Some experimental observation on the toxicity of urea to sheep

1960 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 247 ◽  
Author(s):  
JB Coombe ◽  
DE Tribe ◽  
JWC Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Observation ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Theoretical Explanation ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Ammonia Absorption ◽  
Ph Level ◽  
Rumen Ammonia Nitrogen

The rumen pH and ammonia nitrogen levels were recorded in sheep fed on different amounts of urea in different ways. It was found that when the urea was sprayed onto the daily intake of roughage these levels remained low, even when intakes of 100 g urea were obtained, compared with the levels recorded when lower levels of urea (25 g) were given as a drench. As the rumen pH level rose to 7.0 and above, the periods of time spent ruminating declined until at about a pH of 7.3 complete rumen stasis occurred. The stasis did not occur at higher levels of rumen ammonia nitrogen provided that the pH level was kept down. Sheep readily consumed large amounts (up to 100 g) of urea per day provided that the concentration of urea in the ration did not exceed 6 per cent.; when this happened the food intakes were markedly reduced. A theoretical explanation is offered of the influence of the rumen pH level on the rate of ammonia absorption from the rumen.

scholarly journals Effects of Zeolite Supplementation on Dairy Cow Production and Ruminal Parameters – A Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 857-877 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khouloud Khachlouf ◽  
Houda Hamed ◽  
Radhouane Gdoura ◽  
Ahmed Gargouri
Keyword(s):  
Milk Fat ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Dairy Production ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Livestock Feeds ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Synthetic Zeolites ◽  
Environment Parameters ◽  
Rumen Ammonia Nitrogen

AbstractIn recent years, the use of both natural and synthetic zeolites in livestock feeds fed to lactating cows has increased, mainly to improve their performance, health, and to protect against mycotoxins intoxication. Data of scientific literature were compiled to analyze the effects of the incorporation of non-nutritional adsorbent zeolite on production performance and ruminal environment parameters of lactating cows. At moderate levels (200–400 g/cow/day), milk yield was increased by zeolite. Milk fat and protein contents and DMI were not altered and all ruminal parameters were improved: acetate was enhanced, propionate was reduced and consequently, acetate to propionate ratio was increased. The rumen pH was increased and rumen ammonia nitrogen was reduced. When the level of zeolite exceeded 400 g/d/cow, all production and ruminal parameters were negatively altered. These data suggest that zeolite level in the diet has a significant effect on the response of dairy production and ruminal environment characteristics.

Corrigendum - The effect of formaldehyde treatment of a casein supplement on urea excretion and on digesta composition in sheep

1974 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 599
Author(s):  
GJ Faichney
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Urea Excretion ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Filtered Load ◽  
Rumen Ammonia Nitrogen

The urinary excretion of urea, the fate of an intravenous dose of urea, overall nitrogen metabolism and the composition of rurnen and abomasal samples were studied in crossbred sheep given a basal roughage diet to which supplements of starch, casein or formaldehyde-treated casein were added. Urea excretion was closely related to plasma urea level (r = 0.935) and to the filtered load of urea (r = 0.957). The amount of urea reabsorbed by the kidney increased as'the amount filtered increased; the relationship was improved when values obtained at urine flow rates less than 1 rnl/rnin were omitted. When sheep were given the starch and treated casein diets, the rate at which they cleared a small dose of urea from their plasma was greater than the renal clearance rate; only 75% of a large dose was recovered in the urine. The capacity to dispose of exogenous urea by extra-renal pathways was apparent only when rumen ammonia nitrogen levels were less than about 200 mg/l. Formaldehyde treatment reduced nitrogen digestibility but reduced urine nitrogen excretion to a greater extent so that nitrogen retention increased. Treatment was associated with reduced plasma urea levels, reduced rumen and abomasal ammonia levels, reduced total VFA levels, increased proportions of acetic acid and decreased proportions of isobutyric, isovaleric and n-valeric acids, and more protein in abomasal contents.

The effect of formaldehyde treatment of a casein supplement on urea excretion and on digesta composition in sheep

1974 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 599
Author(s):  
GJ Faichney
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Urea Excretion ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Filtered Load ◽  
Rumen Ammonia Nitrogen

The urinary excretion of urea, the fate of an intravenous dose of urea, overall nitrogen metabolism and the composition of rurnen and abomasal samples were studied in crossbred sheep given a basal roughage diet to which supplements of starch, casein or formaldehyde-treated casein were added. Urea excretion was closely related to plasma urea level (r = 0.935) and to the filtered load of urea (r = 0.957). The amount of urea reabsorbed by the kidney increased as'the amount filtered increased; the relationship was improved when values obtained at urine flow rates less than 1 rnl/rnin were omitted. When sheep were given the starch and treated casein diets, the rate at which they cleared a small dose of urea from their plasma was greater than the renal clearance rate; only 75% of a large dose was recovered in the urine. The capacity to dispose of exogenous urea by extra-renal pathways was apparent only when rumen ammonia nitrogen levels were less than about 200 mg/l. Formaldehyde treatment reduced nitrogen digestibility but reduced urine nitrogen excretion to a greater extent so that nitrogen retention increased. Treatment was associated with reduced plasma urea levels, reduced rumen and abomasal ammonia levels, reduced total VFA levels, increased proportions of acetic acid and decreased proportions of isobutyric, isovaleric and n-valeric acids, and more protein in abomasal contents.

The nutrition of ruminants grazing native and improved pastures. II.* Responses of grazing cattle to molasses and urea supplementation

1978 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 875 ◽  
Author(s):  
JP Langlands ◽  
GE Donald
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Cattle Grazing ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Grazing Cattle ◽  
Native Pasture ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Rumen Ammonia Nitrogen

Hereford heifers grazing native and fertilized phalaris pastures were supplemented with ureamolasses mixtures for 2 years. The liveweight of heifers grazing phalaris pastures did not respond to supplementation, but the liveweight gain of heifers grazing native pasture increased significantly by 6 g/day/g nitrogen consumed as urea during July, August and September and by 0.16 g/day/g digestible organic matter consumed as molasses at other times of year. Supplement consumption varied between animals, with a coefficient of variation of ±37%. Urea–molasses supplementation increased the rumen ammonia nitrogen levels of cattle grazing native pasture from 6.7 to 16.1 mg/100 ml. The application of superphosphate and introduction of white clover increased rumen ammonia nitrogen to 15.7 mg/100 ml. The effects of supplementation on liveweight gain were small relative to the changes which could be induced by pasture improvement. There was a curvilinear relationship between the digestibility of the diet and liveweight gain when pasture availability was not limiting intake. It was calculated from this relationship that the annual liveweight gains of cattle grazing native pasture, native pasture dressed with superphosphate and oversown with white clover, and two phalaris pastures were 223 498, 726 and 763 g/day respectively when forage was available ad libitum. ____________________ *Part I, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 29: 863 (1978).

Different forms and frequencies of soybean oil supplementation do not alter rumen fermentation in grazing heifers

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 530
Author(s):  
M. C. A. Santana ◽  
G. Fiorentini ◽  
J. D. Messana ◽  
P. H. M. Dian ◽  
R. C. Canesin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Supplementation Frequency ◽  
Grazing Systems ◽  
Rumen Ammonia Nitrogen

Over the productive cycle, the performance of cattle in grazing systems may be compromised, and feed supplementation is a strategy to establish nutritional balance and maximise the performance of grazing animals. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different supplementation frequencies (i.e. daily supplementation (DS) versus Monday, Wednesday and Friday (MWF)) with different forms of soybean oil (i.e. soybean grain (SG), soybean oil (SO) and rumen-protected fat (RPF)) on the nutrient digestion and rumen fermentation of heifers grazing Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu pastures. Twelve crossbred heifers (1/4 Nellore × 1/4 Santa Gertrudis × 1/2 Braunvieh) with an initial bodyweight of 236.3 ± 27.6 kg were distributed in a completely randomised design with a factorial arrangement 3 × 2 (three diets and two supplementation frequencies). There was no interaction among the SO form or supplementation frequency on dry matter intake and dry matter digestibility (P > 0.05). The animals supplemented with SG exhibited lower nitrogen intake and absorption compared with animals that were fed SO (P < 0.05). The efficiency of microbial synthesis was not influenced by the diet or supplementation frequency (P > 0.05). Forms of SO affected the rumen pH; animals fed SO showed pH values similar to those of animals receiving SG but lower values than animals fed RPF (P < 0.05). Animals supplemented with DS exhibited higher levels of rumen ammonia nitrogen relative to those supplemented MWF. The reduction of supplementation frequency (from DS to MWF k) in our experimental conditions can be used to increase the efficiency of pasture utilisation without effects in fermentation activity of the rumen microbial population. Supplementation with SO is a strategy to increase propionic acid concentration and reduce A : P ratio, which is an indicator of improvement of the efficiency of the ruminal energy utilisation.

UTILIZATION OF ENSILED OR ACID-TREATED HIGH-MOISTURE SHELLED CORN BY CATTLE

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 491-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. McKNIGHT ◽  
G. K. MACLEOD ◽  
J. G. BUCHANAN-SMITH ◽  
D. N. MOWAT
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Starch Digestibility ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Matter Basis ◽  
Rumen Ammonia Nitrogen

Shelled corn of approximately 25% moisture was artificially dried (DC), ensiled (HMEC), or preserved either with 1.25% of a 60:40 mixture of acetic and propionic acids (HMAP) or with 1.00% propionic acid (HMP), and was examined for chemical and physical differences. Diets consisting of 66% corn (dry matter basis) were fed in a 4 × 4 latin square arrangement of treatments to four rumen and abomasal fistulated yearling heifers. High-moisture (HM) corn diets were more (P < 0.05) digestible in dry matter (77.4 vs. 74.2%) and energy (75.4 vs. 72.4%) than was the DC diet. Acid-treated corn diets had higher (P < 0.05) starch digestibility (95.6 vs. 91.7%) than DC diets. HMP diet was superior (P < 0.05) in starch digestibility to HMEC and significantly (P < 0.05) higher in nitrogen digestibility than was DC. Rumen ammonia nitrogen levels were higher (P < 0.05) on HMEC than on HMAP diet. Significantly (P < 0.05) higher total quantities of propionic and butyric acids in rumen fluid were observed on HMP diet and the quantity of total rumen volatile fatty acids tended to be higher on HMP than on other diets. Results suggest that HM corn diets move through the reticulorumen more slowly and experience greater digestion in this area than does DC diet.

Effect of volatile fatty acids, lactic acid and ammonia on rumen pH in sheep

1957 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 674 ◽  
Author(s):  
PK Briggs ◽  
JP Hogan ◽  
RL Reid
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Salivary Secretion ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Wide Range

Data are presented on pH, volatile fatty acid, lactic acid, and ammonia nitrogen levels in the rumen of sheep being hand-fed on a wide range of diets. It is concluded that the rumen pH rarely falls outside the range 5.0-7.5 on diets on which lactic acid never accumulates in the rumen after feeding. On such diets rumen pH is closely related to the volatile fatty acid level. Evidence is presented which indicates that the pH-volatile fatty acid relationship on different diets may be considerably modified by variations in salivary secretion and in the accumulation of ammonia nitrogen in the rumen after feeding. The contribution of ammonia nitrogen to the total buffering capacity of the rumen is discussed. Lactic acid only accumulated in the rumen on diets containing high levels of soluble carbohydrate or starch. Lactic acid levels above 20 mM were always associated with pH levels below 3.0, but although levels higher than 80 mM were often recorded, lumen pH levels never fell below 4.33. On these diets rumen pH was closely related to the level of volatile fatty acid or lactic acid or both in the rumen.

UREA IN CORN SILAGE AS A SUPPLEMENTAL NITROGEN SOURCE FOR LACTATING COWS

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 403-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. D. SAUER ◽  
J. D. ERFLE ◽  
S. MAHADEVAN ◽  
J. R. LESSARD
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Protein Nitrogen

Thirty-two Holstein cows in second or later lactation were randomly allocated to four treatment groups within 7 to 10 wk postpartum. Treatment rations were fed ad libitum as a complete feed and consisted of a negative control group which was fed a corn-oats-barley concentrate-corn silage mixture (40:60) with 9.4% crude protein, a urea silage group fed the same grain concentrate mixed with corn silage that contained 0.6% urea (on a fresh weight basis) to give 12.5% total ration crude protein, a group fed a soybean meal concentrate mixed with corn silage (12.7% crude protein), and a group fed a 3% urea corn-oats-barley concentrate mixed with corn silage to give a 12.8% total ration crude protein. The three groups supplemented with protein or non-protein nitrogen had greater weight gains, feed consumption, milk yields, milk persistencies, rumen ammonia nitrogen concentrations and greater rumen microbial cell populations than the negative control group. The results indicate that urea supports milk production when fed as part of a complete feed. Previous work showed that the same daily intake of urea when fed twice daily as part of the concentrate was ineffective.

scholarly journals Oat Hay Apparent Digestibility, Rumen Ammonia Nitrogen and Bun in Goats Supplemented with Fermented Molasses-Poultry Litter

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 808-812
Author(s):  
J. Santos Serrato-Co ◽  
Juan Isidro Sanchez Du ◽  
Manuel Murillo Or ◽  
Edmundo Castellano
Keyword(s):  
Poultry Litter ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Rumen Ammonia Nitrogen

scholarly journals Bio-economic assessment of sheep supplementation in marandu palisadegrass pastures

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 521
Author(s):  
Leandro Miranda ◽  
Luciano Da Silva Cabral ◽  
Daniel Marino Guedes de Carvalho ◽  
Joadil Gonçalves de Abreu ◽  
Rosane Claudia Rodrigues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Economic Assessment ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Nutritional Characteristics ◽  
Mineral Mixture ◽  
Production Response

Goal was to evaluate the effect of mineral and/or energy-protein supplementation on intake, behavior, production response, pH, rumen ammonia and production cost of sheep. Twenty female lambs and five rumen-cannulated lambs were used to test supplementation effects on weight gain and nutritional characteristics, respectively. Treatments evaluated were: mineral mixture, supplement with 20 and 25% of crude protein offered at 0.5 and 1.0% of body weight. Supplementation at 1.0% of body weight reduced forage intake. Average daily gain were: -58.33, -1.07, -9.53, 19.27 and 34.73 g day-1 per animal, for mineral mixture, supplements with 20 and 25% of crude protein supplied at 0.5% of body weight and 20 and 25% crude protein provided at 1.0% of body weight, respectively. Rumen pH for all supplements was maintained above 6.20. Values of rumen ammonia nitrogen were 5.10, 9.48, 11.54, 17.51 and 22.45 mg dL-1 for supplements: mineral mixture, 20 and 25% of crude protein provided at 0.5% of body weight and 20 and 25% of crude protein supplied at 1.0% of body weight, respectively. The best economic return was obtained with the supplement 25% of crude protein provided at 1.0% of body weight.

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