Effect of the mycotoxins, nivalenol and zearalenone, in maize naturally infected with Fusarium graminearum on the performance of growing and pregnant pigs

1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 1265 ◽  
Author(s):  
KC Williams ◽  
BJ Blaney
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
White Cell ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Voluntary Feed Intake ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Daily Gain

Maize naturally infected with Fusarium graminearum and containing 11.5 mg nivalenol (NIV) kg-1 and 3 mg zearalenone (ZEA) kg-1 was fed to grower and pregnant pigs in five experiments. Inclusions of infected maize at 500 and 750 g kg-1 in diets for grower pigs caused a deterioration of all performance traits in a 14 day experiment: voluntary feed intake (VFI) from 2-17 kg day-1 (control) to 1.45 and 1.09 kg day-1; average daily gain (ADG) from 0.79 kg day-' (control) to 0.50 and 0.45 kg dayV1; and feed conversion ratio (FCR) from 2.45 (control) to 3.49 and 3.23 respectively. In a paired-feeding experiment of 8 weeks duration, the VFI, ADG and FCR of grower pigs progressively worsened with increasing infected maize content. However, when pigs were fed a nutritionally similar control diet at intakes matched to those achieved by pigs given the mycotoxin-containing diets, their ADG and FCR were not significantly different (P > 0.05). The nutrient similarity of these diets was confirmed in an independent metabolism study measuring apparent digestibility and nitrogen retention. Feeding pigs with infected maize caused a marked and dose dependent depression (P < 0.05) in white cell and neutrophil counts. In two studies with sows, a comparison was made between a control diet and one containing 600 g kg-1 infected maize when each diet was formulated to the same nutrient content and sows fed at 2 kg day-1. In one study, diets were offered from when pregnancy was confirmed at 30 days post-mating until slaughter approximately 35 days later. In the second study, the diets were offered either from day of mating or from 30 day post-mating with all sows being slaughtered approximately 35 days later. In both studies, the infected maize diet had no adverse effect on the conception rate nor on the number and weight of foeti at slaughter compared to controls. In the second study, total white cell and lymphocyte counts were lower (P < 0.05) in sows fed the infected maize diet.

scholarly journals Effect of whole oilseeds feeding on performance and nutritive values of diets of young growing saanen goats

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Adriana Grande ◽  
Claudete Regina Alcalde ◽  
Luciano Soares de Lima ◽  
Maximiliane Alavarse Zambom ◽  
Francisco de Assis Fonseca de Macedo
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Mineral Supplement ◽  
Saanen Goat ◽  
Total Carbohydrates ◽  
Daily Gain

Twenty-eight Saanen goat kids (16 non-castrated males and 12 females; 14.38±1.60 kg) were used to evaluate the performance and nutritional value of diets. Animals were randomly allotted into a 4x2 (diets x gender) factorial arrangement. Treatments consisted of four different total mixed diets composed of oat hay, soybean meal, mineral supplement, and/or oilseeds replacing ground corn (on dry matter basis), as follows: 1) control (without oilseeds), 2) diet containing 7.9% flaxseed, 3) diet with 7.3% sunflower, and 4) diet containing 8.0% canola. Dry matter intake was higher for animals receiving control diet. Gender did not influence dry matter and nutrient intake. Oilseeds did not affect the average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion (FC). Flaxseed diet showed more days in feedlot. Males showed better means of ADG, FC and days in feedlot. Diets containing oilseeds had higher values for ether extract digestibility and lower total carbohydrates than the control diet. The energetic value of diets did not alter. The inclusion of flaxseed, sunflower or canola in diets of Saanen goat kids in place (8% on a DM basis) corn, does not improve the performance, however these oilseeds may be used without changing the nutritional value of diets.

scholarly journals Productive and metabolic increments of the inclusion of Broussonetia papyrifera to replace maize silage in growing goats

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (No. 8) ◽  
pp. 303-310
Author(s):  
Jinling Hua ◽  
Tianfeng Xu ◽  
Quanwen Shen ◽  
Yan Liu ◽  
Guijuan Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Broussonetia Papyrifera ◽  
Final Body Weight ◽  
Daily Gain

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of Broussonetia papyrifera (BP) on growth performance, rumen fermentation, digestion and meat quality in Huanghuai white goats. Diets were developed with increasing doses of BP to replace maize silage [0% (control), 15% (BP15), 30% (BP30) and 45% (BP45)]. The design was completely randomized with 4 groups of 10 animals each, totalizing 40 animals (aged 150 ± 10 days and body weight of 25.32 ± 0.52 kg). Final body weight, average daily gain and average daily feed intake increased (linear and quadratic, P &lt; 0.05) as BP increased in the diet. The highest body weight and average daily gain were seen in the BP30 group. Feed conversion ratio also improved significantly (linear and quadratic, P &lt; 0.05) with the increasing level of BP. Although the concentration of microbial protein (MCP) in a linear (P = 0.0028) and quadratic (P = 0.0035) fashion with increasing level of BP, however, NH<sub>3</sub>-N in a quadratic (P = 0.0841) fashion with increasing level of BP. Crude protein was increased with increasing BP in the diets (linear and quadratic, P &lt; 0.05). Nitrogen intake, urinary excretion nitrogen and nitrogen retention were significantly improved (linear and quadratic, P &lt; 0.05) with dietary BP addition in goats. Dietary BP supplementation increased pH (linear and quadratic, P &lt; 0.05) and tended to reduce L* (lightness) (linear and quadratic, P &lt; 0.05). Additionally, the redness value of meat was significantly improved by BP addition (linear and quadratic, P &lt; 0.05). The inclusion of BP in the goat diet promotes growth and increases the digestibility of crude protein in addition to improving the meat colour and rumen fermentation.

scholarly journals Effects of microbial phytase supplementation of a barley-soybean meal diet on the performance and bone mineralization of growing-finishing pigs

1994 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 439-448
Author(s):  
Eija Helander
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineralization ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Inorganic P ◽  
Microbial Phytase ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Better Than

The study evaluated the effect of a phytase supplement, produced by Aspergillus niger, on the performance of 72 growing-finishing pigs (28-101 kg). Chemical and physical parameters of the tibia and fibula bones were measured. The control diet (diet 1) was formulated to be adequate for pigs with respect to all nutrients, and diets 2 and 3 with respect to all other nutrients except total phosphorus (P). The P source of the control diet was dicalciumphosphate (dihydrate), while no inorganic P was added to diets 2 and 3. Diet 3 was supplemented with phytase, 720 U/kg feed. The average daily gain (ADG) and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) of the control pigs were significantly better than those of the groups without inorganic P. Phytase improved the ADG (p

scholarly journals Supplementation effect of temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza) meal in ration on male local rabbit performance

2008 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 58-63
Author(s):  
M. RIFAT ◽  
Y.B.P. SUBAGYO ◽  
WARA PRATITIS
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Variance Analysis ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feed Cost ◽  
Curcuma Xanthorrhiza ◽  
Daily Gain

Rifat M, Subagyo YBP, Pratitis W. 2008. Supplementation effect of temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza) meal in ration on male local rabbit performance. Biofarmasi 6: 58-63. Rabbit was the alternative livestock which could be used to fulfill the increasing demand of animal protein. The meat of rabbit has smooth structure, shape and color as chicken meat, with protein which higher than cattle, sheep and pork, and also low cholesterol. To increase rabbit productivity, it could be reached by giving temulawak meal as additive feed which could stimulate stomach depletion and a passion to eat. This research aimed to determine the supplementation effect of temulawak meal (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb) in ration on male local rabbit performance. It was held in Gulon village, Jebres district of Surakarta regency since November 28th, 2007 until January 8th, 2008. This research used 24 male local rabbits with average body weight 727.79±97.3 grams divided into four treatments and six replications, each replication consisted of a rabbit. The diets included rendeng (peanut tree) and concentrate with a ration of 70:30. The treatments were P0 (70% rendeng and 30% concentrate) as control diet, P1 (control diet + 2% temulawak meal), P2 (control diet + 4% temulawak meal), and P3 (control diet + 6% temulawak meal). Variable measured were feed intake, average daily gain, feed conversion ratio, and feed cost per gain. Data from the research result was analyzed with a variance analysis based on a completely randomized design with one-way classification. The results showed that the average of four treatments (P0, P1, P2 and P3) in series for feed intake were 51.89; 53.85; 50.02 and 55.57 (gram/head/day), average daily gain were 6.41; 6.21; 4.86 and 6.03 (gram/head/day), feed conversion ratio were 9.22; 8.83; 11.21 and 9.44, and feed cost per gain were Rp31.63; Rp32.18; Rp41.90 and Rp36.19. Variance analysis result was not significant (P≥0.05). Based on the results, it could be concluded that temulawak meal supplementation in ration did not effect on male local rabbit performance.

scholarly journals Digestion, growth performance and caecal fermentation in growing rabbits fed diets containing foliage of browse trees

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 283 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.H. Abu Hafsa ◽  
A.Z.M. Salem ◽  
A.A. Hassan ◽  
A.E. Kholif ◽  
M.M.Y. Elghandour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Feed Digestibility ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Concentrate Mixture ◽  
Caecal Fermentation ◽  
Daily Gain

<p>This study aimed to evaluate the effect of feeding dried foliage (leaves and petioles) of <em>Acacia saligna</em>, <em>Leucaena leucocephala</em> or <em>Moringa oleifera</em> on the performance, digestibility, N utilisation, caecal fermentation and microbial profiles in New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits. One hundred weaned male NZW rabbits weighing 819.2±16.6 g and aged 35±1 d were randomly allocated into 4 groups of 25 rabbits each. Rabbits were fed on pelleted diets containing 70% concentrate mixture and 30% Egyptian berseem (<em>Trifolium alexandrinum</em>) hay (Control diet) or one of the other 3 experimental diets, where 50% of berseem hay was replaced with <em>A. saligna</em> (AS), <em>L. leucocephala</em> (LL) or <em>M. oleifera</em> (MO). Compared to Control diet, decreases in dry matter (DM; <em>P</em>=0.004), organic matter (<em>P</em>=0.028), crude protein (CP; <em>P</em>=0.001), neutral detergent fibre (<em>P</em>=0.033) and acid detergent fibre (<em>P</em>=0.011) digestibility were observed with the AS diet. However, DM and CP digestibility were increased by 3% with the MO diet, and N utilisation was decreased (<em>P</em>&lt;0.05) with AS. Rabbits fed AS and LL diets showed decreased (<em>P</em>=0.001) average daily gain by 39 and 7%, respectively vs. Control. Feed conversion was similar in Control and MO rabbits, whereas rabbits fed AS diet ate up to 45% more feed (<em>P</em>=0.002) than Control rabbits to gain one kg of body weight. Caecal ammonia-N was increased (<em>P</em>=0.002) with LL, while acetic acid was decreased (<em>P</em>=0.001) with AS diet vs. other treatments. Caecal <em>E. coli</em> and <em>Lactobacillus</em> spp. bacteria counts were decreased with MO by about 44 and 51%, respectively, vs. Control. In conclusion, under the study conditions, tree foliage from <em>M. oleifera</em> and <em>L. leucocephala</em> are suitable fibrous ingredients to be included up to 150 g/kg in the diets of growing rabbits, and can safely replace 50% of berseem hay in diets of NZW rabbits without any adverse effect on their growth performance. Foliage from <em>M. oleifera </em>had a better potential as a feed for rabbits than that from <em>L. leucocephala</em>. Although foliage from <em>A. saliga </em>may be also used at 150 g/kg in the diets of growing rabbits, this level of inclusion may result in reduced feed digestibility and growth performance.</p>

THE INFLUENCE OF STAGE OF MATURITY OF AN ENSILED LEGUME–GRASS MTXTURE ON GROWTH AND PERFORMANCE OF WINTERED HEREFORD STEER CALVES

1964 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-265
Author(s):  
D. E. Waldern ◽  
W. T. Burns
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Crude Fiber ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Beef Steer ◽  
Daily Gain

Yield of total digestible nutrients (T.D.N.) per acre from an alfalfa – red clover – timothy mixture stored as silage was higher when harvested early (bud) than at medium (2% bloom) or late (full bloom) maturity. Protein declined and crude fiber increased with advancing maturity. When fed to beef steer calves, digestive coefficients as a per cent in early, medium, and late-cutting silage, for protein, 50.2, 56.0, 35.7; crude fiber, 64.9, 68.2, 54.9; energy, 57.3, 65.2, 48.3; total digestible nutrient content, 58.1, 62.0, 48.5; average daily nitrogen retention in grams, 22.1, 29.7, 0.86. Differences between treatments for the above measurements were significant (P < 0.05) only for early vs. late or medium vs. late silage, but not for early vs. medium silage. Concentration of total rumen volatile fatty acids was significantly higher for early over medium and late silage.Results from the winter feeding trial for steers fed early, medium, or late silage were: average daily gain in pounds, 0.81, 0.46, 0.28; pounds of T.D.N. per pound of gain, 6.5, 13.1, 16.4. Steer calves wintered on early legume–grass silage gained more (P < 0.05) and required less T.D.N. per pound of gain than those wintered on medium or late silage, while calves fed medium silage out-gained and required less feed per pound of gain than those fed late silage (P < 0.05).Differences in daily gain between groups were reflected in carcasses of three animals slaughtered from each group. Animals were slaughtered after being fed a standard silage for 100 days following the experimental period. Eye of lean, fat cover, dressing percentage, and carcass grades were superior for steers fed early silage.

EVALUATION OF LOW GLUCOSINOLATE — LOW ERUCIC ACID RAPESEED MEALS AS PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTS FOR YOUNG GROWING PIGS, INCLUDING EFFECTS ON BLOOD SERUM CONSTITUENTS

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. BOWLAND
Keyword(s):  
Erucic Acid ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Residual Hexane ◽  
Low Erucic Acid ◽  
Daily Gain

Forty-nine 4- to 5-wk-old pigs, averaging 7 kg in weight, were allotted to seven treatment groups. Rapeseed meals (RSM) from two cultivars of double-low (low glucosinolate-low erucic acid) Brassica napus rapeseed processed at one plant, one of the same cultivars processed at a second plant, and a low erucic acid B. campestris cv. Span were compared as partial or complete replacements (up to 22% of the diet) for soybean meal (SBM) in diets of starting–growing pigs. Overall results for feed intake, daily gain and efficiency of feed conversion indicated that RSM from a double-low cultivar (now licensed as Tower) may completely replace SBM in diets for starting–growing pigs with no depression in performance. Results from un unlicensed cultivar (1788) were inconsistent, with differences possibly associated with residual hexane in one sample of meal. Digestible energy and nitrogen, metabolizable energy and nitrogen retention did not differ between treatments. A profile of 14 blood serum constituents was obtained from individual pigs 3 and 9 wk after the start of the experiment. Thyroxine (T4) values were lower (P < 0.05) for all treatments when RSM was completely substituted for SBM. Protein-bound iodine values did not differ significantly between treatments but followed the same trends as T4. Results suggest that all RSM samples were goitrogenic to some degree. Blood serum constituents that correlated with average daily gain at [Formula: see text] were calcium, total protein, albumin, albumin:globulin ratio and lactate dehydrogenase. The results suggest that RSM from low glucosinolate–low erucic acid rapeseed, when it becomes commercially available, may be fed at higher levels than currently recommended.

scholarly journals Live Yeast or Live Yeast Combined with Zinc Oxide Enhanced Growth Performance, Antioxidative Capacity, Immunoglobulins and Gut Health in Nursery Pigs

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1626
Author(s):  
Shenfei Long ◽  
Tengfei He ◽  
Sung Woo Kim ◽  
Qinghui Shang ◽  
Tadele Kiros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Serum Iga ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Live Yeast

This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary LY or LY combined with ZnO supplementation on performance and gut health in nursery pigs. 192 Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire piglets (weaned on d 32 of the age with 9.2 ± 1.7 kg BW) were allocated into four treatments with eight replicate pens, six piglets per pen. The treatments included a basal diet as control (CTR), an antibiotic plus ZnO diet (CTC-ZnO, basal diet + 75 mg/kg of chlortetracycline + ZnO (2000 mg/kg from d 1 to 14, 160 mg/kg from d 15 to 28)), a LY diet (LY, basal diet + 2 g/kg LY), and a LY plus ZnO diet (LY-ZnO, basal diet + 1 g/kg LY + ZnO). The results showed that pigs fed LY or LY-ZnO had increased (p < 0.05) average daily gain, serum IgA, IgG, superoxide dismutase, fecal butyric acid, and total volatile fatty acid concentrations, as well as decreased (p < 0.05) feed conversion ratio and diarrhea rate compared with CTR. In conclusion, pigs fed diets with LY or LY combined with ZnO had similar improvement to the use of antibiotics and ZnO in performance, antioxidant status, immunoglobulins, and gut health in nursery pigs.

Effects in bacon pigs of differing levels of nutrition to 20 kg. body weight

1964 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henning E. Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Eye Muscle ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Second Period ◽  
Daily Gain

Sixteen blocks of eight littermate pigs were weaned at 3 weeks of age and each divided into four groups. Various levels of nutrition were applied to the pigs so that the four groups reached 20 kg. at 59, 68, 80 and 91 days of age, respectively.Only small differences were observed between groups in feed conversion ratio to 20 kg.; however, Group 4 required more feed per kg. gain than the three other groups.During the second period (20–90 kg.) the pigs in each group were divided into two sub-groups, which were on a high and a low plane of nutrition respectively. In both sub-groups the type of feeding before 20 kg. influenced the average daily gain and feed conversion ratio. The older the pigs were at 20 kg. the higher the daily gain and the lower the feed conversion ratio in the following period. There was an increase in daily feed intake with increased age at 20 kg. for pigs fed ad lib. during the second period.An increase in age at 20 kg. caused a significant decrease in thickness of backfat, a greater area of eye muscle and a smaller area of fat overlying muscle. For pigs fed ad lib. the area of eye muscle was significantly increased by a higher age at 20 kg. live-weight.

172 Effects of Dietary Valine, Isoleucine, and Tryptophan Supplementations to Diets Containing Excess Leucine from Corn Protein on Growth Performance of Growing Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 61-62
Author(s):  
Woongbi Bi Kwon ◽  
Jose A Soto ◽  
Hans H Stein
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Final Body Weight ◽  
Corn Protein ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that addition of Val, Ile, or Trp alone or in combination will reduce the negative effects of excess Leu in diets for growing pigs. A total of 288 growing pigs (28.6 ± 2.5 kg) were randomly assigned to 1 of 9 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design. There were 2 barrows and 2 gilts in each pen and 8 replicate pens per treatment. A control diet based on corn and soybean meal and 8 diets based on corn and a high-protein corn product (48% crude protein) with 2 levels of crystalline L-Val (0 or 0.10%), L-Ile (0 or 0.10%), and L-Trp (0 or 0.05%) were formulated. The crystalline L-Val, L-Ile, and L-Trp increased standardized ileal digestible (SID) Val:Lys from 70 to 80%, SID Ile:Lys from 53 to 63%, and SID Trp:Lys from 18 to 23%, respectively. All diets were formulated to contain 1.00% SID Lys and the 8 diets containing corn protein contained 171% SID Leu:Lys. Individual pig weights were recorded at the beginning and at the conclusion of the 28-d experiment. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED of SAS with a pen as the experimental unit. Diet was the fixed effect and block and replicate within block were random effects. Results indicated that final body weight and average daily gain were not different between pigs fed the control diet and pigs fed the diet with Val and Trp addition, but greater (P &lt; 0.001) than for pigs fed the diet with Val addition, Ile addition, Trp addition, Val and Ile addition, Ile and Trp addition, or Val, Ile, and Trp addition (Table 1). In conclusion, addition of Val and Trp to diets with excess Leu may prevent negative effects of excess Leu in diets for growing pigs.

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