The effects of temperature elevation and water deprivation on lamb physiology, welfare, and meat quality

2002 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 707 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim E. Lowe ◽  
Neville G. Gregory ◽  
Andrew D. Fisher ◽  
Steven R. Payne
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Water Deprivation ◽  
Plasma Catecholamines ◽  
Additional Stress ◽  
Physiological Indicators ◽  
Acute Heat Stress ◽  
Humidity Index ◽  
Highly Correlated

Romney-cross ewe lambs (n = 27) were subjected to controlled environmental conditions to induce acute heat stress. The goals of the study were to: (1) determine appropriate physiological indicators of acute heat stress, (2) determine threshold rectal temperatures (Tr) for catecholamine and cortisol release, (3) determine effects on meat quality, and (4) assess the effect of dehydration on the above measures. There were 3 treatments: control (ambient temperature and humidity), heat stress (33°C, and 85-100% humidity), and heat stress combined with water deprivation. The duration of the treatment period was 12 h. Respiration rate (Rf) and rectal temperature (Tr) were highly correlated with increasing temperature humidity index (THI) (r > 0.75, P < 0.001), whereas heart rate was less responsive to THI (r = 0.30, P < 0.05). The welfare of these lambs was at risk at Tr greater than 40.5°C, a point at which respiration rate was maximal and unable to prevent further increases in Tr. Plasma cortisol concentrations were increased in heat-stressed lambs after Tr reached approximately 40.7°C. Plasma catecholamines were only elevated in lambs when Tr was greater than 42°C. The majority of lambs subjected to heat stress had a Tr less than 42°C, and there were no significant effects on meat quality. Despite exhibiting increases in plasma protein concentrations, there were no indications that dehydrated lambs were under additional stress during heat challenge in comparison with hydrated lambs.

scholarly journals Critical Temperature-Humidity Index Thresholds for Dry Cows in a Subtropical Climate

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Véronique Ouellet ◽  
Izabella M. Toledo ◽  
Bethany Dado-Senn ◽  
Geoffrey E. Dahl ◽  
Jimena Laporta
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Subtropical Climate ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Environmental Indices ◽  
Temperature Humidity Index ◽  
Humidity Index

The effects of heat stress on dry cows are profound and significantly contribute to lower overall welfare, productivity, and profitability of the dairy sector. Although dry cows are more thermotolerant than lactating cows due to their non-lactating state, similar environmental thresholds are currently used to estimate the degree of heat strain and cooling requirements. Records of dry cow studies conducted over 5 years in Gainesville, Florida, USA were pooled and analyzed to determine environmental thresholds at which dry cows exhibit signs of heat stress in a subtropical climate. Dry-pregnant multiparous dams were actively cooled (CL; shade of a freestall barn, fans and water soakers, n = 107) or not (HT; shade only, n = 111) during the last 7 weeks of gestation, concurrent with the entire dry period. Heat stress environmental indices, including ambient temperature, relative humidity, and temperature-humidity index (THI), and animal-based indices, including respiration rate, rectal temperature and daily dry matter intake were recorded in all studies. Simple correlations were performed between temperature-humidity index and each animal-based indicator. Differences in respiration rate, rectal temperature and dry matter intake between treatments were analyzed by multiple regression. Using segmented regression, temperature-humidity thresholds for significant changes in animal-based indicators of heat stress were estimated. Stronger significant correlations were found between the temperature-humidity index and all animal-based indices measured in HT dry cows (−0.22 ≤ r ≤ 0.35) relative to CL dry cows (−0.13 ≤ r ≤ 0.19). Although exposed to similar temperature-humidity index, rectal temperature (+0.3°C; P &lt; 0.001) and respiration rate (+23 breaths/min; P &lt; 0.001) were elevated in HT dry cows compared with CL cows whereas dry matter intake (−0.4 kg of dry matter/d; P = 0.003) was reduced. Temperature-humidity index thresholds at which respiration rate and rectal temperature began to change were both determined at a THI of 77 in HT dry cows. No significant temperature-humidity threshold was detected for dry matter intake. At a practical level, our results demonstrate that dry cow respiration rate and rectal temperature increased abruptly at a THI of 77 when provided only shade and managed in a subtropical climate. Therefore, in the absence of active cooling, dry cows should be closely monitored when or before THI reaches 77 to avoid further heat-stress related impairments during the dry period and the subsequent lactation and to mitigate potential carry-over effects on the offspring.

Cardiovascular and sympathoadrenal responses to heat stress following water deprivation in rats

1996 ◽  
Vol 270 (3) ◽  
pp. R652-R659 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. Massett ◽  
D. G. Johnson ◽  
K. C. Kregel
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Water Deprivation ◽  
Plasma Catecholamines ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Systemic Hemodynamic ◽  
Arterial Blood

This study was designed to characterize the regional and systemic hemodynamic and sympathoadrenal responses to heating after 24 and 48 h of water deprivation in chloralose-anesthetized, male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 7 per group). Water deprivation produced significant decreases in body weight of 8.1 and 13.7% in the 24- and 48-h groups (P < 0.05), respectively. After water deprivation, rats were exposed to an ambient temperature of 43 degrees C. After correction for body weight differences, heating rates were faster in the 48-h group compared with both euhydrated and 24-h groups. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), heart rate, and colonic (Tco) and tail (Ttail) temperatures increased above baseline in all groups during heating. Renal and mesenteric artery blood flow velocities decreased, and vascular resistances increased in response to heating. Compared with euhydrated controls, 48-h water-deprived rats exhibited attenuated pressor (delta MAP = 36 +/- 3 vs. 18 +/- 3 mmHg) and visceral vasoconstrictor (% delta in mesenteric resistance = 122.6 +/- 27.3 vs. 54.9 +/- 6.9%) responses during heating. Tail-skin blood flow estimated from Ttail was also lower at baseline and the onset of heating in water-deprived rats. However, peak Ttail and Tco values were similar across groups. Plasma catecholamines measured in separate groups of rats (n = 6 per group) were significantly higher at baseline and the end of heating in the 48-h group compared with euhydrated and 24-h groups. Despite this exaggerated sympathoadrenal response, the 48-h group exhibited attenuated hemodynamic responses to nonexertional heating compared with euhydrated and 24-h water-deprived rats. These data suggest that cardiovascular and thermoregulatory adjustments can compensate for small changes in hydration state (i.e., 24 h), but more severe levels of hypohydration significantly alter blood pressure and body temperature regulation during heat stress.

PSIV-4 Characterization of heat stress condition on productive performance and physiological indicators, milk composition, gene expression, and metabolomics in blood and milk of early lactating Holstein cows

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 299-299
Author(s):  
JangHoon Jo ◽  
Jalil Ghassemi Nejad ◽  
WonSeob Kim ◽  
Hyeran Kim ◽  
SnagHo Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Productive Performance ◽  
Physiological Indicators ◽  
Normal Heart Rate ◽  
Humidity Index ◽  
C 50

Abstract We aimed to characterize heat stress (HS) effects in early lactating Holstein cows using measures of productive performance, physiological and genetic indicators, blood and milk parameters, and metabolomics in blood and milk. Eight cows (milk yield = 29.27 ± 0.38 kg/d, days in milk = 40 ± 8 d) were equally housed in environmentally controlled chambers by providing temperature-humidity index (THI) at two levels of 70~71 (25°C, 35~50% humidity, threshold) and 86~87 (31°C, 80~95% humidity, severe). For each treatment, the environment inside the chamber was adjusted for 7 days of adaptation at 67~68 THI (22°C, 50~60% humidity, normal) level. After the adjustment period, cows were subjected to HS for 7 days. Feed and water intake and milk yield were measured daily, and blood was collected and physiological indicators were monitored on the 7th and 14th days. Data were analyzed using GLM procedure of SAS. Feed intake and milk yield were lower (P&lt; 0.05) and water intake was higher (P &lt; 0.05) in the severe than the threshold and normal. Lactose tended to be lower (P = 0.082) in the severe than the threshold and normal. Heart rate, rectal and skin temperature were higher (P &lt; 0.05) in the severe than the threshold and normal. Blood HSP90 and HSPB1 were higher (P &lt; 0.05) in the severe than threshold and normal. Alanine, proline, glutamic acid, tryptophan, lactic acid, and citric acid in milk and blood were lower (P &lt; 0.05) in the severe than threshold and normal. In conclusion, early lactating Holstein cows are characterized to receive higher HS by showing the changes in historical measures of productive performance, physiological and genetic indicators, and blood and milk parameters under severe HS condition whereas the new approach of metabolomics in blood and milk are recognized as sensitive and reliable indicators of severe HS.

PREDICTION OF CLINICAL DIAGNOSTIC INDICATORS AND THE LEVEL OF MILK PRODUCTIVITY OF COWS

2021 ◽  
pp. 42-47
Author(s):  
Е.О. КРУПИН
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Thermal Stress ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Average Increase ◽  
Milk Productivity ◽  
Humidity Index ◽  
Respiratory Movements

В различные синоптические сроки выявлено количество измерений по индексу температуры и влажности (ТВИ) в животноводческом помещении, при которых у коров наблюдается тепловой стресс. Спрогнозированы данные о температуре тела и частоте дыхания коров в условиях теплового стресса и его отсутствия, в том числе и по четырем срокам измерений. Определен потенциально возможный уровень молочной продуктивности коров при отсутствии теплового стресса. По методу E.C. Thom установлено, в среднем, 80,0% значений ТВИ, характеризующих условия среды как «тепловой стресс». Наблюдалось увеличение доли данных значений с 10 ч утра до 19 ч. По A. Berman et al. Выявлено, в среднем, 10,9% значений ТВИ, а по M.K. Yousef — 5,0%, относящихся к тепловому стрессу. В 15-й синоптический срок измерений по Гринвичу в животноводческом помещении спрогнозирована наибольшая вероятность теплового стресса. Среднее увеличение температуры тела коров с 6-го по 15-й синоптические сроки измерений при тепловом стрессе составит 1,0% (0,4°C, P<0,001), а частоты дыхания — 51,3% (18 дыхательных движений в 1 мин, (P<0,001). Максимальная динамика увеличения температуры тела наблюдается в 13 ч и 16 ч, а частоты дыхания — в 13 ч. Потенциальная молочная продуктивность дойных коров в летние месяцы может быть в среднем на 8,9% выше. In various synoptic terms in the cowshed room, the amount of measurements of the temperature of the heat and humidity index was revealed when the cows suffer from thermal stress. Data on body temperature and respiration rate of cows in conditions of heat stress and its absence were predicted, including those for four measurement periods. Potentially possible level of milk production of cows in the absence of heat stress was determined. According to E.C. Thom is found on average 80.0% of the values of THI, characterizing environmental conditions as "heat stress". An increase in the share of these values is observed in the period from 10:00 to 19:00. According to A. Berman et al. revealed on average 10.9% of THI values, and according to M.K. Yousef — 5.0% of the THI values related to heat stress. In 15, the synoptic term of measurements in Greenwich in the cowshed, the highest probability of heat stress is predicted. The average increase in body temperature of cows from 6 to 15 synoptic term of measurements in Greenwich heat stress will be 1.0% (0.4°C, P<0.001), and the respiration rate will be 51.3% (18 respiratory movements per minute, P<0.001). The maximum dynamics of an increase in body temperature is observed at 13:00 and 16:00 for body temperature, and respiratory rate at 13:00. The potential milk production of dairy cows in the summer months can be 8.9% higher on average.

Impact of Fogging System on Thermal Comfort of Lactating Sows

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 1933-1938 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorota Godyn ◽  
Piotr Herbut ◽  
Sabina Angrecka
Keyword(s):  
Respiration Rate ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Physiological Indicators ◽  
Lactating Sows ◽  
Humidity Index ◽  
The Mean

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a simple fogging system on the microclimate of a farrowing room and the sows’ welfare, which was analyzed through physiological indicators such as respiration rate, and rectal and skin surface temperature. Of 42 lactating sows, 21 were housed in a section (section I) of the farrowing room with a high-pressure fogging system, while the other group (n = 21) were housed without any cooling treatment (section II). Significant differences were found between mean values of microclimatic parameters. The air temperature in section I with active cooling was 2.1°C (p = 0.01) lower than in section II; however, the cooling induced a significant (p = 0.01) increase (18.6%) in air relative humidity. The mean temperature-humidity index (THI) was 0.8 lower (p = 0.05) in the cooled section. The fogging system had a significant impact on the reduction of respiration rate. Rectal and skin surface temperatures were at similar levels in both groups of sows. Based on this study, future research is needed to continue the development of this system as well as new technologies that would be applicable for the climate conditions of central and eastern Europe. Keywords: Animal welfare, Animal housing, Cooling.

ACUTE HEAT STRESS EFFECTS ON HEAT PRODUCTION AND RESPIRATION RATE IN SWINE

1998 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 789-793 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. M. Brown-Brandl ◽  
J. A. Nienaber ◽  
L. W. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Stress Effects ◽  
Acute Heat Stress

scholarly journals Non-Invasive Physiological Indicators of Heat Stress in Cattle

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Musadiq Idris ◽  
Jashim Uddin ◽  
Megan Sullivan ◽  
David M. McNeill ◽  
Clive J. C. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Additional Stress ◽  
Physiological Indicators ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Heat Increment ◽  
Optimal Health ◽  
Panting Score ◽  
Cortisol Metabolites

Cattle are susceptible to heat stress, especially those kept on high levels of nutrition for the purpose of maximising growth rates, which leads to a significant heat increment in their bodies. Consequences include compromised health and productivity and mortalities during extreme events, as well as serious economic loss. Some measures of heat stress, such as plasma cortisol and temperature in the rectum, vagina, or rumen, are invasive and therefore unlikely to be used on farms. These may cause additional stress to the animal due to handling, and that stress in itself can confound the measure. Consequently, it is desirable to find non-invasive alternatives. Panting score (PS), cortisol metabolites in faeces, milk, or hair, and the infrared temperature of external body surfaces are all potentially useful. Respiratory indicators are difficult and time consuming to record accurately, and cortisol metabolites are expensive and technically difficult to analyse. Infrared temperature appears to offer the best solution but requires further research to determine the thresholds that define when corrective actions are required to ensure optimal health and productivity. Research in this area has the potential to ultimately improve the welfare and profitability of cattle farming.

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