Effect of sodium exclusion trait on chlorophyll retention and growth of durum wheat in saline soil

2003 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shazia Husain ◽  
Rana Munns ◽  
A. G. (Tony) Condon
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Saline Soil ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Sodium Accumulation ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
Salinity Levels ◽  
Yield Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Sodium Exclusion ◽  
Chlorophyll Retention

Six durum wheat genotypes with contrasting extents of sodium accumulation in leaves were used to assess the effects of sodium exclusion on leaf longevity and biomass production in saline soil. Leaf chlorophyll content, ion concentration, plant height, and dry biomass were measured at 3 salinity levels (1, 75, and 150 mM NaCl, with supplemental Ca2+). Yield and yield components were measured on 2 contrasting groups of genotypes. The low Na+ genotypes showed much longer chlorophyll retention than the high Na+ genotypes, the start of leaf senescence being prolonged by a week or more in the low Na+ genotypes. The difference was greatest at 75 mM NaCl. At ear emergence, the effects of salinity on biomass were less on the low Na+ than on the high Na+ genotypes at 75 mM NaCl, but there was no difference between groups at 150 mM NaCl. At maturity, salinity had a similar effect on biomass of both genotypes, at both 75 and 150 mM NaCl. Grain yield at 150 mM NaCl was equally reduced in both genotypes, being only 12% of controls. However, at 75 mM NaCl there was a signficant yield difference between genotypes; yield of the high Na+ genotype was only 70% of controls, whereas yield of the low Na+ genotype was 88% of controls. The greater yield of the low Na+ genotype was due to enhanced grain number and grain weight in the tiller ears.

Shoot δ15N gives a better indication than ion concentration or Δ13C of genotypic differences in the response of durum wheat to salinity

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salima Yousfi ◽  
Maria Dolores Serret ◽  
José Luis Araus
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Isotope Composition ◽  
Nitrogen Isotope ◽  
Isotopic Signature ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Genotypic Differences ◽  
Δ13c And Δ15n ◽  
Salinity Levels ◽  
K Concentration

We compared the performance of different physiological traits that reveal genotypic variations in tolerance to salinity in durum wheat. A set of 114 genotypes was grown in hydroponics for over 3 months. Three conditions: control, moderate (12 dS m−1) and severe (17 dS m−1) salinity, were maintained for nearly 8 weeks before harvest. The genotype biomass in control conditions correlated with the biomass at the two salinity levels. Subsequently, two subsets of 10 genotypes each were selected on the basis of extreme differences in biomass at the two salinity levels while showing relatively similar biomass in control conditions. Carbon isotope discrimination (Δ13C), nitrogen isotope composition (δ15N), and the concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus and several ions (K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+) were analysed in the two subsets for the three treatments. At 12 dS m−1, K+ concentration, K+/Na+ ratio, Δ13C and δ15N correlated positively and Na+ correlated negatively with shoot biomass. Under control conditions and at 17 dS m−1 no correlation was observed. However, the trait that correlated best with genotypic differences in biomass was δ15N at 12 dS m−1. This trait was the first variable chosen at each of the two salinity levels in a stepwise analysis. We consider the possible mechanisms relating δ15N to biomass and the use of this isotopic signature as a selection trait.

scholarly journals Impact of ancestral wheat sodium exclusion genes Nax1 and Nax2 on grain yield of durum wheat on saline soils

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (7) ◽  
pp. 609 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. James ◽  
Carol Blake ◽  
Alexander B. Zwart ◽  
Ray A. Hare ◽  
Anthony J. Rathjen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Saline Soil ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Saline Soils ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Recurrent Parent ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Sodium Exclusion ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Yield Penalty

Nax1 and Nax2 are two genetic loci that control the removal of Na+ from the xylem and thereby help to exclude Na+ from leaves of plants in saline soil. They originate in the wheat ancestral relative Triticum monococcum L. and are not present in modern durum or bread wheat. The Nax1 and Nax2 loci carry TmHKT1;4-A2 and TmHKT1;5-A, respectively, which are the candidate genes for these functions. This paper describes the development of near-isogenic breeding lines suitable for assessing the impact of the Nax loci and their performance in controlled environment and fields of varying salinity. In young plants grown in 150 mM NaCl, Nax1 reduced the leaf Na+ concentration by 3-fold, Nax2 by 2-fold and both Nax1 and Nax2 together by 4-fold. In 250 mM NaCl, Nax1 promoted leaf longevity and greater photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. In the uppermost leaf, the Na+-excluding effect of the Nax loci was much stronger. In the field, Na+ in the flag leaf was reduced 100-fold by Nax1 and 4-fold by Nax2; however, Nax1 lines yielded 5–10% less than recurrent parent (cv. Tamaroi) in saline soil. In contrast, Nax2 lines had no yield penalty and at high salinity they yielded close to 25% more than Tamaroi, indicating this material is suitable for breeding commercial durum wheat with improved yield on saline soils.

scholarly journals Productivity and Quality Responses of Salt-Stressed Roses to Supplemental Calcium

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 155-162
Author(s):  
Alma R. Solís-Pérez ◽  
Raul I. Cabrera
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Sodium Accumulation ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
Counter Ions ◽  
Supplemental Calcium ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Chlorophyll Index

Plants of Rosa × spp. L. ‘Happy Hour’ grafted on the rootstocks R. × ‘Manetti’ and R. × ‘Natal Briar’ were salinized with 12 mM NaCl and received supplemental calcium (Ca) applications (as CaSO4) of 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 mM. Additional plants were salinized with 6 mM Na2SO4 and supplemented with 5 mM CaSO4 and compared to non-salinized, no supplemental Ca control plants. Cumulative flowers harvested, shoot length and leaf chlorophyll index were similar for both rootstocks across salt treatments, but Manetti plants had higher dry weights in flowers and most plant tissues except roots. Productivity and water relations in NaCl-salinized plants were not responsive to supplemental Ca. Conversely, calcium-supplemented plants salinized with Na2SO4 had better productivity and quality than those with NaCl, and were similar to non-stressed control plants. Salt injury symptoms were evident only on NaCl-treated plants, regardless of Ca supplements, and closely associated with chloride, but not sodium, accumulation, in leaf tissues. The extent of the ameliorative properties of supplemental calcium applications on salinized rose plants is influenced by the salinity level, the chemical composition of the salinizing solution (major ions and counter-ions) and the cultivar (scion) and rootstock selection.

scholarly journals Growth and Photosynthetic Response of Two Persimmon Rootstocks (Diospyros kaki and D. virginiana) under Different Salinity Levels

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 386-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meral INCESU ◽  
Berken CIMEN ◽  
Turgut YESILOGLU ◽  
Bilge YILMAZ
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentration ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Diospyros Kaki ◽  
Gas Exchange Parameters ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
Salinity Levels ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll Concentration ◽  
Exchange Parameters

Salinity continues to be a major factor in reduced crop productivity and profit in many arid and semiarid regions. Seedlings of Diospyros kaki Thunb. and D. virginiana L. are commonly used as rootstock in persimmon cultivation. In this study we have evaluated the effects of different salinity levels on photosynthetic capacity and plant development of D. kaki and D. virginiana. Salinity was provided by adding 50 mM, 75 mM and 100 mM NaCl to nutrient solution. In order to determine the effects of different salinity levels on plant growth, leaf number, plant height, shoot and root dry mass were recorded. Besides leaf Na, Cl, K and Ca concentrations were determined. Also leaf chlorophyll concentration, chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv’/Fm’) and leaf gas exchange parameters including leaf net photosynthetic rate (PN), stomatal conductance (gS), leaf transpiration rate (E), and CO2 substomatal concentration (Ci) were investigated. Significant decrease of leaf number, shoot length and plant dry mass by increasing salinity levels was observed in both rootstocks. D. virginiana was less affected in terms of plant growth under salinity stress. Leaf chlorophyll concentration reduction was higher in the leaves of D. kaki in comparison to D. virginiana in 100 mM NaCl treatment. By increasing salinity levels PN, gS and E markedly decreased in both rootstocks and D. kaki was more affected from salinity in terms of leaf gas exchange parameters. In addition there was no significant difference but slight decreases were recorded in leaf chlorophyll fluorescences of both rootstocks.

scholarly journals Neighbour effects of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) on Cd bioaccumulation by soybean in saline soil

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (No. 10) ◽  
pp. 439-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Ashrafi ◽  
M. Zahedi ◽  
K. Fahmi ◽  
R. Nadi
Keyword(s):  
Saline Soil ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Portulaca Oleracea ◽  
Promoting Effect ◽  
Cd Uptake ◽  
Neighbour Effects ◽  
Salinity Levels ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Experimental Treatments

Bioaccumulation of heavy metals can be affected by various crop-weed interactions in agroecosystems. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the role of belowground interaction of soybean and purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) weed on cadmium (Cd) uptake and its allocation to soybean grains. The experimental treatments included two cropping systems (mono and mixed culture), two salinity levels (0% and 0.5% NaCl) and three levels of Cd in soil (control; 3 and 6 mg Cd/kg). Results showed that the promoting effect of salinity on Cd uptake by soybean and Cd allocation to grains was enhanced in the presence of purslane compared to the absence of neighbour plant. This could be due to increasing Cd-mobilization within the shared rhizosphere of plants. In the non-saline soil decreasing uptake and grain allocation of Cd in co-planted soybean was associated with enhancing of purslane Cd uptake and the depletion of Cd in soil solution. Therefore, it can be concluded that co-planted purslane can alter the uptake of cadmium to the neighboring soybean plants; its effect may be influenced by soil environmental conditions such as salinity.

scholarly journals Closing Yield Gaps through Soil Improvement for Maize Production in Coastal Saline Soil

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jishi Zhang ◽  
Xilong Jiang ◽  
Yanfang Xue ◽  
Zongxin Li ◽  
Botao Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Saline Soil ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Soil Improvement ◽  
Salinity Level ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Coastal Saline Soil ◽  
Salinity Levels ◽  
Yield Gaps

As efforts to close crop production yield gaps increase, the need has emerged to identify cost-effective strategies to reduce yield losses through soil improvement. Maize (Zea mays L.) production in coastal saline soil is limited by high salinity and high pH, and a limited number of soil amendment options are available. We performed a field experiment in 2015 and 2016 to evaluate the ability of combined flue gas desulfurization gypsum and furfural residue application (CA) to reduce the maize yield gap and improve soil properties. We carried out the same amendment treatments (CA and no amendment as a control) under moderate (electrical conductivity (EC1:1) ≈ 4 dS m−1) and high (EC1:1 ≈ 6 dS m−1) salinity levels. Averaged over all salinity levels and years, maize yields increased from 32.6% of yield potential in the control to 44.2% with the CA treatments. Post-harvest CA treatment increased the calcium (Ca2+) and soil organic carbon (SOC) contents while decreasing the sodium (Na+) content and pH in the upper soil layer. Corresponding nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium accumulations in maize were significantly increased, and Na accumulation was decreased in the CA group compared with the control. The economic return associated with CA treatment increased by 215 $ ha−1 at the high salinity level compared with the control, but decreased at the moderate salinity level because of the minor increase in yield. The results of this study provide insight into the reduction of yield gaps by addressing soil constraints.

Hydrothermal grain pre-processing and ultra-fine milling for the production of durum wheat flour fractions with high nutritional value

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 242-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Ciccoritti ◽  
Giovanna Terracciano ◽  
Alessandro Cammerata ◽  
Daniela Sgrulletta ◽  
Viviana Del Frate ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Hydrothermal Treatment ◽  
Wheat Flour ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Fine Fraction ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Air Classification ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Ultra Fine Grinding ◽  
Water Extractable

This work describes a process for producing durum wheat flour fractions with high potential nutritional value using grain pre-milling hydrothermal treatment and ultra-fine grinding (micronization), coupled with air classification. The difference of bioactive value of the flour fractions in relation to dietary fibre and phenolic compounds was monitored on four durum wheat cultivars by analysing total arabinoxylans, water extractable arabinoxylans and 5- n-alkylresorcinols. The extractability of the analysed compounds was most significantly affected by hydrothermal treatment. On average, the hydrothermally treated kernels compared with the untreated ones presented a marked increase of water extractable arabinoxylans and alkylresorcinols (about 25 and 48%, respectively), whereas slightly lower total arabinoxylans content (about 9%) was detected. The air classification applied on micronized kernels produced two flour fractions, coarse and fine, with the last showing, irrespective of the hydrothermal treatment, an increment of alkylresorcinols (24 and 22% in untreated and treated samples) and of total arabinoxylans (13 and 20% in untreated and treated samples) in comparison with the coarse one. The fine fraction (particles ≤ 120 µm), resulting richer in bioactive compounds, provides an interesting raw material to enrich traditional semolina in which, due to the removal of the external layers, the losses of total arabinoxylans and of alkylresorcinols were more than 60 and 90% alkylresorcinols, respectively, if compared with whole wheat grain.

scholarly journals Aqueous Photocatalytic Oxidation of Lignin: The Influence of Mineral Admixtures

2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elina Portjanskaja ◽  
Sergei Preis
Keyword(s):  
Titanium Dioxide ◽  
Photocatalytic Oxidation ◽  
Catalyst Support ◽  
Oxidation Mechanism ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Mineral Admixtures ◽  
Oh Radicals ◽  
Ferrous Ions ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One

The photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) of UV-irradiated aqueous solutions containing lignin onTiO2was studied for the influence of ferrous ions. The addition ofFe2+, up to 2.8 mgL−1, to the acidic lignin solution leads to the drastic, for about 25%, increase in PCO efficiency. A further increase in ferrous ion concentration results in a decrease in PCO efficiency of lignin. The maximum PCO efficiency, up to 9.2 mgW−1h−1, was observed in neutral and slightly basic media: the oxidation mechanism with OH-radicals seems to prevail. Also, the difference in the PCO performance with a different attachment mode of titanium dioxide on the catalyst support was observed. Sprayed catalyst exhibited 1.5 times higher efficiency than the one attached by submersion, although sprayed one was easily resuspended in acidic lignin solutions. The efficiency of the N-doped photocatalyst active in visible light was observed to be negligible with lignin.

The Influence of Different Ph Values and High Concentrations of Na2SO4 and NaCl on the Photocatalytic Oxidation (PCO) of Methylene Blue (MB) by Aqueous Suspension of Nano-Sized TiO2

2012 ◽  
Vol 490-495 ◽  
pp. 3892-3896
Author(s):  
Yu Ping Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Photocatalytic Oxidation ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Aqueous Suspension ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Orthogonal Experiments ◽  
Degradation Rates ◽  
The Difference ◽  
High Concentrations

To study the PCO of high-salinity organic wastewater, nano-sized TiO2 was used for PCO of MB in solutions with different pH values and high concentrations of Na2SO4 or NaCl. The rates of PCO were monitored by total organic carbon (TOC) measurement. The results showed that the degradation rates increased with increasing pH and decreased as the concentration of Na2SO4 or NaCl increased. The difference of degradation rates in Na2SO4 or NaCl aqueous solutions increased as the ion concentration increased. In the orthogonal experiments, the rates decreased remarkably under certain ratios of the ions concentration. The mechanisms were explored in some detail.

scholarly journals THE COMBINATION OF SALTS AND PROTEINS. I

1924 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Northrop ◽  
M. Kunitz
Keyword(s):  
Surface Effect ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Complex Ions ◽  
Ion Distribution ◽  
Electrode Potentials ◽  
Ion Activity ◽  
Activity Ratios ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Total Concentrations

1. It has been found that the ratios of the total concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, Zn, inside and outside of gelatin particles do not agree with the ratios calculated according to Donnan's theory from the hydrogen ion activity ratios. 2. E.M.F. measurements of Zn and Cl electrode potentials in such a system show, however, that the ion activity ratios are correct, so that the discrepancy must be due to a decrease in the ion concentration by the formation of complex ions with the protein. 3. This has been confirmed in the case of Zn by Zn potential measurements in ZnCl2 solutions containing gelatin. It has been found that in 10 per cent gelatin containing 0.01 M ZnCl2 about 60 per cent of the Zn++ is combined with the gelatin. 4. If the activity ratios are correctly expressed by Donnan's equation, then the amount of any ion combined with a protein can be determined without E.M.F. measurements by determining its distribution in a proper system. If the activity ratio of the hydrogen ion and the activity of the other ion in the aqueous solution are known, then the activity and hence the concentration of the ion in the protein solution can be calculated. The difference between this and the total molar concentration of the ion in the protein represents the amount combined with the protein. 5. It has been shown that in the case of Zn the values obtained in this way agree quite closely with those determined by direct E.M.F. measurements. 6. The combination with Zn is rapidly and completely reversible and hence is probably not a surface effect. 7. Since the protein combines more with Zn than with Cl, the addition of ZnCl2 to isoelectric gelatin should give rise to an unequal ion distribution and hence to an increase in swelling, osmotic pressure, and viscosity. This has been found to be the case.

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