Effect of monensin inclusion in supplements for cattle consuming low quality tropical forage

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (7) ◽  
pp. 624 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. McLennan ◽  
M. J. Callaghan ◽  
A. J. Swain ◽  
J. F. Kidd
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Northern Australia ◽  
Feeding Study ◽  
Tropical Forage ◽  
Grass Hay ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Main Effects

A pen feeding study was carried out over 70 days to determine the effects of monensin (M) inclusion in two commercial supplements designed to provide different planes of nutrition to recently weaned steers. Thirty Bos indicus crossbred steers (191.4 ± s.d. 7.1 kg) were individually fed a low quality pangola grass hay (57 g crude protein/kg DM; 497 g/kg DM digestibility) ad libitum (Control) with either a urea/molasses-based supplement of Rumevite Maxi-graze 60 Block (B), fed at 100 g/day, or grain-based Rumevite Weaner Pellets (WP), fed at 7.5 g/kg liveweight (W).day, both with and without M, viz. B, B+M, WP and WP+M, respectively. There were no significant interactions between supplement type and M inclusion for any measurement. Growth rates (main effects) averaged 0.17, 0.35 and 0.58 kg/day for the Control, B and WP supplements, respectively, with all means different (P < 0.05), while the response (P < 0.05) to M across supplement type was 0.11 kg/day. Hay DM intake was similar for the Control and B treatments (18.6 and 19.6 g/kg W.day) but was reduced (P < 0.05) with the WP supplement (16.8 g/kg W.day) while corresponding total DM intakes increased from 18.6 to 20.0 to 23.5 g/kg W.day (all differences P < 0.05), respectively. Monensin inclusion in the supplements did not affect supplement, hay or total DM intake. Inclusion of M in supplements for grazing weaners in northern Australia may increase survival rates although the effect of M with cattle at liveweight maintenance or below requires further investigation.

The influence of rate of lean and fat tissue development on pork eating quality

1999 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Blanchard ◽  
M. Ellis ◽  
C. C. Warkup ◽  
B. Hardy ◽  
J. P. Chadwick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Intramuscular Fat ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Eating Quality ◽  
Fat Tissue ◽  
Ad Libitum

AbstractThe influence of plane of nutrition and diet on the eating quality of fresh pork was investigated in a study involving 721 animals. Boars and gilts of three genotypes (0, 0·25 and 0·50 Duroc inclusion level) were reared from 30 to 90 kg on seven feeding regimens (combinations of diet formulation and feeding level) to achieve different rates of lean and fat tissue growth during two growth periods (30 to 60 or 75 kg; 60 or 75 kg to 90 kg), respectively. A diet of conventional energy and protein (CEP, 14·2 MJ/kg digestible energy, 205 g/kg crude protein, 10 g/kg lysine) was given using combinations of ad libitum and restricted feeding to produce six treatment groups with variation in lean and fat growth rates. An additional treatment group was given food ad libitum on a higher energy and lower protein diet (HELP, 14·7 MJ/kg digestible energy, 166 g/kg crude protein, 7·0 g/kg lysine) between 30 and 90 kg. Dissected carcass composition at 90 kg was predicted from equations based on P2 fat depth, which were developed from full-side and ham joint dissections on sub-samples of animals. Representative sub-samples of animals were dissected at start (30 kg) and at interim weights (60 or 75 kg) to allow lean and subcutaneous fat growth rates to be calculated for all or parts of the growth period. The feeding regimes produced substantial variation in live-weight gain (DLWG) (744 to 914 g/day) and lean tissue growth rate (LTGR 345 to 417 g/day) and subcutaneous fat growth rate (SFGR 81 to 97 g/day), between 30 and 90 kg, and in longissimus dorsi intramuscular fat content (10·37 to 23·87 g/kg). Pigs given the HELP diet had the highest intramuscular fat and the best eating quality. Pigs offered the CEP diet ad libitum throughout the growth period produced more tender but less juicy meat than those given food restrictedly (0·8 or 0·9 of ad libitum). The correlations between DLWG, LTGR and SFGR for the whole or parts of the growth period and sensory characteristics, although often positive, were generally low, suggesting weak relationships.

scholarly journals Effect of Graded Levels of Fishmeal or Urea Supplementation on Rumen Environment and Ruminal Feed Degradation in Bali Cows

2021 ◽  
Vol 748 (1) ◽  
pp. 012004
Author(s):  
I GN Jelantik ◽  
GEM Malelak ◽  
I Benu
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Grass Hay ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Tropical Grass ◽  
Acetate Butyrate ◽  
In Sacco

Abstract An experiment to study the effects of supplementation of graded levels of urea or fishmeal on rumen environment and ruminal feed degradation in Bali cows fed low quality tropical grass hay (crude protein, CP = 3.53%) was conducted according to a 5 × 5 Latin square experimental design with five animals and five periods. In each period lasting for 3 weeks, five non-pregnant Bali cows were given ad libitum access to grass hay (G) or supplemented daily with two level of urea, i.e. 38 g (U38) and 74 g (U74), or two levels of fishmeal, i.e. 156 g (FM156) and 312 g (FM312). Supplementation of both urea and fishmeal reduced significantly (P < 0.01) the average rumen pH from 6.89 in G to 6.74 in FM156. Rumen ammonia concentration increased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing levels of supplementation and the increase was more pronounced with urea than with fishmeal supplementation. Rumen ammonia concentration was significantly higher (P < 0.01) in urea than fishmeal supplemented cows at both levels of supplementation. Ruminal total as well as individual VFAs (Acetate, Butyrate and Propionate) concentrations were not affected by the increasing level of supplementation of both urea and fishmeal. Supplementation improved significantly (P < 0.05) in sacco rumen degradation of DM but not protein. Ruminal DM effective degradability was increased significantly with increasing level of fishmeal supplementation but not with increasing level of urea supplementation. Supplementation of increasing level of both urea and fishmeal improved rumen environment and feed degradability in Bali cows maintained on low quality tropical grass hay with fishmeal was proven to be the better supplement over urea.

EFFECTS OF WARM VERSUS COLD MILK REPLACERS AND OF FREE-CHOICE HAY POSTWEANING ON PERFORMANCE OF ARTIFICIALLY REARED LAMBS

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 871-878 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. HEANEY ◽  
J. N. B. SHRESTHA
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Free Choice ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Artificial Rearing ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Reconstituted Milk ◽  
Milk Replacers ◽  
Corn Grain

In two artificial rearing experiments lambs were fed, ad libitum, either cold (4.4–7 °C) or warm (27–31 °C) milk replacer with 0.10% formalin (37%, wt/wt, formaldehyde) added to the reconstituted milk replacer. From weaning at 21 days of age to 91 days of age all lambs were fed the same high-concentrate diet (corn grain, soybean meal, 8% ground hay plus minerals and vitamins; approx. 17% crude protein, as-fed). In the second experiment half the lambs from each milk replacer treatment were fed alfalfa hay free-choice postweaning in addition to the high-concentrate diet. Equal survival rates and absence of abomasal bloat on both milk replacer treatments showed that the addition of 0.10% formalin allows warm milk replacer to be safely fed ad libitum to lambs. Both intakes and gains were higher for lambs fed warm milk replacer than for cold. In the first experiment apparent compensatory postweaning growth nullified the weight advantage at weaning for lambs fed warm milk replacer, whereas in the second experiment the weight advantage at weaning was not overcome by the apparent compensatory growth. Feeding hay free-choice postweaning (amounted to 12.5% of the overall diet), in addition to the high-concentrate diet, improved lamb gains and slightly increased feed dry matter required per kilogram of gain, as would be expected as a result of the lower energy content of the overall diet. The results indicate that the addition of 0.10% formalin allows warm milk replacer to be safely fed ad libitum to lambs; that performance, including postweaning carryover effects will be equal to, or greater than that achieved with cold milk replacer; and that free-choice hay in addition to a high-concentrate diet postweaning has a beneficial effect on lamb performance. Key words: Lambs, artificial rearing, warm vs. cold milk replacer

Growth responses of young Merino wethers to ad libitum feeding of oat grain mixed with either lupin seed or a urea solution

1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 643 ◽  
Author(s):  
LG Butler ◽  
CL McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Urea Solution ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
Wheat Stubble ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Feeding

Groups of 10 Merino weaners or hoggets were offered ad libitum 1 of 5 grain mixtures: oats alone (9.1% crude protein, CP), oats mixed with lupins (CP 12 or 15%), and oats sprayed with a urea solution to increase total nitrogen to an equivalent of 12 or 15% CP. In experiment 1, each grain mixture was fed with 10% milled cereal hay to sheep in pens for 98 days; in experiment 2 the sheep grazed wheat stubble for 84 days. In experiment 1, the liveweight gains of weaners and hoggets fed the lupin or urea mixtures were greater by 53-69% and 58-120�/o, respectively, than the daily 9.4 and 54.1 g/head gained on oats alone (P< 0.05). In experiment 2, liveweight gains of sheep fed these mixtures were, with 1 exception, greater by 95-1 54% than the 69.0 and 58.3 g/head gained daily by sheep fed oats alone (P< 0.05). Addition of urea to oats at the higher level (15% CP) tended to depress intake and liveweight gain, compared with the 12% CP level, and the effect was greater among hoggets. Wool production paralleled feed intake and liveweight gain. It is concluded that the daily growth rates of 90 to 130 g/head resulting from treatment of oats with up to 1.5% urea can be similar to those from oat-lupin mixes of equivalent CP (daily 85-150 g/head).

Intake, retention time in the rumen and microbial protein production of Bos indicus steers consuming grasses varying in crude protein content

2010 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 444 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Panjaitan ◽  
S. P. Quigley ◽  
S. R. McLennan ◽  
T. Swain ◽  
D. P. Poppi
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Tropical Forage ◽  
Ryegrass Hay ◽  
The Difference

Feed intake, rumen function, microbial protein (MCP) production and the efficiency of MCP production were determined in steers fed four different forage hays varying markedly in crude protein content. Low quality tropical forage (speargrass and Mitchell grass) hays had lower crude protein content, higher neutral detergent fibre content and lower digestibility than a medium quality tropical forage (pangola grass) hay and a temperate forage (ryegrass) hay. Steers fed speargrass and Mitchell grass hays had lower MCP production (80 and 170 g MCP/day, respectively) and efficiency of MCP production [78 and 79 g MCP/kg digestible organic matter (DOM), respectively] than steers fed pangola grass (328 g MCP/day; 102 g MCP/kg DOM) and ryegrass (627 g MCP/day; 135 g MCP/kg DOM) hays, which was directly related to the supply of DOM and rumen degradable protein. Intake was greatest for ryegrass hay, followed by pangola grass, Mitchell grass and speargrass hays [17.6, 15.6, 10.1 and 5.5 g DM/kg W.day, respectively]. The retention time of DM in the rumen was 72.1, 47.7, 28.6 and 19.1 h for speargrass, Mitchell grass, pangola grass and ryegrass hays, respectively, with a similar trend apparent for the retention time of neutral detergent fibre, lignin, chromium-EDTA and ytterbium labelled digesta. The difference in the protein : energy ratio of absorbed substrates (measured as efficiency of MCP production) did not appear to account for all the differences in intake, nor did a purely physical mechanism.

The influence of sex (boars and gilts) on growth, carcass and pork eating quality characteristics

1999 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 487-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Blanchard ◽  
M. Ellis ◽  
C. C. Warkup ◽  
J. P. Chadwick ◽  
M. B. Willis
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Eating Quality ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum

AbstractBoar and gilt pigs from three genotypes (with 0, 0·25 and 0·50 Duroc inclusion level) were reared from 30 to 90 kg live weight on seven feeding regimens which involved combinations of diet formulation and feeding level. A diet of conventional energy and protein level (CEP; 14·2 MJ/kg digestible energy, 205 g/kg crude protein, 10 g/kg lysine) and a diet of higher energy and lower protein (HELP; 14·7 M]/kg digestible energy, 166 g/kg crude protein, 7·0 g/kg lysine) were used. One treatment involved feeding the HELP diet ad libitum, with the other six treatments involving feeding the CEP diet ad libitum, restricted, or in combinations of ad libitum and restricted. A total of 721 animals comprising similar numbers of boars and gilts were used to estimate sex differences for growth performance, carcass and meat quality, and eating quality. Tissue growth rates were predicted from regression equations based on P2fat depths or ham-joint dissection, developed from subsamples of animals that were subjected to full-side dissection. Overall when compared with gilts, boars grew faster (838 v. 799 gtday, P < 0·001), had improved food conversion ratios (2·39 v.2-55, P < 0·001) but had similar daily food intakes and lean and subcutaneous fat growth rates. Lean tissue food conversions did not differ significantly between the sexes. Killing-out proportions were higher for gilts (0·766 v. 0·749 , P < 0·001), however P2 backfat thickness and lean proportions did not differ between the sexes. The firmness of the mid-back fat, assessed subjectively and using a penetrometer, was greater for gilts than for boars. The tenderness of pork loin chops, assessed by a trained sensory panel, was judged to be better for boars than for gilts but there was no sex difference in overall acceptability. The fat from boars had a higher level of abnormal odour and boar odour. There was a sex × dietary treatment interaction for boar odour with the HELP diet producing the highest levels and the biggest difference between the sexes for odour scores.

The effect on bacon pig backfat iodine number and calorific value of feeding barley or maize based diets to give different growth rates

1974 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. L. J. Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Iodine Number ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Large White ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Feeding Interactions

SUMMARYIn an experiment involving sixty Large White pigs fed maize or barley based diets either ad libitum (AL) or to one of two restricted scales (R1 and R2), between 55 and 86 kg live weight, there were no significant cereal × feeding interactions for growth rate and the mean growth rates for the main effects were 0·62, 0·63, 0·81, 0·73 and 0·35 kg/day for the maize, barley, AL, R1 and R2 treatments respectively. There were no significant cereal × feeding treatment interactions for iodine number or calorific value of carcass backfat and the only significant differences between the main effects were those of lower iodine numbers for the barley (cf. maize) and the AT. (cf. R1) treatments.

A note on relationship of plasma thyroxine and triiodothyronine rate to body weight in growing male camels

1994 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 460-462
Author(s):  
M. M. Alfuraiji ◽  
S. M. Basmaeil ◽  
M. H. Gamil
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
General Linear Model ◽  
Rhodes Grass ◽  
Grass Hay ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
General Linear Model Procedure

This study was conducted to determine the relationship between plasma concentrations of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and body weight in young Majaheem male camels. Eighteen camels aged 6 to 7 months were divided equally into three groups (Gl, G2 and G3). All groups were given concentrate pellets (187 g crude protein per kg) at the rate of 15 g/kg body weight daily. In addition, each group was given one of the following roughages: lucerne hay to Gl, rhodes grass hay to G2 and ammonia-treated wheat straw to G3. Roughages, salt and water were measured and given ad libitum. Every 2 weeks all camels were weighed and blood samples were collected. Data were statistically analysed using a general linear model procedure. There was a positive correlation between T4 concentration and body weight. T4 was higher in camels given either hay or straw compared with those given rhodes grass hay, while there were no differences among the three groups in T3 and in body weight.

The growth of weaner sheep on clover or grass pastures during summer in Western Victoria

1984 ◽  
Vol 24 (125) ◽  
pp. 144 ◽  
Author(s):  
PT Kenny
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Grass Hay ◽  
Western Victoria ◽  
Clover Content

Three pasture types were grazed by weaner sheep during two summers in the Western District of Victoria: (1) dried off grass-subterranean clover pasture (DP); (2) dried off pasture with a higher subterranean clover content (SUB); and (3) pasture with a high proportion of green strawberry clover. Additional treatments during the first summer included sheep grazing DP and fed a supplement of subterranean clover hay (80% clover) or grass hay (77% grass). Further information was obtained by feeding both hays to penned sheep. The digestibility of the SUB pasture declined between early and mid-summer, crude protein content remained constant and neutral detergent fibre content increased markedly. During both summers, the average growth rates of sheep grazing strawberry clover, SUB or DP were 106, 12 and -2 g/d, respectively. In the first summer, supplements of clover hay and grass hay significantly increased the growth rates of weaners on DP by 39 and 44 g/d, respectively. Sheep supplemented with clover hay or grass hay during the first summer grew 0.44 and 0.28 kg more wool, respectively, than unsupplemented sheep grazing DP. In the winter and spring following both summers, poorly grown sheep showed compensatory growth sufficient to make up for lack of growth during summer. Conservation of subterranean clover dominant pasture as hay, and feeding it as a supplement in summer, appears a more effective means of improving the growth and wool production of weaner sheep than simply grazing the mature plant in situ. However, there would be a much greater potential for improvement if a legume that remained green throughout the summer could be found to substitute for subterranean clover.

In situ degradation of crude protein in physically processed barley, maize and peas in the caecum of ponies

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 ◽  
pp. 135-135
Author(s):  
B M L McLean ◽  
J J Hyslop ◽  
A C Longland ◽  
D Cuddeford ◽  
T Hollands
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Processing Methods ◽  
Grass Hay ◽  
Physical Processing ◽  
In Situ Degradation ◽  
Ad Libitum

Little information is available on how physical processing of cereals affects crude protein (CP) degradation dynamics in equines. In two experiments the effects of two physical processing methods (micronisation and extrusion) on in situ degradation of CP in barley, maize and peas in the caecum of ponies were investigated.In experiment 1, three caecally-fistulated mature Welsh-cross pony geldings (approx. LW 270kg) were used whilst two of these ponies were used in experiment 2. In both experiments ponies were offered ad libitum grass hay plus minerals. Incubation bags (monofilament polyester, 6.5 x 20cm, 41μm pores, 16mg/cm2 sample size) contained either unprocessed barley (UB), micronised barley (MB) or extruded barley (EB) (experiment 1) and either unprocessed maize (UM), micronised maize (MM), extruded maize (EM), unprocessed peas (UP), micronised peas (MP) or extruded peas (EP) (experiment 2).

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