scholarly journals Forage and grain yield of common buckwheat in Mediterranean conditions: response to sowing time and irrigation

2016 ◽  
Vol 67 (9) ◽  
pp. 1000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Mariotti ◽  
Alessandro Masoni ◽  
Iduna Arduini
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Ripening Stages

With the view to extending the cultivation of common buckwheat to Mediterranean environments, we investigated the responses of two varieties to three sowing times, early spring, late spring and late summer, in rainfed and irrigated conditions. Plants were harvested at two ripening stages for forage production and at maturity for grain yield. The crop cycle lasted 82–88 days independent of sowing time, whereas the thermal time was ~1000 degree-days in early spring and late summer sowings, and 1200 degree-days when sown in late spring. Forage yield increased up to 75% between ripening stages. Early spring was the best sowing time for forage (4 t ha–1 dry weight) and grain yield (2 t ha–1 dry weight) in rainfed conditions. Late spring sowings give the highest forage yield when irrigated (6 t ha–1 dry weight), but were not suitable for producing grain, for the adverse effect of high summer temperatures on seed set and seed filling. Late summer sowings produced acceptable grain yield (1.5 t ha–1 dry weight), whereas short days and low temperatures limited forage production. Thus, in Mediterranean environments, buckwheat could be profitably introduced as a minor summer crop, sown in early spring for grain production and in late spring for forage production.

Rutin content in the forage and grain of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) as affected by sowing time and irrigation in a Mediterranean environment

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 171
Author(s):  
Marco Mariotti ◽  
Marco Macchia ◽  
Domenico Cerri ◽  
Domenico Gatta ◽  
Iduna Arduini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Fagopyrum Esculentum ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Common Buckwheat ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Mediterranean Regions ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Spring Sowing

Cultivation of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) under Mediterranean photothermal conditions could affect synthesis of the flavonoid rutin and its partitioning within the plant, thus affecting the nutraceutical value of plant products. We examined rutin concentration and yield in the forage and the grain of common buckwheat grown under Mediterranean field conditions, in response to sowing time, irrigation, growth stage at harvest, and variety. The highest rutin concentration and yield in the forage were obtained with late spring sowing, thanks to greater accumulation of solar radiation and higher efficiency of rutin synthesis per photothermal unit. Water supply promoted a more efficient use of light resources for both biomass accumulation and rutin synthesis. Rainfed conditions reduced biomass accumulation to a greater extent than rutin synthesis. Rutin concentration was highest in leaves, followed by inflorescences, stems and achenes, and in all plant parts it decreased with plant age. In the grain, rutin concentration was highest with late spring sowing, and rutin yield was highest with early spring sowing. Correlation analyses suggest that rutin synthesis proceeds from the leaves to the other plant parts. Our research demonstrates that buckwheat can be cultivated in Mediterranean regions as a source of rutin for medicine and for food and feed supplementation.

Comparing fall and spring seeding of Kochia scoparia on saline soil

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 1055-1065 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Steppuhn ◽  
D. G. Green ◽  
G. Winkleman ◽  
J. A. Kernan ◽  
E. Coxworth
Keyword(s):  
Saline Soil ◽  
Plant Competition ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Kochia Scoparia ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Growing Conditions

Kochia scoparia naturally invades distributed soils in the Brown soil zone of the Canadian Prairies and offers potential as a forage crop in saline environments. A 3-yr study conducted on severely saline soil near Swift Current, Saskatchewan, compared kochia production resulting from fall (natural- and implement-seeded) and spring (early- and late-seeded) treatments. Late spring-seeded crops produced, on average, 5.4 t of dry, shoot biomass per ha per yr. Early spring and fall-seeded kochia (naturally or implement-placed) yielded between 5.4 and 10.9 t ha−1. Of the nine comparisons between forage yields from fall and spring seedings, six favored fall over spring, two were equal, and one produced more forage from early spring seedings than from the naturally-seeded fall treatment. The late spring treatment consistently produced the least forage. Fall seedings exhibited a greater potential for forage production because fall-seeded plants usually established early in the growing season and in sufficient number to fully exploit soil and water resources when conditions became favorable and effective rooting depths were not restricted by concentrated salt layers. When drier growing conditions prevailed, the lower plant densities associated with early spring seedings tended to minimize plant competition and foster greater forage production. Key words: Kochia forage, seeding dates, salinity, Kochia establishment, Kochia agronomy

Agronomic characterization of sunflower cultivars for animal feeding in tropical conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. e37050
Author(s):  
Saulo Almeida Sousa ◽  
Vagner Maximino Leite ◽  
Vanessa de Oliveira Almeida ◽  
Douglas dos Santos Pina ◽  
Luana Marta de Almeida Rufino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Tropical Conditions ◽  
Flowering Rate ◽  
Animal Feeding

This study was developed to examine morpho-agronomic traits of 18 sunflower cultivars and identify superior cultivars in terms of grain yield, forage quality, or both, for animal feeding. Twenty-two morpho-agronomic traits related to plant development and architecture; earliness of maturity; grain yield (achenes); dry matter yield; and dry matter content were evaluated. Cultivars Hélio 253, Hélio 358, Embrapa 122, BRS 321, and Hélio 360 showed inflorescence at the final stage. Aguará 4 showed the lowest flowering rate, characterizing it as late-maturing. For grain yield, cultivars Charrua, Olisun 3, BRS 321, Paraíso 103CL, Paraíso 65, Aguará 6, and CF 101 are recommended, as they showed the highest achene yields (average: 1,541.67 to 2,148.81 kg.ha−1, respectively). Cultivars Charrua, Hélio 251, Olisun 3, Hélio 360, Paraíso 55, and Paraíso 103CL exhibited higher dry matter yields (9,550.93 to 11,789.91 kg ha−1) and were thus indicated for forage production. Cultivars Charrua, Olisun 3, BRS 321, Paraíso 103CL, Paraíso 65, Aguará 6, and CF 101 are recommended for grain yield, for the diet of monogastric animals; Charrua, Hélio 251, Olisun 3, Hélio 360, Paraíso 55, and Paraíso 103CL for forage yield, for ruminant feeding; and Charrua, Olisun 3, and Paraíso 103CL for both purposes.

THE RESPONSE OF A GRASS-LEGUME SWARD TO POULTRY MANURE

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 451-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.G. MAYNARD ◽  
A.A. BOMKE
Keyword(s):  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Split Application ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
High Forage

Poultry numbers, density and potential environmental quality problems have increased greatly in the Lower Fraser Valley. A field experiment was carried out in 1975 and 1976 to determine the effect of manure from a deep-pit laying house on the growth, yield and chemical composition of orchardgrass-ladino clover forage. The manure had N:P:K, ratios of 5.1:2.5:2.0 and 3.5:1.6:1.4 in 1975 and 1976, indicating that its K content relative to N and P was relatively low for forages. Manure rates were 1.25, 2.5, 5.0, 10, 20 and 40 t/ha. In 1976, these rates were applied as a single application in the early spring or split into three equal increments applied in the early spring and following the first and second cuts. The grass component of the sward responded positively to increased manure rates. However, at rates in excess of 2.5 t/ha, the clover was almost totally eliminated from the stand. The maximum 1975 dry matter yield of 7.00 t/ha occurred with 40 t/ha of manure although the rate of yield increase was greatest at rates of 10 t/ha or less. The maximum forage yield of 16.1 t/ha occurred in 1976 at the 20 t/ha split-application rate of manure. At the 5, 10 and 20 t/ha manure rates the split application produced yields about 1.2 t/ha higher than the single application method. Except for the last cuts in both years, manure significantly increased percent total Kjeldahl nitrogen, especially at rates of 20 t/ha or less. Forage NO3-N concentrations exceeded 0.20%, the level cited as being toxic to ruminants, at rates of 20 and 40 t/ha. Forage P concentrations were not significantly affected by manure addition, probably because the available P level in the soil was high. Forage K concentrations were increased at all cuts by increasing manure rates although K was not a factor in the crop response to manure because initial soil K was high. Manure applied at rates in excess of 20t/ha to supply adequate K for forage production would make inefficient use of the N and P in the manure. Good forage yields without damage to the sward and with little problem with high forage NO3 concentrations were obtained at the 10 t/ha rate; however, for manure disposal, rates as high as 20 t/ha could be used.

Seasonal Cycle of Zooplankton off Southwestern British Columbia: 1979–89

1992 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 903-921 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Mackas
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Continental Shelf ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Zooplankton Biomass ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Washout Rate ◽  
Upwelled Water ◽  
Population Turnover

Average seasonal cycles of zooplankton biomass, species composition, and environmental conditions are estimated from 1979–89 samples collected off the southwest coast of British Columbia. Average total dry weight biomass ranges from a winter minimum <1.5 g/m2 to a late spring maximum >8 g/m2. Three subregions within the study area can be distinguished based on bathymetry and current pattern: the inner shelf banks, the shelf break and slope, and a gyre off the mouth of Juan de Fuca Strait. Total zooplankton biomass, species composition, and seasonality differ sharply between subregions, as do temperature, salinity, and nutrient and phytoplankton distributions. From spring through autumn, there are large inputs of upwelled water (and nutrients) to the continental shelf. Phytoplankton biomass is high, especially in mid- to late summer, and is ample to support growth of herbivorous zooplankton. Despite high food availability and relatively low predation pressure, surface layer zooplankton populations decline on the continental shelf from late spring through autumn, while offshore zooplankton populations increase slowly. A high washout rate due to upwelling and subsequent seaward and alongshore transport is the most plausible explanation. For the continental shelf in summer, the advective component of population turnover is probably larger than local predation mortality.

Influence of Metsulfuron-Containing Herbicides and Application Timings on Tall Fescue Seedhead Production and Forage Yield

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan C. Sather ◽  
Craig A. Roberts ◽  
Kevin W. Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Vegetative Stage ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Boot Stage ◽  
Reduced Height

Field trials were conducted in 2009 and 2010 to investigate the effects of metsulfuron-containing herbicides on tall fescue growth, seedhead production, yield, and forage nutritive value. Several rates of metsulfuron-containing products and picloram plus 2,4-D were applied to a weed-free tall fescue hay field in the early spring vegetative, late spring boot, and late summer dormancy stages of growth. Compared to the nontreated control, applying metsulfuron-containing herbicides to vegetative tall fescue reduced plant height by 13 to 40% whereas boot-stage applications of these same herbicides reduced height by 28 to 45%. Metsulfuron-containing herbicides reduced seedhead density from 14 to 61% when applied to vegetative tall fescue, and from 53 to 88% when applied at the boot stage. Metsulfuron plus 2,4-D plus dicamba (0.01 + 0.40 + 0.14 kg ai ha−1) was the only metsulfuron-containing treatment applied at the vegetative application timing that did not reduce tall fescue seedheads or yield when compared to the nontreated control. Vegetative-stage applications of metsulfuron-containing herbicides reduced tall fescue yields by 33 to 63%, whereas boot-stage applications reduced yields by 15 to 35%. Picloram plus 2,4-D did not reduce tall fescue height, seedhead density, or yield when applied at either timing. Tall fescue crude protein (CP) concentration was greater in response to the vegetative compared to boot-stage herbicide applications, and vegetative-stage applications of metsulfuron-containing herbicides increased CP concentration of tall fescue by 1.5 to 3.4% compared to the nontreated control. Results from these experiments indicate that spring applications of metsulfuron-containing herbicides can be utilized to reduce tall fescue seedhead production and increase CP content of tall fescue pastures and hay fields, but summer applications of these same herbicide treatments will have only limited effects on yield, nutritive values, or seedhead density of tall fescue harvested in the fall or the spring following treatment.

Foraging behaviour of beef cattle in the hilly terrain of a Mediterranean grassland

2012 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Henkin ◽  
E. D. Ungar ◽  
A. Dolev
Keyword(s):  
Foraging Behaviour ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Grazing Pressure ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Full Potential

The objective of this study was to determine the role of terrain in the foraging behaviour of beef cows grazing hilly Mediterranean grasslands. The study was conducted in eastern Galilee, Israel, during 2002 and 2003 on two similar 28-ha paddocks encompassing distinct terrain types in terms of slope and rock cover. The paddocks were continuously grazed by cows from mid winter (January–February) to autumn (September) at two different stocking rates (1.1 and 0.56 cows per ha). From early June to the end of September the cows were offered poultry litter ad libitum as a supplementary feed. The location and activity of cows were monitored with GPS collars during four periods in each year: early spring (February–March), late spring (April), early summer (June) and late summer (August). Herbage mass was measured at the beginning of each of these periods. During early and late spring, when the herbage mass and nutritive value of herbage were high, the cows spent 40–50% of the day grazing, with peaks in the morning and afternoon. In the dry, late summer period (August), grazing of the herbage was 20–22% of the day, occurring only in the early morning and late afternoon with sporadic bouts of grazing until midnight. In all periods the cows tended to prefer the flattest terrain sites. As the herbage mass declined to 1000–1500 kg ha–1, the exploitation of the pasture during grazing became increasingly similar among the different terrains. Even on relatively small paddocks, where grazing pressure was close to the full potential of the site, free-ranging cows tended to prefer less sloping and rocky sites. It is concluded that the grazing strategy of beef cows is determined by the interaction between terrain, the distribution of the herbage mass and the nutritive value of the herbage. As herbage mass declines during the growing season, the distribution of grazing becomes uniform and all terrain types are exploited.

Response of Non-irrigatedSorghum bicolortoAzospirillumInoculation

1984 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sarig ◽  
Y. Kapulnik ◽  
I. Nur ◽  
Y. Okon
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Panicle Number

SUMMARYIn two experiments, carried out on non-irrigated fields in the Northern Negev region of Israel, inoculation ofSorghum bicolorwith bacteria of the genusAzospirillumresulted in significant increases over controls of 17% in grain yield of cv. 610 and of 19% in the forage yield of cv. 6078. In addition, significant increases over controls in plant dry weight, mineral content (N, P and K) and panicle number were obtained by inoculation of cv. 610.

EFFECT OF FORAGE HARVEST ON GRAIN YIELD AND AGRONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF WINTER TRITICALE, WHEAT AND RYE

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 879-888 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. W. POYSA
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Heading Date ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Agronomic Performance ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Winter Triticale

In field experiments at Guelph, Ontario four winter triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) genotypes, one winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.), and one winter rye (Secale cereale L.) were evaluated during three seasons for grain yield, forage yield, and agronomic performance following forage harvests at two stages of plant development in the spring. When the results were averaged across all the winter cereals, spring cuttings decreased final plant height and incidence of lodging and delayed the heading date by up to 2 wk, but did not consistently affect test weight. The early joint forage harvest reduced average grain yields by 6% while the mid-joint harvest, about 1 wk later, reduced yields by 28%. The early joint harvest yielded, on average, 1.5 tonnes/ha of forage while the mid-joint harvest yielded 2.2 tonnes/ha. OAC Wintri triticale, however, yielded, on average, 0.5 tonnes/ha more grain following the early joint harvest than the uncut control. Forage cutting of OAC Wintri might be an effective method for obtaining additional forage production, reducing lodging, and increasing grain yield in years when spring vegetative growth is luxuriant.Key words: Forage harvest, spring cutting, triticale (winter), wheat (winter), rye (winter), lodging, grain yield

Seasonal changes in the standing crop of two montane sedges

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 1097-1108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eville Gorham ◽  
Maureen Gibson Somers
Keyword(s):  
Life Span ◽  
Production Rate ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Pure Stand ◽  
Carex Aquatilis ◽  
Maximum Production ◽  
Carex Rostrata ◽  
Maximum Production Rate

Aboveground green biomass of a montane pure stand of Carex rostrata varies from about 125 g/m2 (air-dry weight) at the end of November to about 640 g/m2 in early August. The maximum production rate of about 6 g/m2 per day occurs in May. For a nearby stand of Carex aquatilis with a prominent moss layer the aboveground green biomass of sedge material varies from about 40 g/m2 in February to about 380 g/m2 in mid-August. The maximum production rate for sedge material is about 4 g/m2 per day in July. Both species exhibit two main populations of shoots, one emerging in late summer and the other through winter and early spring. The winter and spring shoots of Carex rostrata flower and die after about 18 months, while the late summer shoots, which do not mature vegetatively until the following summer, have a life-span of about 2 years. The late summer shoots of Carex aquatilis mature vegetatively before winter, and flower and die within about 12 months; while the winter and spring shoots live through the next winter, and flower and die the following summer after a life-span of about 18 months.

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