Increasing sucrose accumulation in sugarcane by manipulating leaf extension and photosynthesis with irrigation

2008 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. G. Inman-Bamber ◽  
G. D. Bonnett ◽  
M. F. Spillman ◽  
M. L. Hewitt ◽  
J. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Mass Gain ◽  
Extension Rate ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Potted Plants ◽  
Tall Plant ◽  
Sucrose Storage ◽  
Source Sink

High sucrose content (SC) in sugarcane stalks is a priority for all sugarcane industries world wide. Partitioning to sucrose in the cane stalk is related to the supply of photo-assimilate and the demand for assimilate by other organs. If photosynthesis could be maintained, but leaf and stalk growth constrained, by genetics or management during the stalk elongation phase, it may be possible to reduce stalk height and to increase both SC and sucrose yield. This paper reports an experiment designed to test this hypothesis and to develop a methodology to assess variation in response to source–sink manipulation in sugarcane clones. The research was conducted on a ‘low’ (Q138) and a ‘high’ (Q183) SC cultivar in two temperature controlled and airtight glasshouses (chambers) at CSIRO’s Davies Laboratory in Townsville, Australia. Potted plants of each cultivar were placed in two chambers of the Tall Plant Facility (TPF). In one chamber, plants were irrigated to minimise water stress while plants in the other chamber were irrigated to reduce plant extension rate (PER) considerably more than photosynthesis. Water stress reduced gain in total biomass by 19% and gain in top mass by 37%, and increased sucrose mass gain by 27%. During the experiment, SC of dry matter increased 37% in the dry treatment and only 8% in the wet treatment and this effect was greater in Q183 than in Q138. Water stress reduced whole plant photosynthesis by 18%, thus largely accounting for the 19% reduction in biomass accumulation and it reduced PER by 41%, corresponding to the 37% reduction in mass of tops. Reduced PER resulted in reduced demand for photo-assimilate by fibre and tops thus allowing excess assimilate to accumulate in the form of sucrose. The techniques developed here to control PER and measure the resulting changes in carbon partitioning now allow further examination of both the control of the balance between growth and sucrose storage and the extent of genotypic variation to the response of reduced PER.

Sucrose accumulation in sugarcane is influenced by temperature and genotype through the carbon source - sink balance

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 111 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. G. Inman-Bamber ◽  
G. D. Bonnett ◽  
M. F. Spillman ◽  
M. H. Hewitt ◽  
D. Glassop
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Clonal Variation ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Extension Rate ◽  
Cool Temperature ◽  
Sucrose Accumulation ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
New Research ◽  
Source Sink

While substantial effort has been expended on molecular techniques in an attempt to break through the apparent ceiling for sucrose content (SC) in sugarcane stalks, molecular processes and genetics limiting sucrose accumulation remain unclear. Our own studies indicate that limiting expansive growth with water stress will enhance sucrose accumulation in both low- and high-sucrose clones. Sucrose accumulation was largely explained (72%) by an equation with terms for photosynthesis, plant extension rate (PER), and plant number. New research was conducted to determine if this simple model stands when using temperature rather than water stress to perturb the source–sink balance. We also applied a thinning treatment to test the proposal implicit in this equation that SC will increase if competition between plants for photo-assimilate is reduced. Four clones from a segregating population representing extremes in SC were planted in pots and subjected to warm and cool temperature regimes in a glasshouse facility. A thinning treatment was imposed on half the pots by removing all but 6 shoots per pot. Temperature as a means of reducing sink strength seemed initially to be more successful than water regime because PER was 43% lower in the cool than in the hot regime while photosynthesis was only 14% less. PER was a good indicator of dry matter allocation to expansive growth, limited by water stress but not by temperature, because stalks tended to thicken in low temperature. Thinning had little effect on any of the attributes measured. Nevertheless the clonal variation in plant numbers and the response of PER to temperature helped to explain at least 69% of the variation in sucrose accumulation observed in this experiment. Thus the earlier model for sucrose accumulation appeared to be valid for the effect on sucrose accumulation of both temperature and water stress on the source–sink balance. The next step is to include internodes in models of assimilate partitioning to help understand the limiting steps in sucrose accumulation from the basics of source–sink dynamics.

scholarly journals Source sink relationship, dry matter and starch partitioning in developing ginger rhizomes during different growth stages

2021 ◽  
pp. 14-19
Author(s):  
K.S. Krishnamurthy ◽  
K. Kandiannan
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Starch Accumulation ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Gas Exchange Parameters ◽  
Active Biomass ◽  
Accumulation Pattern ◽  
Source Sink

Source sink relationship, dry matter and starch partitioning, rhizome bulking process in relation to dry matter and starch partitioning in developing rhizomes and growth and gas exchange parameters were studied in three popular varieties of ginger viz., IISR Varada, IISR Mahima and IISR Rejatha. Results revealed that maximum tiller production and leaf area accumulation occurred between 60 and 120 days after planting (DAP) in all three varieties. Photosynthetic rate and hormone contents (auxin and cytokinin) increased from 90-120 DAP, peaked at 120 DAP and then started declining. Biomass partitioning data revealed that the active biomass accumulation stage was between 60 and 150 DAP in ginger. The dry matter accumulation pattern in rhizomes also revealed that maximum dry matter accumulation in rhizomes also occurred between 60 and 150 DAP in all the three varieties. Maximum starch accumulation in the rhizomes also occurred during the same period. These results suggest that most of the rhizome bulking process occurred between 60 and150 DAP in ginger. Total biomass accumulation, dry matter accumulation and starch accumulation in rhizomes followed similar trends.

Morphological, Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Poplar Plants to Drought Stress

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
ARADHNA KUMARI ◽  
IM KHAN ◽  
ANIL KUMAR SINGH ◽  
SANTOSH KUMAR SINGH
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Drought Event ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Biochemical Responses ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical

Poplar clone Kranti was selected to assess the morphological, physiological and biochemical responses under drought at different levels of water stress, as it is a common clone used to be grown in Uttarakhand for making paper and plywood. The cuttings of Populus deltoides L. (clone Kranti) were exposed to four different watering regimes (100, 75, 50 and 25% of the field capacity) and changes in physiological and biochemical parameters related with drought tolerance were recorded. Alterations in physiological (i.e. decrease in relative water content) and biochemical parameters (i.e. increase in proline and soluble sugar content and build-up of malondialdehyde by-products) occurred in all the three levels of water stress, although drought represented the major determinant. Drought treatments (75%, 50% and 25% FC) decreased plant height, radial stem diameter, harvest index, total biomass content and RWC in all the three watering regimes compared to control (100% FC). Biochemical parameters like proline, soluble sugar and MDA content increased with severity and duration of stress, which helped plants to survive under severe stress. It was analyzed that for better wood yield poplar seedlings should avail either optimum amount of water (amount nearly equal to field capacity of soil) or maximum withdrawal up to 75% of field capacity up to seedling establishment period (60 days). Furthermore, this study manifested that acclimation to drought stress is related with the rapidity, severity, and duration of the drought event of the poplar species.

scholarly journals Paclobutrazol Improves Sesame Yield by Increasing Dry Matter Accumulation and Reducing Seed Shattering Under Rainfed Conditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Zeeshan Mehmood ◽  
Ghulam Qadir ◽  
Obaid Afzal ◽  
Atta Mohi Ud Din ◽  
Muhammad Ali Raza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Seed Shattering ◽  
Rainfed Conditions ◽  
Leaf Greenness

AbstractSeveral biotic and abiotic stresses significantly decrease the biomass accumulation and seed yield of sesame crops under rainfed areas. However, plant growth regulators (such as Paclobutrazol) can improve the total dry matter and seed production of the sesame crop. The effects of the paclobutrazol application on dry matter accumulation and seed yield had not been studied before in sesame under rainfed conditions. Therefore, a two-year field study during 2018 and 2019 was conducted with key objectives to assess the impacts of paclobutrazol on leaf greenness, leaf area, total dry matter production and partitioning, seed shattering, and seed yield of sesame. Two sesame cultivars (TS-5 and TS-3) were treated with four paclobutrazol concentrations (P0 = Control, P1 = 100 mg L−1, P2 = 200 mg L−1, P3 = 300 mg L−1). The experiment was executed in RCBD-factorial design with three replications. Compared with P0, treatment P3 improved the leaf greenness of sesame by 17%, 38%, and 60% at 45, 85, and 125 days after sowing, respectively. However, P3 treatment decreased the leaf area of sesame by 14% and 20% at 45 and 85 days after sowing than P0, respectively. Compared with P0, treatment P3 increased the leaf area by 46% at 125 days after sowing. On average, treatment P3 also improved the total biomass production by 21% and partitioning in roots, stems, leaves, capsules, and seeds by 23%, 19%, 23%, 22%, and 40%, respectively, in the whole growing seasons as compared to P0. Moreover, under P3 treatment, sesame attained the highest seed yield and lowest seed shattering by 27% and 30%, respectively, compared to P0. This study indicated that by applying the paclobutrazol concentration at the rate of 300 mg L−1 in sesame, the leaf greenness, leaf areas, biomass accumulation, partitioning, seed yield, and shatter resistance could be improved. Thus, the optimum paclobutrazol level could enhance the dry matter accumulation and seed production capacity of sesame by decreasing shattering losses under rainfed conditions.

scholarly journals Potassium Application Positively Modulates Physiological Responses of Cocoa Seedlings to Drought Stress

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 563
Author(s):  
Esther Anokye ◽  
Samuel T. Lowor ◽  
Jerome A. Dogbatse ◽  
Francis K. Padi
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Electrolyte Leakage ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Biomass Partitioning ◽  
Chlorophyll Content And Fluorescence ◽  
Physiological Functions ◽  
Soil Water Stress

With increasing frequency and intensity of dry spells in the cocoa production zones of West Africa, strategies for mitigating impact of water stress on cocoa seedling survival are urgently required. We investigated the effects of applied potassium on biomass accumulation, physiological processes and survival of cocoa varieties subjected to water stress in pot experiments in a gauzehouse facility. Four levels of potassium (0, 1, 2, or 3 g/plant as muriate of potash) were used. Soil water stress reduced plant biomass accumulation (shoot and roots), relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll content and fluorescence. Leaf phenol and proline contents were increased under water stress. Additionally, compared to the well-watered conditions, soils under water stress treatments had higher contents of exchangeable potassium and available phosphorus at the end of the experimental period. Potassium applied under well-watered conditions reduced leaf chlorophyll content and fluorescence and increased leaf electrolyte leakage, but improved the growth and integrity of physiological functions under soil water stress. Potassium addition increased biomass partitioning to roots, improved RWC and leaf membrane stability, and significantly improved cocoa seedling survival under water stress. Under water stress, the variety with the highest seedling mortality accumulated the highest contents of phenol and proline. A significant effect of variety on plant physiological functions was observed. Generally, varieties with PA 7 parentage had higher biomass partitioning to roots and better seedling survival under soil moisture stress. Proportion of biomass partitioned to roots, RWC, chlorophyll fluorescence and leaf electrolyte leakage appear to be the most reliable indicators of cocoa seedling tolerance to drought.

scholarly journals Two maize cultivars of contrasting leaf size show different leaf elongation rates with identical patterns of extension dynamics and coordination

AoB Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiphaine Vidal ◽  
Hafssa Aissaoui ◽  
Sabrina Rehali ◽  
Bruno Andrieu
Keyword(s):  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Extension Rate ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Maize Cultivars ◽  
Plant Environment ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Leaf Extension

Abstract Simulating leaf development from initiation to maturity opens new possibilities to model plant–environment interactions and the plasticity of plant architecture. This study analyses the dynamics of leaf production and extension along a maize (Zea mays) shoot to assess important modelling choices. Maize plants from two cultivars originating from the same inbred line, yet differing in the length of mature leaves were used in this study. We characterised the dynamics of the blade and sheath lengths of all phytomers by dissecting plants every 2–3 days. We analysed how differences in leaf size were built up and we examined the coordination between the emergence of organs and phases of their extension. Leaf extension rates were higher in the cultivar with longer leaves than in the cultivar with shorter leaves; no differences were found in other aspects. We found that (i) first post-embryonic leaves were initiated at a markedly higher rate than upper leaves; (ii) below ear position, sheaths were initiated at a time intermediate between tip emergence and appearance, while above the ear position, sheaths were initiated at a high rate, such that the time interval between the blade and sheath initiations decreased for these leaves; and (iii) ear position also marked a change in the correlation in size between successive phytomers with little correlation of size between upper and lower leaves. Our results identified leaf extension rate as the reason for the difference in size between the two cultivars. The two cultivars shared the same pattern for the timing of initiation events, which was more complex than previously thought. The differences described here may explain some inaccuracies reported in functional-structural plant models. We speculate that genotypic variation in behaviour for leaf and sheath initiation exists, which has been little documented in former studies.

Water Stress Effects on Growth, Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Hemarthria Compressa

2012 ◽  
Vol 212-213 ◽  
pp. 578-585
Author(s):  
Zhong Wen Yang ◽  
Jun Ying Jin ◽  
Xin Yi Xu
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Sensitive Period ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Hemarthria Compressa

Water stress is an important approach to use water resources efficiently and remit the agricultural water shortage. Hemarthria compressa is one of perennial grasses, a pasture of high quality, which has abundant species resources in China. To explore the response of the growth, yield and water use efficiency(WUE) of Hemarthria compressa under water stress, this study, adapting pot experiment, imposed three water stress degree (LD, MD and SD) treatments and a control treatment on Hemarthria compressa. The data of growth indicators during control period, yield and total water consumption were obtained. The results show a noticeable inhibitory action of water stress on the growth of Hemarthria compressa. Along with the intensifying of water stress, plant height increment, leaf area, total biomass, dry matter of each organ and yield decreased, and the root-shoot ratio increased firstly and inclined to slump finally. Plants under the middle water stress treatment achieved the greatest WUE of 38.25 kg/m3. The first 10d in the water control period was the most sensitive period of the pasture responding to water stress.

scholarly journals Does Deep-Underground Storage Stimulate the Germination of Canola (Brassica napus L.) Seed?

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Yuxin He ◽  
Chao Liu ◽  
Heping Xie ◽  
Jingchen Wang ◽  
Yang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Storage ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Underground Storage ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Hypocotyl Length ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Deep Underground ◽  
Compensatory Effect

Agriculture is a crucial area to be considered when exploring and exploiting the use of deep-underground space. We investigated the feasibility of deep-underground seed storage by keeping canola seed in either envelopes or sealed packages at four depths below the Earth’s surface (0, 240, 690, and 1410 m) at a gold mine in northeastern China. We studied the effects of storage depth and duration by conducting germination tests with the stored seed. The results showed that the rate of germination was reduced in seed stored at deeper levels and was also lower at all depths after a more prolonged period of storage. Seeds from sealed packages exhibited better resistance to the deep-underground environment than seeds kept in envelopes. However, measurements of hypocotyl lengths and biomass accumulation revealed that the germination of seeds stored in deep-underground was initially inhibited but recovered well compared with the control as the storage depth increased. The total biomass of the hypocotyl increased as the depth of seed storage deepened, indicating the existence of a compensatory effect on seed germination. The findings suggest that short-term deep-underground storage of seeds in sealed packages would improve the germination performance of cultivated canola in terms of the hypocotyl length and biomass accumulation and might be considered as a pre-sowing strategy.

scholarly journals Effects of Fertilization on Biomass and Macronutrient Content of Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake in Arenized Soil of Pampa Biome

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Huan Pablo de Souza ◽  
Mauro Valdir Schumacher ◽  
Aline Aparecida Ludvichak ◽  
Dione Richer Momolli ◽  
Claudiney Do Couto Guimarães ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Eucalyptus Urophylla ◽  
Stem Wood ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Pampa Biome ◽  
Biomass Determination ◽  
To Receive

The objective of this study was to quantify the biomass and the macronutrient stock in an experiment of fertilization with Eucalyptus urophylla, planted in arenized soil at 12 months-old, in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The experiment had a completely randomized design with five treatments (T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5) with three replications. The treatments T2, T3, T4 and T5, received increasing doses of triple superphosphate. On the other hand, the T1 treatment was the only one to receive natural phosphate in planting. For the determination of the biomass, fifteen trees were felled and separated in the following components: leaves, branches, stem bark, stem wood and roots. Samples of the components were collected and transported to the laboratory for biomass determination and chemical analysis. The total biomass varied between the treatments, with highest biomass accumulation of 6.83 Mg ha-1 occurring in T5. The T1 presented the highest biomass for roots representing 33.4% of the total biomass. The biomass distribution among the different components in the decreasing order was: roots > stem wood > leaves > branches > stem bark, for all the treatments. The treatment with higher doses of fertilizers (T5) presented the highest amount of nutrient accumulation in the total biomass (131.26 kg ha-1). The concentration and accumulation of nutrients presented the following trend K > N > Ca > Mg > P > S. Analyzing the different components of biomass, the highest amounts of nutrients followed the order: leaves > roots > stem wood > branches > stem bark. Fertilization influenced the biomass production of E. urophylla in arenized soil in the Pampa biome, but without significant differences to date (12 months). The leaves had the highest concentration of macronutrients, with the exception of Ca, which was higher in the bark. The K was the element that presented highest accumulation in whole tree. The plantation of eucalyptus with fertilization management may be an alternative for the economic use of arenized soil.

Chaparral growth-ring analysis as an indicator of stand biomass development

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (10) ◽  
pp. 1086 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kellie A. Uyeda ◽  
Douglas A. Stow ◽  
John F. O'Leary ◽  
Christina Tague ◽  
Philip J. Riggan
Keyword(s):  
Growth Ring ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Solar Irradiation ◽  
Annual Precipitation ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Long Time

Chaparral wildfires typically create even-aged stands of vegetation that grow quickly in the first 2 decades following a fire. Patterns of this growth are important for understanding ecosystem productivity and re-establishment success, but are logistically challenging to measure over long time periods. We tested the utility of a novel method of using shrub growth rings to estimate stand-level biomass accumulation at an annual time scale in southern California chaparral. We examined how temporal variation in precipitation and spatial variation in solar irradiation influence that accumulation. Using field measurements and a relationship between stem basal area and aboveground biomass, we estimated current biomass levels in an 11-year-old chaparral stand, and used growth-ring diameters to estimate growth in each year from age 4 to 11 years. We found that annual growth as measured by shrub growth rings tracked closely with patterns of annual precipitation, but not with time since fire. Solar irradiation was not found to be a significant covariate with total biomass by plot, possibly due to sampling area limitations. The close relationship of annual biomass accumulation with annual precipitation indicates that shrub growth-ring measurements can provide a useful metric of stand-level recovery.

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