Productivity and persistence of cultivars and Algerian introductions of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) in Victoria

1987 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 267 ◽  
Author(s):  
KFM Reed ◽  
PJ Cunningham ◽  
JT Barrie ◽  
JF Chin
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
High Plant Density ◽  
Commercial Cultivars ◽  
Similar Density ◽  
Rates Of Growth ◽  
Selection Of

We assessed the main Australian and New Zealand cultivars and a selection of Algerian introductions of perennial ryegrass at 3 sites in Victoria, 1 of which was irrigated. Seasonal yields of herbage, persistence and the presence of the ryegrass endophyte (Acremonium loliae) were assessed. At Drumborg (dryland), Ellett was the most productive cultivar over 3 years (9.25 t/ha DM total). At the other dryland site, Hamilton, the cumulative yields over 4 years were highest from the cultivars Kangaroo Valley Early (14.57 t/ha DM), Victorian (14.45 t/ha DM) and Ellett (13.80 t/ha DM); lesser yields were obtained from Grasslands Nui (12.92 t/ha DM) and Grasslands Ruanui (1 1.25 t/ha DM). At Numurkah, under irrigation. the yield of 4 cultivars, Ellett (22.14 t/ha DM total), Grasslands Nui, Kangaroo Valley Early and Victorian, were not different (P> 0.05) over 3 years. Differences between cultivars in patterns of growth were occasionally noted, particularly the higher rate of growth of Kangaroo Valley Early in winter. Under irrigation, Ellett and Grasslands Nui sometimes gave higher rates of growth than other cultivars during late spring and summer ( P < 0.05). Seed of 6 accessions from Algeria, which had been produced in Victoria from old plots, was sown for comparison with the commercial cultivars at Hamilton. The accessions grew poorly in the establishment year but later were as productive as the cultivars. Leaf sheaths were examined in year 4, for presence of the ryegrass en,dophyte (Acremonium loliae) in plants surviving the 1982-83 drought. Only plots of Ellett and Victorian contained high proportions of endophyte-infected plants (> 60% of plants infected). Relative to other entries, Ellett maintained a high plant density at all 3 sites. However, at 2 sites, Victorian and Grasslands Nui maintained a similar density to Ellett, and all the Algerian lines sown at Hamilton maintained a similar density to Ellett.

scholarly journals EFFICIENCY OF UTILIZATION OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS BY YORKSHIRE FOG (HOLCUS LANATUS)

1973 ◽  
pp. 288-302
Author(s):  
R.S.Scott A. Hardacre
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
The Other ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Holcus Lanatus ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Pot Experiments

Two pot experiments compared the yield response and uptake of N and P by five New Zealand, two exotic ecotypes and one bred cultivar of Yorkshire fog and Ruanui perennial ryegrass under varying levels of applied N and P. One experiment was conducted in a heated glasshouse and the other under controlled climate conditions. Of the Yorkshire fog strains examined, the bred cultivar 'Massey Basyn' and an ecotype from Rotorua provided highest yields of dry matter. Their superiority was attributed in part to their ability to extract greater amounts of N and P from the soil. The former was more efficient under high levels of applied N and the latter under high levels of applied P. Under two distinct climatic environments, 'Massey Basyn' Yorkshire fog gave similar yields and uptake of N and P to Ruanui perennial ryegrass. Under a third climate, with higher temperatures and moisture stress, 'Massey Basyn' outyielded Ruanui. This was associated with a greater ability by 'Massey Basyn' to utilize absorbed P.

scholarly journals Philobota sp (Lepidoptera Oecophoridae) a potential new pasture pest in New Zealand

2011 ◽  
Vol 64 ◽  
pp. 285-285
Author(s):  
A.J. Popay ◽  
D. Gunawardana
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Nursery Area ◽  
The Other ◽  
Plant Health ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Trial Site

In February 2010 caterpillars initially identified as a species of Philobota (Lepidoptera Oecophoridae) were found in a nursery area at Ruakura Research Centre in Hamilton The identification was confirmed by MAFs Plant Health and Environment Laboratory (PHEL) This genus is endemic to Australia where over 400 species are known a few of which are regarded as minor pests of pasture A survey of the Ruakura site found Philobota in three other areas two of which bordered urban areas It was found infesting perennial ryegrass and tall fescue trials in two parts of the campus and in pasture areas in the other two locations suggesting this insect is primarily a grass feeder It is highly likely Philobota is not confined to Ruakura and there is no evidence that the infestation originated at this site Although few live caterpillars could be found by August 2010 observations in 2011 suggest populations have multiplied in at least one trial site Commonly called the pasture tunnel moth this insect is univoltine and weaves characteristic tunnels from grass and debris with chimneys that protrude above ground Caterpillars reared at PHEL yielded only female moths which have been tentatively identified as Philobota nr pilipes

Regrowth of prairie grass (Bromus willdenowii Kunth) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) in response to temperature and defoliation

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 555 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Slack ◽  
W. J. Fulkerson ◽  
J. M. Scott
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
The Other ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Prairie Grass

This glasshouse study was undertaken to determine the effect of temperature and defoliation on the regrowth of prairie grass (Bromus willdenowii Kunth cv. Matua) in comparison with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. cv. Dobson). Individual plants of prairie grass and perennial ryegrass were grown in 2 mini-swards with one half as prairie grass and the other as ryegrass. From H0 (13 weeks after sowing) to the completion of the experiment at H3, one sward was maintained at a day/night temperature of 18/10˚C and the other at 25/15˚C. From H0 to H1, prairie grass was defoliated 4 times at the time taken to regrow 1 new leaf per tiller (1-leaf stage), 2 times at the 2-leaf stage, or once at the 4-leaf stage to 60, 90, or 120 mm stubble height. Similarly, ryegrass was defoliated 3 times at the 1- leaf stage, once at the 1-leaf stage then once at the 2-leaf stage, or once at the 3-leaf stage to 30, 60, or 90 mm stubble height. Plants were subsequently harvested at H1, H2, and H3, being the commencement, mid-point, and completion of the full regrowth cycle (4- and 3-leaf stage for prairie grass and ryegrass, respectively). Prairie grass was more adversely affected by frequent defoliation than ryegrass. The combination of high temperature and frequent defoliation reduced growth rates by 66 v. 54%, stubble dry matter (DM) by 50 v. 11%, root DM by 62 v. 45%, and stubble water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) by 52 v. 21% for prairie grass and ryegrass, respectively. In contrast, ryegrass was more affected by defoliation height than prairie grass, particularly at the higher temperature. Close defoliation and high temperature reduced growth rate by 35 v. 25%, root DM by 18 v. 0%, and stubble WSC by 84% v. 36% for ryegrass and prairie grass, respectively. The number of tillers per plant was reduced by close defoliation, more so at the high temperature in ryegrass but not in prairie grass. Defoliating prairie grass to 90 mm stubble height at the 4-leaf per tiller stage compared with the 1-leaf per tiller led to maximum restoration of stubble WSC reserves as well as maximising leaf and root growth. The higher stubble WSC and greater root DM of prairie grass, together with its ability to maintain growth rates and tillering under high temperature, are attributes which explain why prairie grass appears to be more productive and persistent than ryegrass in a subtropical environment.

White clover: the forgotten component of high-producing pastures?

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (7) ◽  
pp. 1269 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. Chapman ◽  
J. M. Lee ◽  
L. Rossi ◽  
G. R. Edwards ◽  
J. B. Pinxterhuis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Nutrient Loss ◽  
Dairy Production ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Agronomic Practices ◽  
Trifolium Repens L ◽  
N Rates

The contribution of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) to nitrogen fixation and feed quality in mixed pastures is indisputable, but the benefits of clover inclusion to total herbage accumulation (HA) are less clear. Results from four experiments comparing mixed pastures of white clover–perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) with perennial ryegrass monocultures are presented. These experiments covered a range of environments (dryland northern New Zealand and irrigated southern New Zealand), management inputs (nitrogen (N) fertiliser rates and defoliation management), and genotypes of ryegrass and white clover. Mixtures resulted in a significantly greater HA than did monocultures in 7 of the 8 years for which data were available; the interaction between pasture type (monoculture or mixture) and N rate was significant in six of those years, with a greater advantage in HA for mixtures under low N rates (mean = 3.08 t DM/ha.year) than under high N rates (mean = 1.54 t DM/ha.year). Two-thirds to four-fifths of the yield advantage under grazing was due to the direct effect of clover contribution (which ranged between 10% and 30% of total annual yield) to HA, most of which accrued in summer. The remainder was due to the capture of additional clover-derived N by the grass component of the mixture, estimated to equate to 50–60 kg N/ha under low N-fertiliser rates and 15–35 kg N/ha under high N rates. The magnitude and consistency of the yield advantages observed here indicates that there are unrealised yield and other benefits not currently being captured in New Zealand dairy production systems, largely because they are negated by the use of high N-fertiliser rates. The agronomic practices required to support clover-rich mixed pastures receiving moderate rates of N fertiliser are well documented and can be applied to help deal with nutrient loss limits required by environmental regulations plus volatility in farm-gate milk prices.

scholarly journals Management options to recover perennial ryegrass populations and productivity in run-out pastures

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy Griffiths ◽  
Mike Dodd ◽  
Barbara Kuhn-Sherlock ◽  
David Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
The Other ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Management Interventions ◽  
Summer Pasture ◽  
Water Holding

In parts of the upper North Island, farmers frequently report perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) pastures failing within 3 or 4 years post-sowing. This appears to be related to interactions between several factors: climatic (drier, hotter summers), biotic (insect pest), soil (texture, water-holding capacity) and grazing management factors that vary spatially and temporally. The efficacy of three management interventions for recovering ryegrass populations and production in runout pasture was assessed in an experiment initiated in 2018/19 in central Waikato. Treatments were a long-spring rotation (LSR), a longer grazing deferral during late spring and summer (pasture deferral, PD) and under-sowing with perennial ryegrass (US), each applied to pastures of four ryegrass cultivars. In the year after the treatments were implemented, the yield of ryegrass in PD was 2.4 t DM/ha greater than for the control (7-year-old pasture), and ryegrass tiller populations initially doubled but later declined. Yields in US and LSR were intermediate but not significantly different from the control. Ground score changes responded more positively to PD compared with the other treatments. Relative to the baseline prior to initiation of the study, tiller populations increased for PD and US but declined for control and LSR. There were no interactions between management treatment and cultivar for any of the variables measured. Pasture deferral shows promise as an intervention for recovering failing ryegrass pastures through natural reseeding. However, the longevity of the benefits observed here has yet to be determined.

Foliar micronutrient concentrations of eight perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cultivars grown in four regions in New Zealand

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim R. Crush ◽  
Julia M. Lee ◽  
Gerald P. Cosgrove ◽  
Laura Rossi ◽  
David F. Chapman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Lolium Perenne L

Assessment and selection of initial material for breeding perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)

1970 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel A. M. Do Valle Ribeiro
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Breeding Programme ◽  
Initial Material ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Oak Park ◽  
Selection Of

SUMMARYA breeding programme initiated at Oak Park, Carlow, in September 1965, in which perennial ryegrass plants, instead of being widely spaced as traditionally used in grassbreeding, were planted 9 x 9 in apart, is described. At this density, plants were individually distinguishable throughout three growing seasons yet gave a complete ground cover of herbage on which was imposed two contrasting systems of defoliation. Data on ear emergence, dry-matter yields, persistence and some quality components agreed with data obtained from swards by other workers.

scholarly journals Consolidated summary of key points from the Ryegrass Endophyte Symposium: a farm consultant's perspective

1999 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 157-158
Author(s):  
Colin Brown
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Seed Endophytes ◽  
Commercial Cultivars ◽  
Mealy Bug

Background on endophytes Endophyte is a fungus, which exists inside individual ryegrass plants, and reproduces through infecting ryegrass seed. Endophytes are very widespread in New Zealand pastures, being present in 70% of ryegrass tillers in Southland, and 99% in the upper North Island. The presence of endophyte confers benefits to the host ryegrass plant, inhibiting its susceptibility to grazing by: • domestic animals. • above ground insects, particularly. (a) Argentine stem weevil (b) Black beetles (c) Mealy bug. General awareness of its existence, and understanding of its role, began in the 1980s, and is still expanding. Knowledge of its existence and impacts now allow us to better explain the reasons for "inexplicable" results from scientific trials before 1980. It may also be a prime cause of summer "ill thrift". The endophyte responsible for ryegrass staggers in cattle, sheep, deer and horses occurs in perennial ryegrass and some hybrid ryegrass plants. Endophytes that have toxic effects on grazing animals also occur in other grass species, for example, the endophyte in roadside tall fescue that causes "fescue foot". However, commercial cultivars of tall fescue sold in New Zealand do not contain toxic endophyte.

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