scholarly journals Impact of ancestral wheat sodium exclusion genes Nax1 and Nax2 on grain yield of durum wheat on saline soils

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (7) ◽  
pp. 609 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. James ◽  
Carol Blake ◽  
Alexander B. Zwart ◽  
Ray A. Hare ◽  
Anthony J. Rathjen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Saline Soil ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Saline Soils ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Recurrent Parent ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Sodium Exclusion ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Yield Penalty

Nax1 and Nax2 are two genetic loci that control the removal of Na+ from the xylem and thereby help to exclude Na+ from leaves of plants in saline soil. They originate in the wheat ancestral relative Triticum monococcum L. and are not present in modern durum or bread wheat. The Nax1 and Nax2 loci carry TmHKT1;4-A2 and TmHKT1;5-A, respectively, which are the candidate genes for these functions. This paper describes the development of near-isogenic breeding lines suitable for assessing the impact of the Nax loci and their performance in controlled environment and fields of varying salinity. In young plants grown in 150 mM NaCl, Nax1 reduced the leaf Na+ concentration by 3-fold, Nax2 by 2-fold and both Nax1 and Nax2 together by 4-fold. In 250 mM NaCl, Nax1 promoted leaf longevity and greater photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. In the uppermost leaf, the Na+-excluding effect of the Nax loci was much stronger. In the field, Na+ in the flag leaf was reduced 100-fold by Nax1 and 4-fold by Nax2; however, Nax1 lines yielded 5–10% less than recurrent parent (cv. Tamaroi) in saline soil. In contrast, Nax2 lines had no yield penalty and at high salinity they yielded close to 25% more than Tamaroi, indicating this material is suitable for breeding commercial durum wheat with improved yield on saline soils.

scholarly journals Impact of repeated loads on saline soils of earth roadbed

2021 ◽  
Vol 264 ◽  
pp. 02010
Author(s):  
Abdubaki Kayumov ◽  
Rashidbek Hudaykulov ◽  
Dilfuza Makhmudova ◽  
Dilshod Kayumov
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Saline Soil ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Saline Soils ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Repeated Impact ◽  
Residual Strains ◽  
The Impact

The constant development of the road network in Uzbekistan, especially in widespread saline soils, necessitates increased attention to road structure strength. Since vehicles differ in weight and speed, it is obvious that the saline soil under the pavement is subjected to successive impacts of a load of different power and application force. Experimental studies to identify the patterns of changes in saline soils' physical and mechanical properties under repeated and short-term loads were conducted on a device specially designed by the authors of this study. The experiments were conducted on samples of sulfate and chloride-sulfate medium-saline heavy silty sandy loam, compacted at optimal moisture content to maximum density. When conducting the experiment, the impact duration of vertical load Рver = 0.15 MPa on the sample was tload = 0.2 sec, and the interval between the loads was 0.5 sec, the frequency of application was f = 1.2 Hz. The number of short-term load applications was recorded using an electric meter installed on the device. After a certain number of short-term cyclic load applications on the sample, its physical and mechanical properties were determined following the requirements of state standards (GOST). The results of the study show that with an increase in the number of cyclic and short-term load impacts on the sample, the following values increase: residual strain, density, and modulus of setting, relative swelling, swelling pressure, ultrasonic transmission rate, coefficient of filtration; while the porosity, coefficient of porosity, soaking, ultimate strength in uniaxial compression, the coefficient of dynamic viscosity, adherence, the angle of internal friction and the modulus of elasticity of soil decrease. It was determined that under the repeated impact of short-term loads in compacted saline soil, residual strains and short-term redistribution of stresses in the contact of soil and salt particles occur, which leads to a change in the physical and mechanical properties of soil.

scholarly journals Carbohydrate and Amino Acid Dynamics during Grain Growth in Four Temperate Cereals under Well-Watered and Water-Limited Regimes

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1516
Author(s):  
Ana María Méndez-Espinoza ◽  
Miguel Garriga ◽  
Sinda Ben Mariem ◽  
David Soba ◽  
Iker Aranjuelo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Grain Development ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Cereal Species ◽  
The Impact

Grain development in cereals depends on synthesis and remobilisation compounds such as water-soluble carbohydrates (WSCs), amino acids (AAs), minerals and environmental conditions during pre- and post-anthesis. This study analyses the impact of water stress on metabolite (WSCs, AAs and nitrogen) dynamics between the source (leaves and stems) and sink (grain) organs in triticale, bread wheat, durum wheat and barley. Plants were grown in glasshouse conditions under well-watered (WW) and water-limited (WL) regimes (from flag leaf fully expanded until maturity). The results showed that the stem WSC content and the apparent mobilisation of WSC to the grain were much higher in triticale and were associated with its larger grain size and grain number. In the four cereals, grain weight and the number of kernels per spike were positively associated with stem WSC mobilisation. After anthesis, the AA concentration in leaves was much lower than in the grain. In grain, the main AAs in terms of concentration were Asn, Pro and Gln in triticale, bread, and durum wheat, and Asn, Pro and Val in barley. The water-limited regime reduced grain weight per plant in the four cereal species, but it had no clear effects on WSC content and AAs in leaves and grain. In general, triticale was less affected by WL than the other cereals.

Optimizing inputs for winter durum wheat in Ontario

2015 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lily Tamburic-Ilincic ◽  
Jonathan M. P. Brinkman ◽  
Ellen Sparry ◽  
David C. Hooker
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Impact Performance ◽  
N Rates ◽  
The Impact

Tamburic-Ilincic, L., Brinkman, J. M. P., Sparry, E. and Hooker, D. C. 2015. Optimizing inputs for winter durum wheat in Ontario. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 361–368. Best management practices need to be determined for a new wheat class in Ontario: winter durum. The objectives of this study were to determine optimal nitrogen rates (75, 100, and 125 kg N ha−1), seeding rates (400, 440, and 480 seeds m−2), and fungicide applications on the grain yield, grain protein, and leaf disease control of ‘OAC Amber’ winter wheat durum at five field locations in Ontario. Seeding rates between 400 and 480 seeds m−2 did not impact performance. Overall, fungicide applications at flag leaf and flowering increased grain yield by an average of 0.52 Mg ha−1, increased seed weight and test weight, reduced powdery mildew [Blumeria graminis (DC.) Speer f. sp. tritici emend. É.J. Marchal] and septoria leaf blotch [Mycosphaerella graminicola (Fuckel) J. Schröt.] in the canopy, but decreased grain protein from 128 to 126 g kg−1. Grain yields did not increase with N rates higher than 100 kg N ha−1, and the response to N rate did not depend on the application of fungicides. Grain protein concentrations increased with N rates up to 125 kg N ha−1, which was the highest N rate investigated in this study. An economic analysis is needed to determine the impact of agronomic management strategies specific to winter durum wheat in Ontario.

Effect of sodium exclusion trait on chlorophyll retention and growth of durum wheat in saline soil

2003 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shazia Husain ◽  
Rana Munns ◽  
A. G. (Tony) Condon
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Saline Soil ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Sodium Accumulation ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
Salinity Levels ◽  
Yield Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Sodium Exclusion ◽  
Chlorophyll Retention

Six durum wheat genotypes with contrasting extents of sodium accumulation in leaves were used to assess the effects of sodium exclusion on leaf longevity and biomass production in saline soil. Leaf chlorophyll content, ion concentration, plant height, and dry biomass were measured at 3 salinity levels (1, 75, and 150 mM NaCl, with supplemental Ca2+). Yield and yield components were measured on 2 contrasting groups of genotypes. The low Na+ genotypes showed much longer chlorophyll retention than the high Na+ genotypes, the start of leaf senescence being prolonged by a week or more in the low Na+ genotypes. The difference was greatest at 75 mM NaCl. At ear emergence, the effects of salinity on biomass were less on the low Na+ than on the high Na+ genotypes at 75 mM NaCl, but there was no difference between groups at 150 mM NaCl. At maturity, salinity had a similar effect on biomass of both genotypes, at both 75 and 150 mM NaCl. Grain yield at 150 mM NaCl was equally reduced in both genotypes, being only 12% of controls. However, at 75 mM NaCl there was a signficant yield difference between genotypes; yield of the high Na+ genotype was only 70% of controls, whereas yield of the low Na+ genotype was 88% of controls. The greater yield of the low Na+ genotype was due to enhanced grain number and grain weight in the tiller ears.

scholarly journals Salinity tolerance evaluation of barley germplasm for marginal soil utilization

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kico Dhima ◽  
Ioannis Vasilakoglou ◽  
Konstantinos Paschalidis ◽  
Nikitas Karagiannidis ◽  
Ilias Ilias
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Saline Soil ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Saline Soils ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Alternative Crop ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
Barley Germplasm

One greenhouse experiment was conducted to assess the tolerance to salinity and water deficit stresses of 184 barley varieties (breeding lines or registered varieties). Also, a 2-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the growth and yield components of 16 of these varieties, representing tolerant, intermediate tolerant and susceptible ones, grown simultaneously in saline and non-saline soils. In the greenhouse, the K-means cluster analysis shown that 17 varieties were tolerant, 72 varieties intermediate tolerant, 16 varieties intermediate susceptible and 79 varieties susceptible. In the field, soil salinity reduced the germination of the barley varieties except for the varieties ICB 100126, Scarlett and Meteor. Barley varieties grown in the saline soil produced 33.2-to 83.4% lower dry biomass, 0.0-to 78.9% fewer ears and 0.0-to 81.5% lower grain yield than those of varieties grown in the non-saline soil. In the saline soil, the greatest grain yield was provided by the vars. Galt Brea 'S' and ICB 100126 (4.87 and 4.31 t ha-1, respectively), without significant differences between saline and non-saline soils. In most barley varieties, chlorophyll content and photosystem II quantum yield were greater under saline than under non-saline conditions. The results of this research indicated that, in barley germplasm, a remarkable genetic variation exists which would contribute to barley production in saline soils. Highlights - The salinity tolerance of 184 barley varieties was investigated. - There was great variability to salinity tolerance among barley germplasm. - There were barley varieties which grown in saline soil without significant yield reduction. - Barley could be an alternative crop system in soils with increased salinity.

scholarly journals Marine and fungal biostimulants improve grain yield, nitrogen absorption and allocation in durum wheat plants

2020 ◽  
Vol 158 (4) ◽  
pp. 279-287
Author(s):  
Eve-Anne Laurent ◽  
Nawel Ahmed ◽  
Céline Durieu ◽  
Philippe Grieu ◽  
Thierry Lamaze
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Leaf Senescence ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentration ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Total N ◽  
The Impact

AbstractDurum wheat culture requires a high level of N fertilization to achieve ideal protein concentration for semolina and pasta quality, contributing to N losses. Optimizing plant N use efficiency could improve agro-environmental balance. In the current paper, we studied the impact of the marine (DPI4913) and fungal (AF086) extracts (biostimulants) applied on leaves on growth, N absorption and N fluxes in durum wheat in field and greenhouse experiments. In the field, 15NO3− and 15NH4+ were injected into the soil; in the greenhouse, N of the flag-leaf was labelled with 15NH4+. Flag-leaf senescence was studied by estimating leaf chlorophyll concentration. In greenhouse, biostimulants increased grain yield, total N in plant and the proportion of plant N in ears. When water was limited in greenhouse experiment, neither biostimulants had any effect. In the field, DPI4913 increased soil fertilizer-derived 15N accumulated in grains. In the greenhouse, biostimulants increased the proportion of 15N applied to the flag-leaf recovered in grains and accelerated leaf senescence. For plants treated with biostimulants, flag-leaf N resorption increased. Biostimulants had a larger positive impact on mineral N root uptake than on N remobilization. In conclusion, our study has shown that DPI4913 and AF086 can promote plant growth and grain yield, N uptake and remobilization. Thus, these biostimulants could be used to optimize durum wheat N fertilization and contribute to reduced N losses.

THE IMPACT OF TILLAGE OF MEADOW CHESTNUT SOIL ON THE YIELDS OF WINTER DURUM WHEAT OF KRUPINKA VARIETY IN THE PLAINS OF DAGESTAN

2018 ◽  
Vol 319 (10) ◽  
pp. 40-42
Author(s):  
N.R. Magomedov ◽  
◽  
Z.N. Abdullaev ◽  
N.N. Magomedov ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Chestnut Soil ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Abiotic Stress Response of Near-Isogenic Spring Durum Wheat Lines under Different Sowing Densities

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 2053
Author(s):  
Judit Bányai ◽  
Marco Maccaferri ◽  
László Láng ◽  
Marianna Mayer ◽  
Viola Tóth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Abiotic Stress Response ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Isogenic Lines

A detailed study was made of changes in the plant development, morphology, physiology and yield biology of near-isogenic lines of spring durum wheat sown in the field with different plant densities in two consecutive years (2013–2014). An analysis was made of the drought tolerance of isogenic lines selected for yield QTLs (QYld.idw-2B and QYld.idw-3B), and the presence of QTL effects was examined in spring sowings. Comparisons were made of the traits of the isogenic pairs QYld.idw-3B++ and QYld.idw-3B−− both within and between the pairs. Changes in the polyamine content, antioxidant enzyme activity, chlorophyll content of the flag leaf and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of the plot were monitored in response to drought stress, and the relationship between these components and the yield was analyzed. In the case of moderate stress, differences between the NIL++ and NIL−− pairs appeared in the early dough stage, indicating that the QYld.idw-3B++ QTL region was able to maintain photosynthetic activity for a longer period, resulting in greater grain number and grain weight at the end of the growing period. The chlorophyll content of the flag leaf in phenophases Z77 and Z83 was significantly correlated with the grain number and grain weight of the main spike. The grain yield was greatly influenced by the treatment, while the genotype had a significant effect on the thousand-kernel weight and on the grain number and grain weight of the main spike. When the lines were compared in the non-irrigated treatment, significantly more grains and significantly higher grain weight were observed in the main spike in NIL++ lines, confirming the theory that the higher yields of the QYld.idw-3B++ lines when sown in spring and exposed to drought stress could be attributed to the positive effect of the “Kofa” QTL on chromosome 3B.

scholarly journals Early heat waves over Italy and their impacts on durum wheat yields

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 1631-1637 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Fontana ◽  
A. Toreti ◽  
A. Ceglar ◽  
G. De Sanctis
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Mediterranean Region ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Wheat Production ◽  
Arable Crop ◽  
Production Areas ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Concurrent Events

Abstract. In the last decades the Euro-Mediterranean region has experienced an increase in extreme temperature events such as heat waves. These extreme weather conditions can strongly affect arable crop growth and final yields. Here, early heat waves over Italy from 1995 to 2013 are identified and characterised and their impact on durum wheat yields is investigated. As expected, results confirm the impact of the 2003 heat wave and highlight a high percentage of concurrence of early heat waves and significant negative yield anomalies in 13 out of 39 durum wheat production areas. In south-eastern Italy (the most important area for durum wheat production), the percentage of concurrent events exceeds 80 %.

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