly due to intrinsic biologic factors.(3) No early Triassic corals of either group are known. This fact is not compelling (by itself) but is important in connection with points 1 and 2, because, given direct descent, both changes took place during this only stage in the history of the two groups in which there are no known corals.

scholarly journals Endolysosomal Cation Channels and MITF in Melanocytes and Melanoma

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1021
Author(s):  
Carla Abrahamian ◽  
Christian Grimm
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Gene Expression ◽  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Signaling Cascades ◽  
Cation Channels ◽  
Pore Channel ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Canonical Wnt ◽  
The Relationship

Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is the principal transcription factor regulating pivotal processes in melanoma cell development, growth, survival, proliferation, differentiation and invasion. In recent years, convincing evidence has been provided attesting key roles of endolysosomal cation channels, specifically TPCs and TRPMLs, in cancer, including breast cancer, glioblastoma, bladder cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma and melanoma. In this review, we provide a gene expression profile of these channels in different types of cancers and decipher their roles, in particular the roles of two-pore channel 2 (TPC2) and TRPML1 in melanocytes and melanoma. We specifically discuss the signaling cascades regulating MITF and the relationship between endolysosomal cation channels, MAPK, canonical Wnt/GSK3 pathways and MITF.

Mathematics Grade as Correlate to Performance in the National Achievement Test

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-41
Author(s):  
Daryl T. Paredes ◽  
Ronalyn G. Albopera ◽  
Gladys T. Balog ◽  
Vincent A. Buladas ◽  
Mary Grace D. Hoyle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Academic Performance ◽  
Significant Degree ◽  
Achievement Test ◽  
Department Of Education ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Achievement Level ◽  
School Year ◽  
Documentary Analysis ◽  
Student’S Performance ◽  
The Relationship

Tests in schools can be informative. However, the Department of Education administered a set of examinations like the National Achievement Test which is designed to determine the learner's achievement level, strengths, and weaknesses in five curricular subject areas at the end of the school year. The study intended to look into the relationship between academic performance in Mathematics and NAT results. There has been a purposive universal sampling design. It is purposive because the research is only studying the academic performance in Mathematics, and universal because the subjects of the study are all the grade six pupils of Victoriano D. Tirol Advanced Learning Center for four consecutive school years. Documentary analysis was used as to the data of existing records on the academic performance and National Achievement Test results in Mathematics. The association between academic achievement and NAT outcomes in Mathematics was investigated using correlation analysis and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The analyses revealed that there is a significant correlation between the pupil's academic performance and NAT results. Also, there is a significant degree of variance in the student's performance as to National Achievement Test Results in four consecutive school years.

ANTIBIOTIC STABILITY IN SOLUTIONS USED FOR INTRAVENOUS NUTRITION AND FLUID THERAPY

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 1016-1026
Author(s):  
Ralph D. Feigin ◽  
Kanneth S. Moss ◽  
Penelope G. Shackelford
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Normal Saline ◽  
Protein Hydrolysate ◽  
Significant Degree ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
All Solutions ◽  
Ringer’S Lactate ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Crystalline Amino Acids

The present study was designed to assess the stability of ampicillin, carbenicillin, clindamycin, kanamycin, cephalothin, methicillin, and penicillin in three parenteral hyperalimentation mixtures as reconstituted for delivery to the patient in the clinical setting. Stability at 4C, 25C, and 37C was tested in parenteral hyperalimentation mixtures containing either crystalline amino acids or a protein hydrolysate. In two series of experiments the stability at 4C, 25C, and 37C of ampicillin, cephalothin, and kanamycin also was assessed in Isolyte M (ISO M), Isolyte P (ISO P), Ringer's lactate (LR), 5% dextrose in water, (D5W), 10% dextrose in water (D1OW), dextrose in normal saline (D5S), and normal saline (NS) to which hydrocortisone or heparin had been added. All antibiotics retained their effectiveness at an acceptable level in the hyperalimentation solutions at 4C. At 25C and 37C, all antibiotics except clindamycin lost activity by 24 hours. Kanamycin was least stable in these solutions and ampicillin also lost a significant degree of antimicrobial activity. Addition of heparin or hydrocortisone imparted stability to ampicillin in the seven parenteral solutions although significant loss of activity was noted at 37C in D5W, D1OW, D5S, and LR. Most solutions containing heparin or hydrocortisone and cephalothin turned yellow by 24 hours. A precipitate appeared in solutions containing heparin and kanamycin but there was minimal loss of antimicrobial activity. Kanamycin was stable in all solutions containing hydrocortisone except in D5W and D10W at 37C.

The Impact of Rural Finance on Rural Economic Development from the Perspective of Efficiency of Discrete Differential Algorithm

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 4358-4365
Author(s):  
Mingxu Peng ◽  
Jiawen Huang
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Rural Economy ◽  
Choice Model ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Maximum Flow ◽  
Pso Algorithm ◽  
Significant Degree ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Objectives: Finance is the core of the national economy. The development of modern rural economy is inseparable from financial support. The relationship between finance and economic growth has always been one of the hot topics in theoretical research and empirical analysis. Methods: Under the background of the development of Internet e-commerce, the maximum flow algorithm was based on the empirical research on the relationship between China’s financial development and economic growth. Results: Based on this, the two-element discrete choice model of Probit and Logistic for economic growth was constructed. Discrete particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm was used to estimate the parameters of the model. The significant degree of the influence factors was calculated. Conclusion: Finally, it was calculated that concurrent business was the decisive factor of economic growth.

Experimental Investigation on Rotary Punching by the Compression of Polyurethane Pad

2014 ◽  
Vol 941-944 ◽  
pp. 1802-1807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Liu ◽  
Jing Tao Han ◽  
Jing Liu ◽  
Xiao Xiong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Penetration Depth ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
High Load ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Bear Capacity ◽  
Hole Edge ◽  
Quality Degradation ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Blanking Process ◽  
The Relationship

Rotary punching is a sheet metal blanking process which utilizes shearing tools fixed to a pair of rollers. The polyurethane pad is adopted as the die instead of rigid mold because it has the advantages of wide hardness range and high load-bear capacity. Due to the application of polyurethane pad, the surrounding region adjacent to the pierced hole will occur to plastically deform and deflect, which greatly differs from that in the conventional blanking. In this paper, the effects of blank material and thickness, polyurethane hardness, punch penetration depth on deformation behavior were mathematically analyzed and modeled, and then a series of experiments through varying process parameters were conducted to validate the relationship between process parameters and product quality. The degree of sample deflection was exactly measured by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results show that the deformed area varies with different blank elongations and increases with increasing blank thickness for a given material. When polyurethane pad with low hardness level is employed, it results in large area deformation and quality degradation. Moreover, the deflection degree around the hole edge becomes more severe along with punch penetration, but the penetration depth along blank thickness is not in proportion to the amount of punch advancement.

scholarly journals Barycenter Theorem in Phase Characteristics of Symmetric and Asymmetric Windows

Symmetry ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 329
Author(s):  
Jiufei Luo ◽  
Haitao Xu ◽  
Kai Zheng ◽  
Xinyi Li ◽  
Song Feng
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Estimation ◽  
Random Noise ◽  
Estimation Algorithm ◽  
Frequency Component ◽  
Phase Response ◽  
Numeric Simulation ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
The Time Domain ◽  
Short Time ◽  
The Relationship

Asymmetric windows are of increasing interest to researchers because of the nonlinear and adjustable phase response, as well as alterable time delay. Short-time phase distortion can provide an essential improvement in speech coding, and also has better performance in speech recognition. The merits of asymmetric windows in the aspect of spectral behaviors have an important function in frequency component detection and parameter estimation. In this paper, the phase response of windows were further studied, and the phase characteristics of symmetric and asymmetric windows are described. The relationship between the barycenter of windows in the time domain, and the phase characteristic at the center of the main lobe in the frequency domain, was established. In light of the relationship, an improved version of the asymmetric window- based frequency estimation algorithm was proposed. The improved algorithm has advantages of straightforward implementation and computational efficiency. The numeric simulation results also indicate that the improved approach is more robust than the traditional method against additive random noise.

scholarly journals Apparent depth of a patch of dynamic random noise within a static field of random dots

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 832
Author(s):  
Akiko Yasuoka ◽  
Shinichi Kita ◽  
Masahiro Ishii
Keyword(s):  
Random Noise ◽  
Static Field ◽  
Apparent Depth

scholarly journals Inductive learning and local differential privacy for privacy-preserving offloading in mobile edge intelligent systems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jude TCHAYE-KONDI ◽  
Yanlong Zhai ◽  
Liehuang Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Intelligent Systems ◽  
Differential Privacy ◽  
Inductive Learning ◽  
Random Noise ◽  
Privacy Preserving ◽  
Sensitive Data ◽  
Privacy Concerns ◽  
Feature Extractor ◽  
Data Source ◽  
Series Of Experiments

<div>We address privacy and latency issues in the edge/cloud computing environment while training a centralized AI model. In our particular case, the edge devices are the only data source for the model to train on the central server. Current privacy-preserving and reducing network latency solutions rely on a pre-trained feature extractor deployed on the devices to help extract only important features from the sensitive dataset. However, finding a pre-trained model or pubic dataset to build a feature extractor for certain tasks may turn out to be very challenging. With the large amount of data generated by edge devices, the edge environment does not really lack data, but its improper access may lead to privacy concerns. In this paper, we present DeepGuess , a new privacy-preserving, and latency aware deeplearning framework. DeepGuess uses a new learning mechanism enabled by the AutoEncoder(AE) architecture called Inductive Learning, which makes it possible to train a central neural network using the data produced by end-devices while preserving their privacy. With inductive learning, sensitive data remains on devices and is not explicitly involved in any backpropagation process. The AE’s Encoder is deployed on devices to extracts and transfers important features to the server. To enhance privacy, we propose a new local deferentially private algorithm that allows the Edge devices to apply random noise to features extracted from their sensitive data before transferred to an untrusted server. The experimental evaluation of DeepGuess demonstrates its effectiveness and ability to converge on a series of experiments.</div>

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