Using muscle gene expression to estimate triacylglyceride deposition, and relative contributions of fatty acid synthesis and fatty acid import in intramuscular fat in cattle

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 1436 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. P. Dalrymple ◽  
B. Guo ◽  
G. H. Zhou ◽  
W. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Intramuscular Fat ◽  
Muscle Gene Expression ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Muscle Gene ◽  
The Impact

Intramuscular fat content (IMF%) in cattle influences the value of individual animals, especially for higher marbling markets. IMF is triacylglyceride (TAG) in lipid droplets in the intramuscular adipocytes. However, there are many different pathways from feed intake to the final common process of TAG synthesis and storage as IMF. To evaluate the relative importance of different pathways we compared changes in the expression of genes encoding proteins involved in the TAG and fatty acid (FA) synthesis pathways in the longissimus muscle of Piedmontese × Hereford (P×H) and Wagyu × Hereford (W×H) crosses. Based on these changes we have estimated the relative contributions of FA synthesised de novo in the intramuscular adipocyte and the uptake of circulating FA (both free and from TAG), from the diet or synthesised de novo in other tissues, to TAG deposition as IMF. We have analysed the impact of different developmental times and different diets on these processes. Increased de novo FA synthesis in intramuscular adipocytes appeared to contribute more than increased FA uptake from circulation to the additional TAG deposition in W×H compared with P×H cattle between 12 and 25 months (forage diet). Changing diet from forage to concentrate appeared to increase the importance of FA uptake from circulation relative to de novo FA synthesis for TAG synthesis in intramuscular adipocytes. These results are consistent with the literature based on analysis of lipid composition. Gene expression appears to provide a simple assay for identification of the source of FA for the deposition of IMF.

scholarly journals Skeletal muscle gene expression after myostatin knockout in mature mice

2009 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 342-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Welle ◽  
Andrew Cardillo ◽  
Michelle Zanche ◽  
Rabi Tawil
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Gene Set Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Muscle Gene Expression ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Muscle Gene ◽  
Or Genes ◽  
And Control

There is much interest in developing anti-myostatin agents to reverse or prevent muscle atrophy in adults, so it is important to characterize the effects of reducing myostatin activity after normal muscle development. For assessment of the effect of loss of myostatin signaling on gene expression in muscle, RNA from mice with postdevelopmental myostatin knockout was analyzed with oligonucleotide microarrays. Myostatin was undetectable in muscle within 2 wk after Cre recombinase activation in 4-month-old male mice with floxed myostatin genes. Three months after myostatin depletion, muscle mass had increased 26% (vs. 2% after induction of Cre activity in mice with normal myostatin genes), at which time the expression of several hundred genes differed in knockout and control mice at nominal P < 0.01. In contrast to previously reported effects of constitutive myostatin knockout, postdevelopmental knockout did not downregulate expression of genes encoding slow isoforms of contractile proteins or genes encoding proteins involved in energy metabolism. Several collagen genes were expressed at 20–50% lower levels in the myostatin-deficient muscles, which had ∼25% less collagen than normal muscles as reflected by hydroxyproline content. Most of the other genes affected by myostatin depletion have not been previously linked to myostatin signaling. Gene set enrichment analysis suggested that Smads are not the only transcription factors with reduced activity after myostatin depletion. These data reinforce other evidence that myostatin regulates collagen production in muscle and demonstrate that many of the previously reported effects of constitutive myostatin deficiency do not occur when myostatin is knocked out in mature muscles.

scholarly journals Time-dependent transcriptome profile of genes involved in triacylglycerol (TAG) and polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis in Nannochloropsis gaditana during nitrogen starvation

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 1153-1164
Author(s):  
Jorijn H. Janssen ◽  
Jacco Spoelder ◽  
Jasper J. Koehorst ◽  
Peter J. Schaap ◽  
René H. Wijffels ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Nitrogen Starvation ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Membrane Lipids ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Nannochloropsis Gaditana ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Δ9 Desaturase

AbstractIn this research, the gene expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism of the eustigmatophyte alga Nannochloropsis gaditana was measured by transcriptomic data. This microalga can be used as a source of triacylglycerol (TAG) and the omega-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Insight in TAG and EPA production and regulation are needed to improve their productivity. Nitrogen starvation induces TAG accumulation in N. gaditana. Previous research showed that during nitrogen starvation, EPA was translocated from the polar lipids to TAG and de novo synthesized in N. gaditana. Therefore, the expression levels of genes involved in fatty acid translocation and de novo TAG synthesis were measured. Furthermore, the genes involved in de novo EPA synthesis such as elongases and desaturases were studied. The expression levels were measured during the first hours of nitrogen starvation and the subsequent period of 14 days. One phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (PDAT) gene involved in translocation of fatty acids from membrane lipids to TAG was upregulated. In addition, several lipases were upregulated, suggesting that these enzymes might be responsible for the translocation of EPA to TAG. Most desaturases and elongases involved in de novo EPA synthesis were downregulated during nitrogen starvation, except for Δ9 desaturase which was upregulated. This upregulation correlates with the increase in oleic acid. Due to the presence of many hypothetical genes, improvement in annotation is needed to increase our understanding of these pathways and their regulation.

scholarly journals Impact of hot and cold exposure on human skeletal muscle gene expression

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roksana B. Zak ◽  
Robert J. Shute ◽  
Matthew W.S. Heesch ◽  
D. Taylor La Salle ◽  
Matthew P. Bubak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Mitochondrial Biogenesis ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Human Model ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Muscle Gene Expression ◽  
Muscle Gene ◽  
The Impact

Many human diseases lead to a loss of skeletal muscle metabolic function and mass. Local and environmental temperature can modulate the exercise-stimulated response of several genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and skeletal muscle function in a human model. However, the impact of environmental temperature, independent of exercise, has not been addressed in a human model. Thus, the purpose of this study was to compare the effects of exposure to hot, cold, and room temperature conditions on skeletal muscle gene expression related to mitochondrial biogenesis and muscle mass. Recreationally trained male subjects (n = 12) had muscle biopsies taken from the vastus lateralis before and after 3 h of exposure to hot (33 °C), cold (7 °C), or room temperature (20 °C) conditions. Temperature had no effect on most of the genes related to mitochondrial biogenesis, myogenesis, or proteolysis (p > 0.05). Core temperature was significantly higher in hot and cold environments compared with room temperature (37.2 ± 0.1 °C, p = 0.001; 37.1 ± 0.1 °C, p = 0.013; 36.9 ± 0.1 °C, respectively). Whole-body oxygen consumption was also significantly higher in hot and cold compared with room temperature (0.38 ± 0.01 L·min−1, p < 0.001; 0.52 ± 0.03 L·min−1, p < 0.001; 0.35 ± 0.01 L·min−1, respectively). In conclusion, these data show that acute temperature exposure alone does not elicit significant changes in skeletal muscle gene expression. When considered in conjunction with previous research, exercise appears to be a necessary component to observe gene expression alterations between different environmental temperatures in humans.

Functional analysis of muscle gene expression profiles associated with tenderness and intramuscular fat content in pork

Meat Science ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 92 (4) ◽  
pp. 440-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth M. Hamill ◽  
Jean McBryan ◽  
Chris McGee ◽  
Anne Maria Mullen ◽  
Torres Sweeney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Functional Analysis ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Gene Expression Profiles ◽  
Intramuscular Fat ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Muscle Gene Expression ◽  
Muscle Gene ◽  
Intramuscular Fat Content

scholarly journals Synthesis of Dolichols in Candida albicans Is Co-Regulated with Elongation of Fatty Acids

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 409
Author(s):  
Anna Janik ◽  
Urszula Perlińska-Lenart ◽  
Katarzyna Gawarecka ◽  
Justyna Augustyniak ◽  
Ewelina Bratek-Gerej ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthesis ◽  
Mevalonate Pathway ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Protein Glycosylation ◽  
Acetyl Coa ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Genes Encoding

Protein glycosylation requires dolichyl phosphate as a carbohydrate carrier. Dolichols are α-saturated polyprenols, and their saturation in S. cerevisiae is catalyzed by polyprenyl reductase Dfg10 together with some other unknown enzymes. The aim of this study was to identify such enzymes in Candida. The Dfg10 polyprenyl reductase from S. cerevisiae comprises a C-terminal 3-oxo-5-alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase domain. Alignment analysis revealed such a domain in two ORFs (orf19.209 and orf19.3293) from C. albicans, which were similar, respectively, to Dfg10 polyprenyl reductase and Tsc13 enoyl-transferase from S. cerevisiae. Deletion of orf19.209 in Candida impaired saturation of polyprenols. The Tsc13 homologue turned out not to be capable of saturating polyprenols, but limiting its expression reduce the cellular level of dolichols and polyprenols. This reduction was not due to a decreased expression of genes encoding cis-prenyltransferases from the dolichol branch but to a lower expression of genes encoding enzymes of the early stages of the mevalonate pathway. Despite the resulting lower consumption of acetyl-CoA, the sole precursor of the mevalonate pathway, it was not redirected towards fatty acid synthesis or elongation. Lowering the expression of TSC13 decreased the expression of the ACC1 gene encoding acetyl-CoA carboxylase, the key regulatory enzyme of fatty acid synthesis and elongation.

scholarly journals Fatty Acid Cosubstrates Provide β-Oxidation Precursors for Rhamnolipid Biosynthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as Evidenced by Isotope Tracing and Gene Expression Assays

2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (24) ◽  
pp. 8611-8622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Zhang ◽  
Tracey A. Veres-Schalnat ◽  
Arpad Somogyi ◽  
Jeanne E. Pemberton ◽  
Raina M. Maier
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthesis ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Octadecanoic Acid ◽  
Isotope Tracing ◽  
Pathway Gene ◽  
Potential Applications

ABSTRACTRhamnolipids have multiple potential applications as “green” surfactants for industry, remediation, and medicine. As a result, they have been intensively investigated to add to our understanding of their biosynthesis and improve yields. Several studies have noted that the addition of a fatty acid cosubstrate increases rhamnolipid yields, but a metabolic explanation has not been offered, partly because biosynthesis studies to date have used sugar or sugar derivatives as the carbon source. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of fatty acid cosubstrates in improving rhamnolipid biosynthesis. A combination of stable isotope tracing and gene expression assays was used to identify lipid precursors and potential lipid metabolic pathways used in rhamnolipid synthesis when fatty acid cosubstrates are present. To this end, we compared the rhamnolipids produced and their yields using either glucose alone or glucose and octadecanoic acid-d35as cosubstrates. Using a combination of sugar and fatty acids, the rhamnolipid yield was significantly higher (i.e., doubled) than when glucose was used alone. Two patterns of deuterium incorporation (either 1 or 15 deuterium atoms) in a single Rha-C10lipid chain were observed for octadecanoic acid-d35treatment, indicating that in the presence of a fatty acid cosubstrate, bothde novofatty acid synthesis and β-oxidation are used to provide lipid precursors for rhamnolipids. Gene expression assays showed a 200- to 600-fold increase in the expression ofrhlAandrhlBrhamnolipid biosynthesis genes and a more modest increase of 3- to 4-fold of thefadAβ-oxidation pathway gene when octadecanoic acid was present. Taken together, these results suggest that the simultaneous use ofde novofatty acid synthesis and β-oxidation pathways allows for higher production of lipid precursors, resulting in increased rhamnolipid yields.

scholarly journals Exogenous Trehalose Induces Defenses in Wheat Before and During a Biotic Stress Caused by Powdery Mildew

2014 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Tayeh ◽  
Béatrice Randoux ◽  
Dorothée Vincent ◽  
Natacha Bourdon ◽  
Philippe Reignault
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Lipid Transfer Protein ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Lipid Transfer ◽  
Wheat Diseases ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Pathogenesis Related Protein ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
The Impact

Powdery mildew would be one of the most damaging wheat diseases without the extensive use of conventional fungicides. Some of the alternative control strategies currently emerging are based on the use of resistance inducers. The disacharride trehalose (TR) is classically described as an inducer of defenses in plants to abiotic stress. In this work, the elicitor or priming effect of TR was investigated in wheat both before and during a compatible wheat–powdery mildew interaction through molecular, biochemical, and cytological approaches. In noninoculated conditions, TR elicited the expression of genes encoding chitinase (chi, chi1, and chi4 precursor), pathogenesis-related protein 1, as well as oxalate oxidase (oxo). Moreover, lipid metabolism was shown to be altered by TR spraying via the upregulation of lipoxygenase (lox) and lipid-transfer protein (ltp)-encoding gene expression. On the other hand, the protection conferred by TR to wheat against powdery mildew is associated with the induction of two specific defense markers. Indeed, in infectious conditions following TR spraying, upregulations of chi4 precursor and lox gene expression as well as an induction of the LOX activity were observed. These results are also discussed with regard to the impact of TR on the fungal infectious process, which was shown to be stopped at the appressorial germ tube stage. Our findings strongly suggest that TR is a true inducer of wheat defense and resistance, at least toward powdery mildew.

scholarly journals Cerebrum, liver, and muscle regulatory networks uncover maternal nutrition effects in developmental programming of beef cattle during early pregnancy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wellison J. S. Diniz ◽  
Matthew S. Crouse ◽  
Robert A. Cushman ◽  
Kyle J. McLean ◽  
Joel S. Caton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Developmental Programming ◽  
Nutrient Sensing ◽  
Nutrient Restriction ◽  
Muscle Gene Expression ◽  
Myogenic Factors ◽  
Muscle Gene ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe molecular basis underlying fetal programming in response to maternal nutrition remains unclear. Herein, we investigated the regulatory relationships between genes in fetal cerebrum, liver, and muscle tissues to shed light on the putative mechanisms that underlie the effects of early maternal nutrient restriction on bovine developmental programming. To this end, cerebrum, liver, and muscle gene expression were measured with RNA-Seq in 14 fetuses collected on day 50 of gestation from dams fed a diet initiated at breeding to either achieve 60% (RES, n = 7) or 100% (CON, n = 7) of energy requirements. To build a tissue-to-tissue gene network, we prioritized tissue-specific genes, transcription factors, and differentially expressed genes. Furthermore, we built condition-specific networks to identify differentially co-expressed or connected genes. Nutrient restriction led to differential tissue regulation between the treatments. Myogenic factors differentially regulated by ZBTB33 and ZNF131 may negatively affect myogenesis. Additionally, nutrient-sensing pathways, such as mTOR and PI3K/Akt, were affected by gene expression changes in response to nutrient restriction. By unveiling the network properties, we identified major regulators driving gene expression. However, further research is still needed to determine the impact of early maternal nutrition and strategic supplementation on pre- and post-natal performance.

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