Melilotus albus (Medik.) is productive and regenerates well on saline soils of neutral to alkaline reaction in the high rainfall zone of south-western Victoria

2003 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 349 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. Evans ◽  
G. A. Kearney
Keyword(s):  
Late Summer ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Saline Soils ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
Alkaline Reaction ◽  
Electrical Conductivities ◽  
Melilotus Albus ◽  
Western Victoria

Dryland salinity is a serious problem in Australia. While some introduced perennial grasses such as tall wheat grass (TWG) Thinopyrum ponticum (Podp. Z.W. Liu & R.R.C. Wang) are adapted to saline soils, there are few pasture legumes that are productive and persistent under saline conditions. Melilotus albus (Medik.) has the potential to be 1 such legume in southern Australia. To test the potential of this species, we conducted 2 experiments over a 3-year period on saline soils at Woorndoo and Glenthompson in south-western Victoria. The soil electrical conductivities (1 : 5 water) of the sites, in autumn before sowing, were 1–3 dS/m at Woorndoo and 3–5 dS/m at Glenthompson (0–10 cm depth).At both sites the herbage yields of 2 Melilotus lines were greater than 10 t/ha of dry matter for the whole season between autumn and late summer. The best commercial control species at Woorndoo, white clover cv. Haifa, produced less than 1/6 of the yield of the best Melilotus line during the summer months. At Glenthompson, during the whole second season the herbage yield of the best Melilotus was 40% greater than that of the best commercial control, Persian clover cv. Nitro plus. In the second season, regeneration of Melilotus at both sites was excellent, averaging 3500 seedlings/m2 at Woorndoo, and 1100 and 3400 seedlings/m2 in mixtures with TWG and in monoculture, respectively at Glenthompson. In the third season, however, regeneration averaged only 400 plants/m2 at Woorndoo and 640 plants/m2 at Glenthompson, both with and without grass. It appears that, when there is limited competition, Melilotus albus dominates in the first 2 years. However, as fertility and water use increase, other pasture species, which initially have a low rate of survival and are unproductive, begin to increase their presence in the sward at the expense of M. albus. These annual species germinate after the autumn rains dilute the salt on the surface of the soil and senesce in early summer as soil water deficits and/or evaporation increase the electrical conductivity again. We suggest that Melilotus albus is an excellent pasture legume to revegetate saline soils in southern Australia and represents an opportunity to obtain high levels of out-of-season pasture production from areas that are currently unproductive.

Pasture systems to improve productivity of sheep in south-western Victoria. 1. Growth, composition, nutritive value and persistence of resown pastures

2009 ◽  
Vol 49 (8) ◽  
pp. 654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Saul ◽  
Gavin Kearney ◽  
Dion Borg
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
P Rate ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Western Victoria ◽  
Over Time

Two pasture systems were compared at five on-farm sites across south-western Victoria between 1990 and 1996. The ‘typical’ pasture treatment mimicked the pasture and grazing management common in the region, with volunteer annual-based pastures fertilised with around 5 kg/ha phosphorus (P) each year. The ‘upgraded’ pasture treatments were resown to phalaris, perennial ryegrass and subterranean clover, and higher rates of fertiliser (13–25 kg P/ha.year) plus other nutrients were applied. Both pastures were set stocked with the participating farmers breeding ewes. Stocking rate was an emergent variable on each plot. The stocking rate on the typical treatments was based on normal farm practise. Initially, the stocking rate of the upgraded pastures was 15% higher than for the typical pastures and increased over time depending if the ewes in the upgraded pastures were heavier than those in the typical pastures. Measurements included soil fertility, pasture production, nutritive value and composition, and animal production. Net annual pasture production of the upgraded pastures was 10 500 kg/ha compared with 8700 kg/ha for the typical pastures. This average difference (18%) between the treatments was greatly influenced by the large advantage (40%) of the upgraded pasture in the wet year of 1992. Upgraded pastures had higher pasture production than typical pastures in spring but the reverse occurred in autumn. In a separate small plot experiment, the response of each pasture to higher P fertiliser applications was tested. In autumn and winter, there was a significant interaction between pasture type and P rate, with higher responses on the upgraded pastures. In spring, both pastures responded to increased P applications but the upgraded pastures were more responsive at all P rates. The upgraded pastures contained significantly higher legume content (30–50%) than the typical pastures (10–20%). The proportion of sown perennial grasses in the upgraded pasture declined from around 30 to 10% after 6 years displaced by annual grasses and broad-leaf weeds. Herbage from upgraded pastures had significantly higher crude protein content (2–7 units) and digestibility (1–10 units) than the typical pastures with the difference between the treatments increasing over time. The set stocking policy used in this experiment is likely to have exacerbated the decline in sown perennial grasses and implementation of some form of strategic or rotational grazing may have improved persistence. The experiment also highlights the importance of selecting perennial grasses able to cope with the local environment and grazing conditions. Despite the decline in perennials, these results show significant potential to improve pasture productivity and quality in south-western Victoria.

The effect of grazing on a perennial veldt grass, subterranean clover pasture

1952 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 148 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Rossiter
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Continuous Grazing ◽  
Winter Grazing ◽  
Consistent Treatment ◽  
Clover Pasture

The results of a grazing trial with Merino wether sheep on perennial veldt grass with subterranean clover are presented. During the four years 1944-45 to 1947-48 total pasture production under continuous grazing was almost identical with that under rotational grazing (one week's grazing followed by five weeks' rest). No consistent treatment differences were observed in sheep body-weight trends. In each year the weights increased during the growing season, remained stationary during early summer, and declined in late summer. The contribution of the perennial grass (Ehrharta calycina Sm.) declined rapidly with time, though more so under continuous grazing. This was associated with an increase in the proportion of subterranean clover in the sward. The lack of persistence of Ehrharta calycina is attributed to selective grazing, together with susceptibility to drastic defoliation. Alternative schemes for the use of this grass, involving restricted winter grazing, are suggested.

Effects of Dried Distillers’ Grains Cube Supplementation for Steers Grazing Introduced Pastures on Animal Performance and Forage Production

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 12-13
Author(s):  
Jordan Adams ◽  
Rodney Farris ◽  
Scott Clawson ◽  
Earl Ward ◽  
Paul Beck
Keyword(s):  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Distillers Grains ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Trenbolone Acetate ◽  
Dried Distillers Grains

Abstract We evaluated the effects of supplementing dried distillers’ grains cubes (DDGS) and re-implantation of steers (n = 149; BW = 238 ± 13.8 kg) grazing tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea)/bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) pastures (n = 9 pastures, 7.2 ± 2.90 ha) from 14 April to 17 September 2020 (n = 155 d) in a split-plot design on steer performance and forage production. Main plot supplemental treatments (n = 3 pastures/treatment) included 1) Fertilized Control (FC), no supplementation on fertilized pastures (112 kg N/ha); 2) Fertilized Supplement (FS), supplemental DDGS fed at 2.9 kg 3-d/wk on fertilized pastures; and 3) Supplement (S), supplemented DDGS at 0.75% BW/d on unfertilized pastures prorated for 5-d/wk feeding. Steers were previously implanted during receiving with 40 mg trenbolone acetate and 8 mg estradiol (REV-G; Revalor G, Merck Animal Health). On July 7, steers in each pasture were randomly assigned to one of three re-implant treatments: 1) no re-implant; 2) REV-G; or 3) 200 mg progesterone and 20 mg estradiol (Synovex S, Zoetis Animal Health). Steers in FS and S gained more (P < 0.01) than FC throughout the trial and final BW was greater (P < 0.01) for FS and S compared with FC. Unexpectedly, re-implanting had no effect on ADG (P = 0.57) or BW (P = 0.34), but statistical power may be lacking. Supplemental efficiency was greater in the late summer for FS (P = 0.05) compared to S. Fertilizing pastures in FS and FC did not affect biomass (P = 0.39), however, CP was increased (P = 0.01) and acid and neutral detergent fibers tended to decrease (P = 0.06) relative to S in the early summer (April, May, June, and July), but did not differ in late summer (August and September). Based upon our analysis, DDGS is a suitable supplement and can replace N fertilizer for steers grazing introduced pastures.

scholarly journals 179 Using a 100% Dried Distillers Grains Cube as a Supplement for Steers Grazing Mixed Grass Prairie in Oklahoma

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 46-46
Author(s):  
Zane N Grigsby ◽  
Paul A Beck ◽  
Stacey A Gunter
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Estradiol Benzoate ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Trenbolone Acetate ◽  
Mixed Grass Prairie ◽  
Mixed Grass ◽  
Main Plot

Abstract This research was conducted to determine effects of supplementation and implanting on BW gain by steers grazing mixed grass prairie (n = 12 pastures, 19.9 ± 0.7 ha) in northwest Oklahoma. Three main plot treatments were: 1) Negative Control (NC), no supplementation, 2) Positive Control (PC), supplemented with DDGS cubes, 1.8 kg/steer on alternate days in late summer, 3) High Supplement (HS), 1/3 increase in stocking rate with 0.75% BW supplemental DDGS cubes all season. Steers (n = 125, BW = 223.1 ± 23.2 kg) were stocked at 2.2 ha/steer for PC and NC, 1.3 ha/steer for HS. Grazing was from May 17 – September 27 (132 d). All steers were implanted with 200 mg progesterone and 20 mg estradiol benzoate (SYN, Synonvex S, Zoetis Animal Health) on May 17. On July 18 three reimplant treatments were applied: 1) no reimplant; 2) SYN; or 3) 40 mg trenbolone acetate and 8 mg estradiol (Revalor G, Merck Animal Health). Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED in SAS as a split-plot experimental design. In early summer HS had 0.26 kg greater (P < 0.01) ADG than NC and PC. Late summer gains of PC were 0.33 kg/d more (P ≤ 0.01) than NC; and HS gained 0.49 and 0.16 kg/day more (P ≤ 0.04) than NC and PC, respectively. Gain per hectare for PC (46 kg/ha) were greater (P < 0.01) than NC (35 kg/ha) and more than doubled (P < 0.01) with HS (89 kg/ha). Reimplanting had no effect on ADG (P ≥ 0.28). Late season supplementation with PC resulted in supplemental efficiency of 2.7 kg supplement/kg added gain compared with NC. Increased stocking rates with season long supplementation in HS resulted in supplemental efficiency of 3.8 kg supplement/kg added gain per hectare. Based on these data, a 100% DDGS cube is an effective supplement option to increase BW gain during the late summer or increase carrying capacity and gain during the summer grazing period in northwestern Oklahoma.

Replacing synthetic N with clovers or alfalfa in bermudagrass pastures. 1. Herbage mass and pasture carrying capacity

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 539 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Beck ◽  
T. Hess ◽  
D. Hubbell ◽  
M. S. Gadberry ◽  
J. Jennings ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Fertilisation Rate ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Trifolium Repens L

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of including alfalfa (ALF, Medicago sativa L.) or a combination of white (Trifolium repens L.) and red (Trifolium pretense L.) clovers (CLVR) inter-seeded into bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. Pers.) on herbage nutritive value compared with monocultures of bermudagrass fertilised with 0 (0N), 56 (56N), or 112 (112N) kg nitrogen (N)/ha over four grazing seasons. In autumn, at the end of the fourth year and in the spring before the fifth grazing season, alfalfa and clover plants were killed and the carryover N benefit of CLVR or ALF was compared with N fertilisation rates during the fifth year. Across years, N fertilisation rate increased herbage mass and carrying capacity linearly; whereas herbage production from CLVR and ALF swards was equivalent to 56N, were greater than 0N and less than 112N. Herbage mass in CLVR and ALF swards was greater than fertilised bermudagrass swards in the spring and did not differ from fertilised bermudagrass in the early summer. In late summer herbage accumulation of CLVR and ALF swards appeared to decrease, limiting the herbage mass in the legume pastures compared with 56N and 112N. Carrying capacity of CLVR and ALF swards was greater than fertilised bermudagrass in the spring and early summer, but did not differ from fertilised swards in the late summer. The N benefit of including legumes in bermudagrass swards can alleviate the reliance on synthetic N fertilisation with little overall effect on pasture carrying capacity.

scholarly journals Effects of Environmental Temperature onCapnodis tenebrionisAdult Phenology

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmelo Peter Bonsignore
Keyword(s):  
Late Summer ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Adult Density ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Continuous Increase ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Average Annual Temperature ◽  
Activity Temperature ◽  
The Difference ◽  
New Generation

The phenology ofCapnodis tenebrionisadults was presented with reference to two different climate conditions. In a temperate moderate-warm climate, adult density showed two separate peaks during the year: one in early summer of the overwintering generation and one with beetles emerging in the late summer. In a warmer semiarid climate, the overwintering adults and the new generation overlapped during summer with a continuous increase of adult density. The difference in the average annual temperature between areas during the study period was almost3∘C, and, in the warmer area, the new generation ofC. tenebrionisemerged at least one month earlier. To make a prediction of adult presence, a model utilizing degree-days was developed from data collected over a five-year period. Models obtained from equations (Logistic 4-parameter,y(x)=yo+a/(1+(x/xo)b)) of each year were developed to describe the relationship between degree-day accumulation (with a minimal threshold activity temperature of14.21∘Ccalculated in the laboratory) and the cumulative percentage of adult presence. According to the overall model, the 50% of overwintering beetles occurred at 726 degree-days (Biofix: 1st March) and the emerging beetles occurred at 801 degree-days (Biofix: 1st July). The results show that a change in temperature is an important aspect that highlights the adaptability of this species.

Impact of extrafloral nectar availability and plant genotype on ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) visitation to quaking aspen (Salicaceae)

2015 ◽  
Vol 148 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathon R. Newman ◽  
Diane Wagner ◽  
Patricia Doak
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Quaking Aspen ◽  
Plant Genotype ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Natural Induction ◽  
Formica Fusca ◽  
Time Of Year ◽  
Nectar Availability

AbstractFor quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michaux; Salicaceae) the rate of extrafloral (EF) sugar secretion is increased by defoliation and decreased by drought. Although wholesale blocking of EF nectar has been shown to reduce ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) visitation to aspen, the effect of more subtle and realistic variations in nectar availability on ant recruitment is unknown. Working in Alaskan boreal forest (United States of America), we reduced and supplemented EF nectar availability on potted aspen ramets of three genotypes and surveyed visitation by free-living Formica fusca (Linnaeus) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Ants were more responsive to a subtle increase in sugar availability than to a decrease. While nectar reduction had no effect on ant visitation, nectar supplementation increased ant visitation to one aspen genotype by 70% during an early summer trial. Average ant visitation to different aspen genotypes varied during the late summer, indicating that aspen genotype can influence attractiveness to ants. We conclude that natural induction of EF secretion in response to herbivory may benefit aspen through improved ant recruitment, though the response is dependent on aspen genotype and time of year. Differences among aspen genets in attractiveness to ants could influence the relative success of genotypes, especially in settings in which aspen regenerates from seed.

Hungarian sainfoin and its ecological value for agriculture

2021 ◽  
pp. 21-25
Author(s):  
В.А. Волошин ◽  
Г.П. Майсак ◽  
Л.С. Терентьева
Keyword(s):  
Crop Residues ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Ecological Value ◽  
Deep Soil ◽  
Melilotus Albus ◽  
Trifolium Pratense L

В последние годы в Пермском крае прекратилось известкование кислых почв, недостаточно вносятся минеральные и органические удобрения. Всё это постепенно привело к снижению плодородия почв. Избежать или снизить влияние негативных явлений можно за счёт использования многолетних трав. Перспективной фитомелиоративной культурой является эспарцет песчаный (Onobrychis arenaria (Kit.) Ser.), который ранее в Пермском крае не возделывался, но встречается в естественных фитоценозах ряда районов края. Целью настоящей работы является поиск и обобщение научной информации по морфо-биологическим особенностям и агроэкологической роли эспарцета песчаного в земледелии. В статье приведён литературный обзор биологических особенностей этой культуры: азотфиксации, накопления пожнивно-корневых остатков, формирования корневой системы эспарцета песчаного в различных регионах его возделывания. Для сравнения приведены экспериментальные данные ряда исследователей, полученные в Пермском крае при изучении клевера лугового (Trifolium pratense L.), люцерны изменчивой (Medicago×varia Mart.), донника белого (Melilotus albus Medik.). Эспарцет песчаный за счёт корневых выделений способен усваивать из глубоких горизонтов почвы труднодоступные для других культур кальциевые и фосфорные соединения и обогащать ими верхний горизонт почвы, то есть он может выступать в роли биологического мелиоранта. На опытном поле Пермского НИИСХ эспарцет песчаный изучался с 2011 по 2019 год и зарекомендовал себя как перспективная кормовая культура. Изучение его особенностей с целью разработки технологий возделывания и использования целесообразно продолжить и расширить. Over the last years, liming of acidic soils stopped in the Perm Territory; mineral and organic fertilizers are not applied sufficiently. All this gradually led to a decrease in soil fertility. It is possible to avoid or reduce the influence of negative factors by planting perennial grasses. Hungarian sainfoin (Onobrychis arenaria (Kit.) Ser.) is a promising phytomeliorative crop for the Perm Territory. It was not previously cultivated there, but it is found in natural ecosystems in a number of locations. The investigation aimed at reviewing morphology, biology and ecological value of Hungarian sainfoin. The article deals with its biological features: nitrogen fixation, accumulation of crop residues as well as root system formation in various regions. To compare sainfoin with other crops in the Perm Territory, the article provides the experimental data on red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), alfalfa (Medicago×varia Mart.), and white melilot (Melilotus albus Medik.). Due to root secretions, Hungarian sainfoin is able to assimilate calcium and phosphorus from deep soil that are unavailable for other crops. So, the crop can enrich the upper soil layers with these elements, being a biological ameliorant. Studied during 2011–2019 on the trial field of the Perm Research Institute of Agriculture, Hungarian sainfoin was shown to be a promising forage crop. Its further investigation as well as development of efficient cultural practices is of high value.

scholarly journals Diatoms as a paleoproductivity proxy in the NW Iberian coastal upwelling system (NE Atlantic)

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 1165-1179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Zúñiga ◽  
Celia Santos ◽  
María Froján ◽  
Emilia Salgueiro ◽  
Marta M. Rufino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Column ◽  
Surface Sediment ◽  
Sediment Trap ◽  
Coastal Upwelling ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Marine Diatom ◽  
Photic Zone ◽  
Upwelling System ◽  
Water Column Stratification

Abstract. The objective of the current work is to improve our understanding of how water column diatom's abundance and assemblage composition is seasonally transferred from the photic zone to seafloor sediments. To address this, we used a dataset derived from water column, sediment trap and surface sediment samples recovered in the NW Iberian coastal upwelling system. Diatom fluxes (2.2 (±5.6) 106 valves m−2 d−1) represented the majority of the siliceous microorganisms sinking out from the photic zone during all studied years and showed seasonal variability. Contrasting results between water column and sediment trap diatom abundances were found during downwelling periods, as shown by the unexpectedly high diatom export signals when diatom-derived primary production achieved their minimum levels. They were principally related to surface sediment remobilization and intense Minho and Douro river discharge that constitute an additional source of particulate matter to the inner continental shelf. In fact, contributions of allochthonous particles to the sinking material were confirmed by the significant increase of both benthic and freshwater diatoms in the sediment trap assemblage. In contrast, we found that most of the living diatom species blooming during highly productive upwelling periods were dissolved during sinking, and only those resistant to dissolution and the Chaetoceros and Leptocylindrus spp. resting spores were susceptible to being exported and buried. Furthermore, Chaetoceros spp. dominate during spring–early summer, when persistent northerly winds lead to the upwelling of nutrient-rich waters on the shelf, while Leptocylindrus spp. appear associated with late-summer upwelling relaxation, characterized by water column stratification and nutrient depletion. These findings evidence that the contributions of these diatom genera to the sediment's total marine diatom assemblage should allow for the reconstruction of different past upwelling regimes.

scholarly journals Seasonal patterns of pasture production in the Bay of Plenty and Waikato

1991 ◽  
pp. 67-72
Author(s):  
J.A. Baars ◽  
G.J. Goold ◽  
M.F. Hawke ◽  
P.J. Kilgarriff ◽  
M.D. Rolm
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Large Contribution ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Summer Peak ◽  
The Difference

Patterns of pasture growth were measured on 3 farms in the Bay of Plenty (BOP) and at No2 Dairy (Ruakura Agricultural Centre) in the Waikato from 1989 to 199 1. A standardised trim technique with cages and 4-weekly cutting under grazing was used. Long-term seasonal growth patterns, using a predictive pasture model, were also simulated. Simulated pasture growth from long-term climatic data shows that pasture growth rates are higher in winter, early spring and late autumn in the BOP than the Waikato. However, the actual measurements over the 2 years show that pasture growth over the latter periods is lower at the BOP sites than at the Waikato site. In the BOP the spring peak is much later than in the Waikato while an early summer peak, with higher growth rates than in the Waikato, occurred in the BOP. No such summer peak was evident in the Waikato. The difference between the two regions is caused by the large contribution of subtropical grasses to sward production in summer and autumn, The prolific summer growth of subtropical grasses may explain the low ryegrass content and low pasture production in winter. The lower than expected autumn, winter, spring production may also becaused by low clover content, possibly a result of competition from subtropical grasses and a sulphur deficiency. The apparent low amount of nitrogen fixed by clover may explain the low rates of pasture production over the cooler season. Applications of nitrogen fertiliser may substantially increase dry matter production from April to September. Keywords pasture,simulation,subtropical grasses, Paspalum, Digitaria sanguinalis, growth rates

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