Effects of calcium supply on uptake of calcium and selected mineral nutrients by tropical food legumes in solution culture

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 1003 ◽  
Author(s):  
RW Bell ◽  
DG Edwards ◽  
CJ Asher
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Concentration ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Calcium Deficiency ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Phosphorus Absorption ◽  
Food Legumes ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Low Concentrations

Six tropical food legumes, peanut (Arachis hypogaea (L.) cv. Red Spanish), pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. cv. Royes), guar (Cyarnopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub. cv. Brooks), soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Fitzroy), and cowpea (Vigna unguiculuta (L.) Walp. cv. Vita 4 and CPI 282 15) were grown for 20 days at six constant solution calcium concentrations (2, 12, 50, 100,500 and 2500 8M ) in flowing solution culture at pH 5.5 � 0.1, with adequate inorganic nitrogen and controlled basal nutrient concentrations. Increases in solution calcium concentration from 2 to 12 8M generally increased rates of absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, manganese and zinc, and rates of transport of magnesium and iron to plant tops. These increases in nutrient absorption and transport rates were associated with the alleviation of severe calcium deficiency. Further increases in solution calcium concentration from 12 to 2500 8M generally had no effect on potassium absorption rate, but increased absorption rates of nitrogen (by 20-130%), and phosphorus (by 90-500%), and decreased those of manganese and zinc; it also decreased rates of transport of iron and magnesium to plant tops. With guar, rates of phosphorus absorption at <2500 8M calcium were too low to maintain adequate concentrations of phosphorus in tops for maximum growth. With the remaining legumes, rates of zinc absorption at 12 8M calcium were high enough for plants to accumulate excessive concentrations of zinc (347-479 mg kg-1) in their tops. These results are discussed in relation to the adaptation of tropical food legumes to soils with low concentrations of calcium in the soil solution and the response of legumes to calcium or lime applications.

Response of plants to calcium concentration in solution culture

1968 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 845 ◽  
Author(s):  
JF Loneragan ◽  
K Snowball ◽  
WJ Simmons
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Calcium Deficiency ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Culture Techniques ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
Nutrient Culture ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Severe Deficiency ◽  
Wide Range

Calcium concentrations required in solution for growth of 30 grasses, cereals, legumes, and herbs were defined for a wide range of concentrations which were maintained constant in Bowing culture solutions of pH 5.7. Contrary to published results obtained with standard nutrient culture techniques, some legumes and herbs grew much better at low concentrations of calcium (2.5 and 10µM ) than many Gramineae. The minimal concentration required to produce maximum growth of plants and eliminate calcium deficiency symptoms varied widely (2.5–1000 µM) within each group; it varied over the same range for Gramineae as for legumes and herbs. At 100 µM all plants grew well without symptoms of calcium deficiency. Increasing the concentration to 1000 µM increased growth in only a few species. At concentrations < l µM , severe deficiency symptoms developed on the tops of all species. The growth of legumes and herbs was more quickly and more severely affected than that of Gramineae. The roots of many legumes and herbs also degenerated rapidly. In the same solutions the roots of all Gramineae appeared healthy for some time. However, the advantage of Gramineae in these solutions was transitory, since the high relative growth rate in their early growth stages fell rapidly. It is suggested that distinct processes dominate the plants' behaviour at each range of calcium concentrations. At extremely low concentrations (< l µM ) , to which legumes and herbs are more sensitive than Gramineae, the dominant process may involve ion exchange equilibria between calcium in the environment and in the cell walls or membranes. At higher concentrations (2.5–1000 µM), to which Gramineae are as sensitive as legumes and herbs, processes of absorption of calcium from solution and translocation to plant tops are probably dominant.

External calcium requirements for growth and nodulation of six tropical food legumes grown in flowing culture solution

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 85 ◽  
Author(s):  
RW Bell ◽  
DG Edwards ◽  
CJ Asher
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Phosphorus Deficiency ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Nodule Formation ◽  
Culture Solution ◽  
Food Legumes ◽  
Maximum Root ◽  
External Calcium

Six tropical food legumes, peanut cv. Red Spanish, pigeonpea cv. Royes, guar cv. Brooks, soybean cv. Fitzroy, and cowpea cv. Vita 4 and CPI 282 15, were grown for 20 days at six constant solution calcium concentrations (2, 12, 50, 100, 500 and 2500 8M ) in flowing solution culture with adequate inorganic nitrogen (500 8M NO3 and with controlled nutrient concentrations. Bradyrhizobium CB756 was added at a rate of approximately 105 cells/ml of nutrient solution. Growth of all genotypes except guar was satisfactory at >12 8M calcium, with 75-100% of maximum root and shoot yield being obtained. Solution calcium concentrations required for maximum top growth were 12 8M for cowpea CPI 28215, 50 8M for peanut, 100 8M for soybean, and 2500 8M for cowpea cv. Vita 4, guar and pigeonpea. Root growth responded to solution calcium concentrations in the same way as top growth, except for cowpea cv. Vita 4 and pigeonpea, which both produced maximum root dry matter at 12 8M calcium. External calcium requirements for unrestricted growth may have been overestimated in guar because phosphorus deficiency appeared to limit growth at <500 8M calcium. Effects of suboptimal calcium concentrations included prevention of nodulation, delays in nodule appearance and a reduction in both nodule numbers and the proportion of plants which nodulated. Guar and pigeonpea formed nodules only at a 50 8M calcium, whereas cowpea and peanut formed nodules at 2 8M calcium. Maximum nodule numbers were recorded at lower (peanut), higher (cowpea cv. Vita 4, CPI 28215 and pigeonpea) or the same (guar) solution calcium concentration as that required for maximum root growth. Nodule formation in peanut was satisfactory at solution calcium concentrations as low as 12 8M. The results are discussed in relation to reports on the adaptation of these legumes to highly weathered soils low in calcium.

Tolerance of Trifolium subterraneum cultivars to low pH

1985 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 569 ◽  
Author(s):  
MK Kim ◽  
DG Edwards ◽  
CJ Asher
Keyword(s):  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Phosphorus Absorption ◽  
Constant Ph ◽  
Effects Of Ph

Eleven cultivars of Trifolium subterraneum and Trifolium semipilosum cv. Safari were grown with adequate combined nitrogen for 27 days in flowing solution culture with controlled nutrient concentrations at constant pH values ranging from 3.5 to 6.5. A solution pH of 3.5 was lethal to all cultivars, but growth was in all cases vigorous at pH 4.0 (RGR 15.2-16.9 g 100 g-1 day-1). There were no significant effects of pH over the range of 4.0-6.5 on the yield of any clover cultivar. The results are discussed in relation to an earlier study suggesting greater tolerance of subterranean clover to pH values below 4.0. Phosphorus toxicity symptoms developed in all subterranean clover cultivars with the intensity of symptom development increasing with solution pH from 4.5 to 6.5. The concentration of phosphorus in the older leaves decreased as the solution pH was increased from 4.0 to 4.5, and then increased with further increase in pH, reaching values = 1.0%. Rates of phosphorus absorption followed a similar pattern of response to solution pH. Results are discussed with reference to previously reported effects of pH on phosphorus uptake.

Localization of calcium and zinc in the sperm storage tubules of chicken, quail and turkey using X-ray microanalysis

Reproduction ◽  
2000 ◽  
pp. 331-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Holm ◽  
H Ekwall ◽  
GJ Wishart ◽  
Y Ridderstrale
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Concentration ◽  
Sperm Storage ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Elemental Concentrations ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Intracellular Content ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Sperm Storage Tubules ◽  
Scanning Electron

Sperm storage tubules from the utero-vaginal junction of chickens, quails and turkeys were analysed for calcium and zinc using X-ray microanalysis of ultra-rapidly frozen tissue in a scanning electron microscope. This technique enabled the tubular fluid surrounding the stored spermatozoa and the intracellular content of the cells of the sperm storage tubules to be analysed separately and, by using standards with known concentrations, their elemental concentrations were estimated. The mean (+/- SEM) concentration of calcium in the tubular fluid from chickens, quails and turkeys was 17 +/- 3, 19 +/- 3 and 17 +/- 4 mmol kg(-1) wet weight, respectively. The intracellular calcium concentration of the cells of the tubules did not differ significantly from these values and was also similar in the mucosal epithelial cells of the utero-vaginal junction. Zinc was localized in the cells of turkey sperm storage tubules and tubular fluid, but at low concentrations. No zinc could be detected in corresponding structures from chickens and quails. The concentration of calcium in the tubular fluid is within the range known to inhibit the motility of spermatozoa, supporting this function for calcium during storage. Zinc is known to depress turkey sperm metabolism and it may also be involved in inducing quiescence of spermatozoa during storage in this species.

scholarly journals Nickel Effect on Pomegranate Cracking, Nutrient Concentrations, and Biochemical Parameters of Pomegranate Peel

HortScience ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (11) ◽  
pp. 1677-1682
Author(s):  
Olga Dichala ◽  
Ioannis Therios ◽  
Magdalene Koukourikou-Petridou ◽  
Aristotelis Papadopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Boric Acid ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Calcium Concentration ◽  
Punica Granatum ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Crop Loss ◽  
Fruit Maturation ◽  
Fruit Peel ◽  
Pomegranate Peel

A field experiment was conducted in a pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) orchard of the well-known cultivars Wonderful and Acco, located in the farm of Aristotle University. The trees were sprayed, every 15 days from flowering (April) to fruit maturation (September), with solutions containing 0, 25, 50, 100 μm Ni, and 100 μm Ni + 100 μm B prepared with Ni(NO3)2·6H2O and boric acid. Leaves and fully ripe fruits were initially sorted into cracked and uncracked ones, then further separated into peel and seeds, sampled, and analyzed. Nickel sprays were effective in controlling fruit splitting as well as Ca and Mg concentration of fruit peels. The correlation between cracking level and Ni concentration in solution was linear and negative. Cracking percentage with 50 μm Ni was lower in ‘Wonderful’, whereas no difference was recorded between the cultivars in the remaining treatments. Leaves had the smallest Ni concentration compared with fruit peel and seeds. Calcium concentration of pomegranate peels was higher than that of control peel at 50 μm Ni in ‘Wonderful’. Concerning ‘Acco’, the treatments 25 μm Ni, 50 μm Ni, and 100 μm Ni + 100 μm B reduced Ca concentration, compared with control. ‘Wonderful’ fruit peel contained more phenolics than ‘Acco’. The treatments 25, 50, and 100 μm Ni increased significantly the flavonoid concentration of fruit peels. The antioxidant capacity ferric-reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) was linearly increased with Ni concentration in solution in ‘Wonderful’, whereas in ‘Acco’ it decreased at 25 and 50 μm Ni. Our data indicates that improving Ni nutrition of pomegranate can potentially reduce crop loss due to cracking and modified phenol and flavonoid concentration and FRAP value of fruit peel.

scholarly journals Nutrient Atmospheric Deposition on Utah Lake: A Comparison of Sampling and Analytical Methods

Hydrology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
Seth Michael Barrus ◽  
Gustavious Paul Williams ◽  
A. Woodruff Miller ◽  
M. Brett Borup ◽  
LaVere B. Merritt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Deposition ◽  
Nutrient Loading ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Dissolve Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Nutrient Loads ◽  
Total Load ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Utah Lake ◽  
Collection Methods

We describe modified sampling and analysis methods to quantify nutrient atmospheric deposition (AD) and estimate Utah Lake nutrient loading. We address criticisms of previous published collection methods, specifically collection table height, screened buckets, and assumptions of AD spatial patterns. We generally follow National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) recommendations but deviate to measure lake AD, which includes deposition from both local and long-range sources. The NADP guidelines are designed to eliminate local contributions to the extent possible, while lake AD loads should include local contributions. We collected side-by-side data with tables at 1 m (previous results) and 2 m (NADP guidelines) above the ground at two separate locations. We found no statistically significant difference between data collected at the different heights. Previous published work assumed AD rates would decrease rapidly from the shore. We collected data from the lake interior and show that AD rates do not significantly decline away from the shore. This demonstrates that AD loads should be estimated by using the available data and geostatistical methods even if all data are from shoreline stations. We evaluated screening collection buckets. Standard unscreened AD samples had up to 3-fold higher nutrient concentrations than screened AD collections. It is not clear which samples best represent lake AD rates, but we recommend the use of screens and placed screens on all sample buckets for the majority of the 2020 data to exclude insects and other larger objects such as leaves. We updated AD load estimates for Utah Lake. Previous published estimates computed total AD loads of 350 and 153 tons of total phosphorous (TP) and 460 and 505 tons of dissolve inorganic nitrogen (DIN) for 2017 and 2018, respectively. Using updated collection methods, we estimated 262 and 133 tons of TP and 1052 and 482 tons of DIN for 2019 and 2020, respectively. The 2020 results used screened samplers with lower AD rates, which resulted in significantly lower totals than 2019. We present these modified methods and use data and analysis to support the updated methods and assumptions to help guide other studies of nutrient AD on lakes and reservoirs. We show that AD nutrient loads can be a significant amount of the total load and should be included in load studies.

Transepithelial movement of calcium in crustaceans

1993 ◽  
Vol 184 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. Neufeld ◽  
J. N. Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Active Transport ◽  
Calcium Concentration ◽  
Cellular Mechanism ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Calcium Flux ◽  
Moult Cycle ◽  
Electrochemical Gradient ◽  
Low Concentration ◽  
Low Concentrations

The regulation of calcium in most crustaceans is especially challenging owing to the highly mineralized cuticle that must be recalcified after each moult, a process that often occurs in environments with low concentrations of calcium. The gill and carapace epithelia separate the major calcium-containing compartments of the body and therefore see large changes in the rate of calcium flux through the moult cycle. Large changes in the ultrastructure of these cells do not, however, correlate well with the periods of calcium movement and probably reflect other physiological events. Despite the challenges to regulating calcium levels at various acclimation salinities and moult stages, the calcium concentration in the blood is maintained relatively constant. There is a rapid increase to a high rate of calcium flux across both the gill and carapace epithelium shortly after the moult; on an area-specific basis these fluxes are among the highest reported for calcium-transporting epithelia. When in water with a very low concentration of calcium, the electrochemical gradient for calcium is directed outwards and net influx must occur by active transport. Evidence suggests that changes in the electrochemical gradient, permeability and active transport are all important in the ability of crustaceans to take up calcium from water with a low concentration of this ion. Although an enzyme transporter is presumably involved in the active transport of calcium across epithelia, very little is known about the cellular mechanism of the transepithelial movement of calcium in crustaceans.

Genotypic Variability in Calcium Concentration of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Seeds

Crop Science ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-218
Author(s):  
Steven T. Thornton ◽  
Maria Gallo ◽  
Barry L. Tillman
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Calcium Concentration ◽  
Genotypic Variability ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L

Nutrient pollution at the lower reaches of Mediterranean coastal rivers in Israel

2000 ◽  
Vol 42 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 147-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Herut ◽  
N. Kress ◽  
H. Hornung
Keyword(s):  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Agricultural Runoff ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Contamination Level ◽  
Nutrient Load ◽  
Nutrient Loads ◽  
Discharge Data ◽  
Coastal Rivers

This study represents the first attempt to evaluate the nutrient load introduced into the coastal waters by the rivers along the Mediterranean coast of Israel. Measurements of nutrient concentrations (phosphate, ammonium, nitrate, nitrite, silicic acid) at two or three stations along the lower river reaches (11 rivers) were carried out annually from 1990 up to 1998. Combining the nutrient concentrations with the monthly riverine discharges we assessed the nutrient load. In general, most of the coastal rivers contain high nutrient contamination level, compared to the criteria adopted by NOAA (USA) for coastal river estuaries. The high degree of contamination is attributed to extreme low natural flow combined with the discharge of domestic and industrial wastes, and with agriculture runoff. In terms of nutrient concentrations, the Kishon River is the most polluted, followed by the Soreq, Poleg and Alexander Rivers. The preliminary estimate is that the coastal rivers transport between ~2000 to 6000 tons of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and between ~250–800 tons of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) to the sea. An additional 3500 and 3000 tons of DIN and DIP, respectively, are supplied through the Kishon River. The load of the Poleg River is unknown (no discharge data) but expected to be significant based on nutrient concentration measured. The total load of the coastal rivers constitutes a major component among the other land-base point sources such as the Gush Dan outfall. Our estimate probably represents minimal values, as it does not include diffused input of agricultural runoff nor the riverine particulate and dissolved organic nutrient loads (which are unknown).

scholarly journals Flood water quality and marine sediment and nutrient loads from the Tully and Murray catchments in north Queensland, Australia

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (11) ◽  
pp. 1123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim Wallace ◽  
Lachlan Stewart ◽  
Aaron Hawdon ◽  
Rex Keen ◽  
Fazlul Karim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Large Contribution ◽  
Nutrient Loads ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Nitrogen Loads ◽  
Flood Flows

Current estimates of sediment and nutrient loads from the Tully–Murray floodplain to the Great Barrier Reef lagoon are updated by taking explicit account of flood events. New estimates of flood discharge that include over-bank flows are combined with direct measurements of sediment and nutrient concentrations in flood waters to calculate the loads of sediment and nutrient delivered to the ocean during 13 floods that occurred between 2006 and 2008. Although absolute concentrations of sediment and nutrient were quite low, the large volume of water discharged during floods means that they make a large contribution (30–50%) to the marine load. By not accounting for flood flows correctly, previous estimates of the annual average discharge are 15% too low and annual loads of nitrogen and phosphorus are 47% and 32% too low respectively. However, because sediments may be source-limited, accounting for flood flows simply dilutes their concentration and the resulting annual average load is similar to that previously estimated. Flood waters also carry more dissolved organic nitrogen than dissolved inorganic nitrogen and this is the opposite of their concentrations in river water. Consequently, dissolved organic nitrogen loads to the ocean may be around twice those previously estimated from riverine data.

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