Effect of Stylosanthes guianensis supplementation on intake and nitrogen metabolism of Bos indicus cattle offered a basal diet of mixed rice straw and tropical grass

2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miranda Pen ◽  
Darryl B. Savage ◽  
John V. Nolan ◽  
Mom Seng
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Total N ◽  
Stylosanthes Guianensis ◽  
Tropical Grass

The effect of supplementing a mixed rice straw and tropical grass diet with legume as a nitrogen (N) source on intake, digestibility, rumen ammonia and microbial protein production was evaluated in Bos indicus cattle. Four rumen-cannulated steers were used in a crossover design with two diets and two periods. The diets were T1 = 40% rice (Oryza sativa L.) straw + 60% grass (Brachiaria spp. cv. Mulato II hybrid) and T2 = 40% rice straw + 30% grass + 30% legume (Stylosanthes guianensis cv. CIAT 184) on DM basis. Supplementation with legume doubled (P < 0.01) rice straw and total N intake, and increased total DM intake by 32%. It did not affect the DM, organic matter, neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre digestibility (P > 0.05) but did increase (P < 0.05) N digestibility. Faecal N and total N outputs from T2 cattle were higher (P < 0.05) than T1 cattle, but urinary N output did not differ between diets (P > 0.05). N retention in T2 cattle was improved by 83% (P < 0.05) compared with T1 cattle. Rumen ammonia concentration, microbial protein production and efficiency of microbial protein production were improved (P < 0.05) when the legume forage was included in the straw–grass diet. We conclude that when a mixed rice straw and fresh grass diet is supplemented with ~30% legume (DM basis), significant improvements in DM and N intake can be achieved.

scholarly journals The efficiency of microbial protein synthesis in the rumen and the degradability of feed nitrogen between the mouth and abomasum in steers given different diets

1984 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. McAllan ◽  
R. H. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Diaminopimelic Acid ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Total N ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Mixed Bacteria

1. Protozoa-free steers with simple rumen and abomasal cannulas were given basal diets consisting of a concentrate mixture of flaked maize and tapioca with barley straw (BS) or alkali-treated barley straw (BSA). Other diets were supplemented with urea (BSU and BSAU respectively) or with fish meal replacing the tapioca (BSF and BSAF respectively). The diets were isoenergetic and calculated to provide sufficient metabolizable energy (ME) to support a growth rate of 0.5 kg/d. Rumen-degradable nitrogen (RDN): ME values (g/MJ) were estimated to be 0.50, 1.20 and 0.80 for the basal diet, urea- and fish-meal-supplemented diets respectively. RNA and α, ε-diaminopimelic acid (DAP) were used as microbial markers. 103Ruthenium and polyethylene glycol (PEG) were given as flow markers and flows (g/24 h) at the abomasum of organic matter (OM) and nitrogenous constituents were calculated.2. Samples of mixed bacteria separated from rumen digesta from animals receiving N-supplemented diets contained significantly more N than those from animals receiving basal diets (approximately 74 and 62 mg/g dry matter (DM) respectively) but there were no other significant differences in total-N contents between treatments. RNA-N: total-N values were similar for all diets (approximately 0.13). DAP-N: total-N values were significantly lower in bacteria from animals receiving alkali-treated (AT) rather than untreated (UT) straw (approximately 0.008 and 0.011 respectively).3. The proportion of OM intake digested in the rumen (ADOM) was significantly higher for animals receiving AT straw rather than UT straw (approximately 0.54 and 0.43 respectively). N supplementation had no effect on OM digestibility.4. When basal rather than N-supplemented diets or AT-straw- rather than UT-straw-containing diets were given, there were significantly lower flows of ammonia-N, non-ammonia-N (NAN) and microbial-N (based on RNA flow, MN(RNA)) at the abomasum. Mean daily MN(RNA) flows (g) were 21, 30, 31, 16, 27 and 28 for diets BS, BSU, BSF, BSA, BSAU and BSAF respectively. These correspond to estimated efficiencies of microbial protein synthesis, expressed as g MN(RNA) /kg truly-digested OM, at 14, 22, 22, 12, 18 and 19 respectively. Values were significantly lower for basal as compared with corresponding N-supplemented diets and for AT-straw diets as compared with corresponding UT-straw diets.5. Estimated mean proportions of total feed-N intake degraded in the rumen, based on MN(RNA) as microbial marker, of diets BS, BSU and BSF were 0.60, 0.74 and 0.47 respectively; corresponding values for diets BSA, BSAU and BSAF were 0.72, 0.73 and 0.36 respectively. Making certain assumptions, the mean proportions of fish-meal-N digested in the rumen were calculated to be 0.23 and 0.14 respectively for UT- and AT-straw diets. The values were not significantly different. Values for microbial flows based on DAP as marker were significantly lower, by about 25%, than those based on RNA.

scholarly journals Evaluasi Suplementasi Indigofera zollingeriana Sebagai Sumber Green Protein concentrate Terhadap Produksi Gas Metan, Amonia dan Sintesis Protein Mikroba Rumen

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 1455
Author(s):  
Afzalani Afzalani ◽  
R.A Muthalib ◽  
Rahmi Dianita ◽  
Fachroerrozi Hoesni ◽  
Raguati Raguati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Production ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Protein Source ◽  
Protein Concentrate ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Indigofera Zollingeriana

The use of protein with low-cost, high quality, low methane, and ammonia emissions are a prerequisite as a protein source in ruminant. However, the European Commission has prohibited protein derived from fish meals for ruminant feeds. So encouraging efforts to explore the other protein sources to be most important. Most of the high protein legumes grow in tropical areas such as Indonesia and have the potential as an alternative protein source in ruminant feed, including Indigofera zollingeriana (25-27% protein content). But many browse legumes with high protein are a heterogeneous group of plants, with variable secondary metabolic content and rumen degradable protein. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the characteristics fermentation of IZ as green protein supplement on in vitro methane, ammonia and microbial protein production. The experiment was a completely randomized design with four different level supplementation of Indigofera zollengeriana (IZ) as green protein concentrate and five replications. The treatment diets were R0; basal diet (60% forage + 40% concentrate) + 0% IZ, R1; R0 + 10% IZ, R2; R0 + 20% IZ, and R3; R0 + 30% IZ. The experiment result showed that supplemenatation of IZ was significant effects (P<0.05) to increase total gas, ammonia (N-NH3), total volatile fatty acid (TVFA), and metabolizable energy (ME) and significant effect (P<0.05) to decrease of methane and methane percentage. Supplementation IZ at a level of 10% was significantly higher for dry matter digestibility (DMD), organic matter digestibility (OMD), and microbial protein production (PPM) than diets treatment of R0, R2, and R3. The experiment concluded that Supplementation of I. zollingeriana (IZ) was able to reduce the methane gas production. Protein characteristics of IZ have easily degradable by rumen microbe showed the ammonia production was linearly increasing by 45.66% for each increasing level of IZ supplementation. Microbial protein production was higher (184.33 mg/ml) obtained of IZ supplementation up to 10% (R1). The experiment suggests doing protected protein of IZ when be used as a protein source in ruminant diets.

The effect of nitrogen and protein supplementation on feed intake, growth and digestive function of steers with different Bos indicus, Bos taurus genotypes when fed a low quality grass hay

1995 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 1121 ◽  
Author(s):  
DW Hennessy ◽  
PJ Kohun ◽  
PJ Williamson ◽  
DA Brown ◽  
JV Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Hybrid Vigour ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Significant Difference

Two studies were undertaken at Grafton, NSW, to determine the effects of supplementing a subtropical hay diet with a mixture of non-protein nitrogen (urea) and protein (protected casein), on the feed intake and growth of 20 steers of four genotypes (Study I), and on the digestive and metabolic functions of 16 of the steers that were fistulated in the rumen (Study 2). All steers were reared in the one subtropical environment. They consisted of backcross Hereford (H) (H x BH), backcross F1 (BH x BH) and backcross Brahman (B x BH), all of 50% heterosis, and a first-cross F1 of 100% heterosis (BxH). Steers in both studies were confined in pens and offered a basal diet of chaffed pasture hay (digestibility 52f 1.4% and nitrogen [N] content of 6.1 � 0.2 g/kg dry matter [DM]) supplemented with minerals only (low N diet; 8 steers) or with urea or formaldehyde-treated casein and cottonseed meal (high N diet; 12 steers) for 49 days. There were eight steers, for each of the two diets in Study 2, which were fed for 30 days. There was a diet x genotype interaction (P < 0-05) in the daily DM intake (DMI) of hay by steers in Study 1. The mixed N supplement increased ( P < 0.05) DM1 (per kg liveweight) by 14% in HxBH and by 13% in BxBH steers, but there was no significant effect of the supplement on the DM1 of BxH and BHxBH steers. Daily liveweight change was increased (P < 0.05) by the supplement from -30 to 250 (s.e.d � 40) g/steer and there was no significant difference between genotypes. N supplementation increased ( P < 0.05) rumen volume (63 to 87 � 7.6 L) and fluid residence time (491 to 822 � 76.9 min) (P < 0.05) in BHxBH steers, but the increases in other genotypes were not significant. Rumen ammonia concentration (30 to 61 � 3 7 mg N/L) and plasma urea concentration (56 to 94 � 6-0 g N/L) were increased (P < 0.05) by supplementation. Total protozoa density in rumen fluid was greater (P < 0.05) in BxBH than HxBH steers but did not differ significantly between supplemented and unsupplemented steers. The HxBH steers had the lowest density of small entodiniomorph protozoa when N-supplemented, which was less (P < 0.05) than that in BxBH steers which had the greatest density. Supplementation increased (P < 0.05) N retention but only B x BH steers had a positive N balance. These experiments indicated that there are some physiological differences between genotypes. The BxH genotype with the high hybrid vigour had a high DM1 on the low digestibility hay diet without the N supplements and it transferred more urea from the plasma pool to the gut. The backcross steers (HxBH and BxBH) had low DM1 which increased when supplemented. The high content B. indicus steers (BxBH) had positive net retentions of N, but the results indicated that rumen protected proteins may be more usefully fed to steers with a lower B. indicus content.

The effect of urea and urea plus sodium sulphate on microbial protein production in the rumens of sheep given diets high in alkali-treated barley straw

1982 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Elliott ◽  
D. G. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Sodium Sulphate ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Amino Acid Nitrogen

SUMMARYThe effects of virea and urea plus sodium sulphate on the production of microbial protein were studied in sheep fitted with rumen fistulae and re-entrant cannulae in the proximal duodenum and terminal ileum. Diets containing a high proportion (0·68–0·72) of sodium hydroxide-treated barley straw supplemented with starch, glucose and solka floe were fed at hourly intervals to the sheep at 830–870 g dry matter/24 h.The addition of the urea and urea plus sulphate supplements, although inducing a stepwise reduction in overall digestibility of OM, resulted in increased microbial protein synthesis in the rumen, which was reflected in increased quantities of amino acid nitrogen entering the small intestine (8–38, 12–03 and 17–84 g of total amino acid nitrogen (TAA-N)/24h respectively). The efficiency of microbial protein production (g bacterial TAA-N/kg OM actually digested in the rumen) was significantly increased by the addition of urea and still further by additions of urea plus SO4-S (11·1, 20·2 and 29·6 grespectively).Digestibilities of the individual amino acids in the small intestine were very similar on each dietary treatment. Apparent digestibilities of total amino acid-N within the small intestine (based on amounts entering the small intestine) were 0·623, 0·672 and 0·688 on the basal diet, basal diet plus urea and basal diet plus urea and S respectively.The proportions of cyst(e)ine-S in rumen bacteria synthesized from the rumen sulphide pool were 0088, 0·075 and 0·669 on the basal diet, basal diet plus urea and basal diet plus urea and S respectively. The data confirm appreciable recycling of S into the rumen.

Effect of ammonia concentration on rumen microbial protein production in vitro

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. D Satter ◽  
L. L Slyter
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Culture ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Tungstic Acid ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Ruminal Fluid

1. The effect of ammonia concentration on microbial protein production was determined in continuous-culture fermentors charged with ruminal contents obtained from steers fed on either a protein-free purified diet, a maize-based all-concentrate diet, or a forage–concentrate (23:77) diet. Urea was infused into the fermentors to maintain various concentrations of ammonia in the incubating mixtures.2. Under nitrogen-limiting conditions, microbial protein yield measured as tungstic acid-precipitable N (TAPN) increased linearly with supplementary urea until ammonia started to accumulate in the incubating ingesta. Increasing the ammonia concentration beyond 50 mg NH3-N/l had no effect on microbial protein production.3. The molar proportions of volatile acids produced were not affected by the level of urea supplementation. Total acid production was decreased slightly under N-limiting conditions, but not to the same extent as microbial protein production.4. Estimated yield of microbial dry matter/mol ATP produced averaged 15·6 when non-limiting N as urea was provided with the purified diet.5. These results suggest that addition of non-protein N supplements to ruminant rations are warranted only if the prevailing concentration of ruminal ammonia is less than 50 mg NH3-N/l ruminal fluid.

Effect of propylene glycol supplementation on microbial protein production in transition dairy cows

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
G E Chibisa ◽  
G N Gozho ◽  
T Mutsvangwa
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
N Supply ◽  
Transition Dairy Cows ◽  
Microbial N

Limited research suggests that propylene glycol (PG) supplementation can have inhibitory effects on ruminal microbes. Our hypothesis was that PG supplementation would reduce microbial protein production. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of PG supplementation on microbial protein production in transition dairy cows. Sixteen pregnant cows (seven primiparous and nine multiparous) were paired based on expected calving dates and then randomly assigned within each pair to either a basal diet (control) or basal diet plus 624 g d-1 of PG. Diets were fed twice daily for ad libitum intake, and PG was fed in equal amounts as a top dress from day -7 to day 45 (transition period). Sample collection was carried out at three time intervals starting at day -14 ± 5, day 15 and day 38 relative to calving, with the first collection period (day -14 ± 5) being the pretreatment period. Propylene glycol supplementation had no effect on total urine purine derivatives (PD; allantoin + uric acid) excretion; consequently, microbial N supply, estimated using total urinary PD excretion, was not affected by PG supplementation. There was an increase in urine total PD excretion and, thus, estimated microbial N supply, with time relative to calving. Microbial efficiency did not change with time relative to calving and, therefore, the increase in dry matter intake during the post-partum period led to the increase in estimated microbial N supply. Results from this study indicate that supplementing PG over the transition period had no effect on microbial protein production in the rumen.Key words: Transition dairy cow, propylene glycol, microbial protein production

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