Defoliation frequency and the response by white clover to increasing phosphorus supply 2. Non-structural carbohydrate concentrations in plant parts

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 119 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. K. Singh ◽  
P. W. G. Sale
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Starch Concentration ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Carbohydrate Concentration ◽  
Structural Carbohydrate ◽  
Defoliation Frequency ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
P Supply

The concentrations of total non-structural carbohydrate (%TNC) and its various forms (soluble sugars and starch) were measured in white clover plants that were grown in a glasshouse with different levels of P supply (0, 30, 90, and 180 mg/pot) and subjected to 3 defoliation frequencies (1, 2, and 4 defoliations over 36 days). Frequent defoliation reduced %TNC. Increasing P supply to the clover plants had the opposite effect, but to a lesser extent, and tended to reverse the decline in %TNC resulting from frequent defoliation. Stolons were the plant parts where most of the non-structural carbohydrate reserves were stored, with concentrations varying from <2 to >11% TNC on a dry weight basis, according to the treatment received. Minimal changes occurred in the %TNC for the leaves or roots as a result of treatments. The fluctuations in non-structural carbohydrate concentration in the stolons were mainly due to changes in the starch concentration, since the stolon sugar concentration was relatively constant between various treatments. A logistic curve closely defined the relationship (r2 = 0·98) between the starch concentration in the stolons and dry matter yield of leaves, suggesting that stolon starch reserves are a function of the size of the leaf canopy. Canopy size, in turn, was dependent on the duration of the regrowth period and, to a lesser extent, on the P supply. The maximum starch concentration in the stolons was around 8% under the conditions of this experiment.

scholarly journals Regulation of Greenhouse Night Temperature Based on Total Carbohydrate Concentration and Night Length

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 501B-501
Author(s):  
Guoqiang Hou ◽  
Jack W. Buxton
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Dark Period ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Total Carbohydrate ◽  
Minimum Concentration ◽  
Carbohydrate Concentration ◽  
Structural Carbohydrate ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between initial total non-structural carbohydrate concentration (TNCi) in marigold seedlings, night temperature, and night length were evaluated. Seedlings containing an average of 7.2, 18.1, and 23.5 mg/100 mg dwt of nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) at sunset were treated with night temperatures of low (10°C), medium (17°C), and high (24°C). Starch and soluble sugars were determined at intervals during the night. TNC concentration at the end of the night is a function of the night temperature, TNCi concentration at sunset, and the night length. A model describing the relationship of these variables and their interactions was derived to estimate TNC concentration at any time during the night. This model when solved for temperature (t) establishes a temperature that will regulate the metabolic rate so the TNC concentration is metabolized efficiently to some minimum concentration by the end of the dark period. t = (–2.93 + 1.14 TNCi + 0.74 T – TNC – 0.48 TNCi * T)/(–0.18 + 0.011 TNCi + 0.04*T), R2 = 0.88**). Thus, by knowing TNCi (possibly by near-infrared spectroscopy), the length of the night, and, assuming some minimum concentration for TNC by the end of the dark period, the night temperature is established.

scholarly journals Relación entre el peso freco y el peso seco del rastrojo de maíz en diferentes estados fenológicos del cultivo.

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Bänziger ◽  
G. O. Edmeades ◽  
J. Bolaños
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Maturity Period ◽  
Area Unit ◽  
Drying Conditions ◽  
The Relationship

The amount of dry matter produced during various stages of corn growth is a important variable to be taken into consideration. However, the lack of drying facilities makes its measurement a difficult task in the fields. A simple method to convert the fresh weight of a crop in the field into dry weight, could be an answer to that problem. In this study, we calculated the relationship between fresh and dry weight of corn stovers, over several, growth, stages of eight corn cultivars of different vigour and maturity period, at two Mexican locations. The differences between cultivars were for percent stover dry weight (%SDW) most evident in the second half of the grain growth stage, when late cultivars showed less humidity than the early ones. The % SDW was regressed against the phenological developmental stage and expressed as a ratio against antesis (R, days to sampling /days to 50% antesis). The equations (R2 = 0.97 - 0.99) with best results were: Early maturing cultivars: %SDW = 12.6 + 0.94R2 + 1.68R4; Late: %SDW = 16.1 - 4.00 R2 + 3.36R4. There were no consistant differences among cultivars with different vigour levels, even though certain differences were noted among the locations and they were attributed to differences in relative humidity. We describe a protocol for determining the dry weight of corn stover by area unit (t/ha) when drying conditions are not available, by utilizing only a scale and a ruler.We also suggest a method to calculate percent dry matter for a real plant parts (including grain).

Defoliation frequency and the response by white clover to increasing phosphorus supply 1. Leaf dry matter yield and plant morphology responses

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 111 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. K. Singh ◽  
P. W. G. Sale
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Plant Morphology ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Defoliation Frequency ◽  
P Supply

A glasshouse experiment was carried out to determine how an increasing P supply influences the growth and survival of white clover plants subjected to a range of defoliation frequencies. Treatments involved the factorial combination of P application rate (0, 30, 90, and 180 mg/pot) to a P-deficient Krasnozem soil and defoliation frequency (1, 2, or 4 defoliations over 36 days). The survival of P-deficient plants was threatened by the most frequent defoliation; their leaf area declined owing to a reduction in leaf number and individual leaf size with each successive defoliation. Increasing the P supply to 180 mg/pot reversed this downward trend as the high P plants were able to maintain leaf area by increasing leaf size and number. Increasing the frequency from 1 to 4 defoliations over the 36 days also changed the form of the leaf dry matter response to added P, from an asymptotic to a linear response. The P requirement of white clover for maximum leaf yield therefore increased under frequent defoliation. This effect was also apparent for a range of morphological measurements including stolon elongation rate, leaf area, root mass, leaf number, and stolon number, where the magnitude of the P response was consistently greater for frequently defoliated plants. Exceptions included stolon mass, which responded more to P addition under infrequent defoliation.

Submergence of Rice. II. Adverse Effects of Low CO2 Concentrations

1989 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 265 ◽  
Author(s):  
TL Setter ◽  
H Greenway ◽  
T Kupkanchanakul
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Low Co2 ◽  
Co2 Concentrations ◽  
Insoluble Material ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Phytotron Experiments

Submergence of rice in water at low CO2 concentrations was studied in phytotron experiments using plants in the 3rd to 4th leaf stage. Cultivars known to differ in tolerance to complete submergence were adversely affected by the same mechanisms but to a different degree. Submergence for 4-12 days either reduced dry weight production of the whole plant by 6 to 10 fold or even resulted in a loss of dry weight. Nevertheless, the emerging leaf elongated, and both ethanol insoluble material and protein content increased with time. These increases were associated with translocation of dry matter and nitrogen from expanded to expanding leaves. Submergence also reduced concentrations of soluble sugars and starch in all plant parts by 4 to 12 fold. In contrast, concentrations of potassium and free amino acids in shoots were either the same or, in the case of the emerging leaf, higher than in plants which were not submerged. These results indicate (i) these solutes were not limiting growth and (ii) the tissues retained their semipermeability to these solutes during submergence. Insufficient capacity of root metabolism in submerged plants was indicated by low rates of respiration, which persisted in the presence of glucose, and by a low ability to consume ethanol. A model is presented on the adverse effects of submergence of rice which considers possible interactions between CO2, low O2 and high ethylene concentrations.

scholarly journals Non-Structural Carbohydrate Storage Strategy Explains the Spatial Distribution of Treeline Species

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 384
Author(s):  
Hudong Han ◽  
Hongshi He ◽  
Zhengfang Wu ◽  
Yu Cong ◽  
Shengwei Zong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fine Roots ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Picea Jezoensis ◽  
Starch Concentration ◽  
Alpine Treeline ◽  
Structural Carbohydrate ◽  
One Year ◽  
And Shifts ◽  
High Level

Environmental factors that drive carbon storage are often used as an explanation for alpine treeline formation. However, different tree species respond differently to environmental changes, which challenges our understanding of treeline formation and shifts. Therefore, we selected Picea jezoensis and Betula ermanii, the two treeline species naturally occurring in Changbai Mountain in China, and measured the concentration of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC), soluble sugars and starch in one-year-old leaves, shoots, stems and fine roots at different elevations. We found that compared with P. jezoensis, the NSC and soluble sugars concentrations of leaves and shoots of B. ermanii were higher than those of P. jezoensis, while the starch concentration of all the tissues were lower. Moreover, the concentration of NSC, soluble sugars and starch in the leaves of B. ermanii decreased with elevation. In addition, the starch concentration of B. ermanii shoots, stems and fine roots remained at a high level regardless of whether the soluble sugars concentration decreased. Whereas the concentrations of soluble sugars and starch in one-year-old leaves, shoots and stems of P. jezoensis responded similarly changes with elevation. These findings demonstrate that compared with P. jezoensis, B. ermanii has a higher soluble sugars/starch ratio, and its shoots, stems and fine roots actively store NSC to adapt to the harsh environment, which is one of the reasons that B. ermanii can be distributed at higher altitudes.

Defoliation frequency and genotype effects on stolon and root reserves in white clover

1998 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 983 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Lawson ◽  
P. W. G. Sale ◽  
K. B. Kelly
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Starch Concentration ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Defoliation Frequency ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Nitrogen Contents ◽  
Principal Method

The effect of defoliation frequency (1 or 3 defoliations over a 42-day period) on the starch, water soluble carbohydrate (WSC), and nitrogen contents of 3 white clover cultivars (Haifa, Irrigation, and S184) was examined. The clover plants consisted of single stolons growing in a sand/scoria mix in an unheated glasshouse and fertilised weekly with a nitrogen-free solution. Starch concentrations ranged from 1·3% in frequently defoliated Haifa to 15·3% in infrequently defoliated S184 plants. However, there was no interaction between cultivar and defoliation frequency, with the starch concentration in S184 (11·2%) being twice that in Irrigation (6·0%) and 3 times that in Haifa (3·8%). The starch concentration was also less with frequent (3·7%) than with infrequent (10·3%) defoliation. The starch was localised in the old stolon material (12·2%), with lower levels of starch in both the young stolon (6·0%) and roots (4·0%). Furthermore, the cultivar and defoliation frequency effects on the starch concentrations were most pronounced in the old stolon. More frequent defoliation also resulted in a small reduction in the WSC and nitrogen concentrations in both the young and old stolons of Haifa, but not of Irrigation. It was concluded that although starch reserves were the principal method of reserve storage in white clover, WSC and nitrogen reserves will form a relatively large fraction of the reserve pool when starch reserves are depleted under conditions such as frequent defoliation.

Water relations of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) in a drying soil, as a function of phosphorus supply and defoliation frequency

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 675 ◽  
Author(s):  
DhananJay K. Singh ◽  
Peter W. G. Sale ◽  
Blair M. McKenzie
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Stress Symptoms ◽  
Heavy Grazing ◽  
Water Stress Condition ◽  
Evapotranspiration Rate ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Defoliation Frequency ◽  
Rate Of Decline ◽  
P Supply

A glasshouse pot experiment was carried out to determine how white clover plants responded to repeated drying cycles, under conditions of varying P supply and defoliation frequency. Measurements included leaf water potential (Ψleaf), evapotranspiration rate, soil matric potential (Ψsoil), an assessment of visual water stress symptoms, and the rate of plant recovery on rewatering. The rate of decline in Ψleaf per unit decline in Ψsoil was greater in frequently defoliated plants. High-P plants extracted more water per unit time, were able to maintain a higher Ψleaf in dry soil than low-P plants, displayed minimal water stress symptoms, and recovered completely on rewatering. High-P, frequently defoliated clover plants displayed minimal water stress symptoms in dry soil, whereas frequently defoliated low-P plants showed extreme symptoms; these plants were unable to recover from severe water stress and most plants died during the final drying cycle. Infrequently defoliated, low-P plants partially recovered from the water stress condition, but the recovery was slower than that for infrequently defoliated high-P plants. The findings suggest that the combination of dry soil, low P supply, and frequent defoliation that would result from heavy grazing would threaten the survival of white clover plants in the field.

Accumulation of food reserves in cottonwood stems during dormancy induction

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric A. Nelson ◽  
Richard E. Dickson
Keyword(s):  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Starch Concentration ◽  
Total Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Food Reserves ◽  
Dormancy Induction ◽  
Short Days

Early chemical storage as related to growth changes that occur in cottonwood (Populusdeltoides Bartr. ex. Marsh) stems during dormancy induction was investigated. In this experiment, plant dormancy was induced by 8-h photoperiods (short days) and 20 °C: 14 °C temperature regimes. Tissue samples were taken at four stem positions for 8 weeks under short days. Leaf expansion and stem elongation had stopped by the 4th week under short days, and terminal buds had formed. Starch concentration in the lower stem began to increase during the 3rd week and continued throughout the dormancy induction period. By the 8th week starch concentration in the stem was about 24% residue dry weight (RDW). Total nonstructural carbohydrates (starch and soluble sugars) increased almost linearly after the 1st week to about 38% RDW. Free amino acids increased during the first 2 weeks to 1.6%, declined to 0.2% by 6 weeks, then remained constant. Triglyceride concentration remained level for the first 2 to 3 weeks, then increased from 1 to 3% RDW. Changes in the various chemical fractions were sequential and associated with different phases of dormancy induction. Cottonwood, although previously considered a "fat-storing" tree based on histochemical analyses of winter food reserves, stores primarily carbohydrate. Carbohydrate is stored initially as starch and then converted to soluble sugars under cold conditions.

scholarly journals `Hass' Avocado Carbohydrate Fluctuations. I. Growth and Phenology

1999 ◽  
Vol 124 (6) ◽  
pp. 671-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuan Liu ◽  
Paul W. Robinson ◽  
Monica A. Madore ◽  
Guy W. Witney ◽  
Mary Lu Arpaia
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Persea Americana ◽  
Starch Concentration ◽  
Total Soluble Sugar ◽  
Hass Avocado

Seasonal fluctuations in nonstructural carbohydrates (starch and soluble sugars) were studied in `Hass' avocado (Persea americana Mill.) trees on `Duke 7' rootstock over a 2-year period in southern California. On a dry weight basis, total soluble sugar (TSS) concentrations ranged from 33.0 to 236.0 mg·g-1 dry weight and were high compared to starch concentration (2.0 to 109.0 mg·g-1 dry weight) in all measured organs (stems, leaves, trunks and roots). The seven carbon (C7) sugars, D-mannoheptulose and perseitol, were the dominant soluble sugars detected. The highest starch and TSS concentrations were found in stem tissues, and in stems, a distinct seasonal fluctuation in starch and TSS concentrations was observed. This coincided with vegetative growth flushes over both sampling years. Stem TSS and starch concentrations increased beginning in autumn, with cessation of shoot growth, until midwinter, possibly due to storage of photosynthate produced during the winter photosynthetic period. TSS peaked in midwinter, while starch increased throughout the winter to a maximum level in early spring. A second peak in stem TSS was observed in midsummer following flowering and spring shoot growth. At this time, stem starch concentration also decreased to the lowest level of the year. This complementary cycling between stem TSS and starch suggests that a conversion of starch to sugars occurs to support vegetative growth and flowering, while sugars produced photosynthetically may be allocated directly to support flowering and fruit production.

scholarly journals Seasonal Changes in Total Nonstructural Carbohydrates within Branches and Roots of Naturally “Off” and “On” `Kerman' Pistachio Trees

1997 ◽  
Vol 122 (6) ◽  
pp. 856-862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muntubani D.S. Nzima ◽  
George C. Martin ◽  
Chic Nishijima
Keyword(s):  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Alternate Bearing ◽  
Starch Concentration ◽  
Carbohydrate Concentration ◽  
Total Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Final Sample ◽  
Soluble Sugar And Starch

The objective of this investigation was to determine the dynamics of carbohydrate use as revealed by soluble sugar and starch concentration in leaves, inflorescence buds, rachises, nuts, current and 1-year-old wood, and primary and tertiary scaffold branches and roots (≤10 mm in diameter) of alternate-bearing `Kerman' pistachio (Pistachia vera L.) trees that were in their natural bearing cycles. Two hypotheses were tested. First, carbohydrate concentration is greater early in the growing season in organs examined from heavily cropping (“on”) than light cropping (“off”) trees. This hypothesis was affirmed as judged by soluble sugar and starch concentration in leaves, inflorescence buds, rachises, nuts, current and 1-year-old wood, and primary and tertiary branches and roots of “on” compared to “off” trees. Second, carbohydrate concentration remains high in “on” tree organs as the first wave of inflorescence bud and nut abscission occurs early in the growing season. This hypothesis was also affirmed. In fact, soluble sugars and starch remained high in “on” trees through full bloom FB + 60 days (FB + 60) as inflorescence bud and nut abscission occurred. In the persisting “on” tree inflorescence buds, sharp decreases in soluble sugars and starch were evident by the final sample date when “off” tree inflorescence buds contained a 13 times greater concentration of soluble sugars and starch than “on” tree buds. At that time, “off” tree inflorescence buds contained 50% more dry mass than “on” tree inflorescence buds. After FB + 60, “on” tree soluble sugars and starch declined in all organs as nut growth occurred. During the same time period, organs of “off” trees began to accumulate greater concentrations of soluble sugars and starch and exceeded concentrations measured in organs of “on” trees.

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