Factors affecting subcutaneous fat depth at two sites on beef carcasses

1993 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 129 ◽  
Author(s):  
DL Hopkins ◽  
AA Brooks ◽  
AR Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Sex Effect ◽  
Class A ◽  
Beef Carcasses ◽  
Fat Depot ◽  
The Relationship

Over a 12-month period, fat depths at the P8 rump and 12-13th rib sites were measured on 10968 beef carcasses at 4 Tasmanian abattoirs. All cattle were assigned to 1 of 5 breed types: British beef, dairy, dairy-beef cross, beef cross, and European and European cross. Dairy-beef cross and European breeds were excluded from the analysis because of small numbers. Sex and age (dentition) were recorded. As the data set was unbalanced and no single relationship between P8 rump and 12-13th rib sites applied, models describing the relationship between fat depths at the 2 sites were developed for subsets of the data. These showed that breed type, sex, age, season, and carcass weight all affected the relationship between fat depths at the 2 sites. In general, British beef and beef cross cattle could be considered as 1 group, but dairy cattle were different. In the former group, for the no-teeth age class a seasonal and sex effect was evident, giving rise to 4 models, 1 for each of the steer and heifer groups in winter-spring and summer-autumn. For the no-teeth dairy cattle there was no sex effect and all seasons were pooled to form an overall model. For older cattle (2, 4, and 8 teeth) there was significant monthly variation, and few overall models could be developed. In addition, the relationship between fat depths at the 2 sites was generally independent of carcass weight in older cattle. The analysis revealed that within the subcutaneous fat depot the relationship between sites for fat depth can be influenced by a range of variables.

scholarly journals Estimating the relationship between disease progression and cost of care in dementia

2002 ◽  
Vol 181 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane L. Wolstenholme ◽  
Paul Fenn ◽  
Alastair M. Gray ◽  
Janet Keene ◽  
Robin Jacoby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Progression ◽  
Barthel Index ◽  
Institutional Care ◽  
Cognitive Change ◽  
Cost Of Care ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Models Of Disease ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
State Examination

BackgroundPrevious studies have shown a positive relationship between disease severity and cost.AimsTo explore the factors affecting time to institutionalisation and estimate the relationship between the costs of care and disease progression.MethodRetrospective analysis of a longitudinal data-set for a cohort of 100 patients diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease or vascular dementia.ResultsChanges in both Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Barthel scores have independent and significant marginal effects on costs. Each one-point decline in the MMSE score is associated with a £56 increase in the four-monthly costs, whereas each one-point fall in the Barthel index is associated with a £586 increase in costs.ConclusionsIt may be inappropriate for economic models of disease progression in dementia to be based solely on measures of cognitive change. MMSE and the Barthel index are independent significant predictors of time to institutionalisation and cost of care, but changes in the Barthel index are particularly important in predicting costs outside institutional care.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study of Variables Related to Students’ Success in the 2015 International TIMSS Test

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 46-61
Author(s):  
Behzad Rsoolzadeh‌ ◽  
◽  
Rasoul Abbasi Taghidizaj ◽  
Sobhanali Forouzandeh‌ ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Academic Achievement ◽  
Academic Success ◽  
Family Background ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Fuzzy Logic Approach ◽  
Causal Path ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Home And School

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the factors affecting students' academic achievement based on Thames international test data. Methods: The method of this study is quantitative comparative. The statistical sample of this study consists of eighth-grade students from 57 countries who participated in the 2015 Thames International Test. The data set was analyzed using the fuzzy logic approach. Results: The necessary and sufficient individual conditions showed that the conditions of the relationship between home and school, school social atmosphere, students' attitudes, and educational activities in the classroom are each a necessary condition, and family background is a sufficient condition for achievement (academic achievement). Conclusion: In the causal and combined causes, among the many causal paths, only one causal path based on theoretical and experimental adequacy criteria (coverage and adaptation coefficient) was of theoretical and experimental importance was necessary. In this causal path, family background and the relationship between home and school in combination provided a sufficient turning point in the occurrence of the desired result (academic success).

An evaluation of the Hennessy Grading Probe for measuring fat depth in beef carcasses

1989 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 781 ◽  
Author(s):  
DL Hopkins
Keyword(s):  
Linear Equations ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Data Set ◽  
General Validity ◽  
Measurement Analysis ◽  
Beef Carcasses ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Methods Of Measurement

Fat depth at the P8 site on the rump was measured by the cut-and-measure (CM) technique and with the Hennessy Grading Probe (HGP) on 2501 beef carcasses at 1 abattoir over a 12-month period. CM measurements that differed by more than 1 mm between the right and left sides of the carcass were discarded. A subsequent data set of 1850 carcasses was randomly divided so that 2 models could be developed to assess the general validity of the relationship between the 2 methods of measurement. Analysis of measurements of the left side of the carcasses of these 2 subsamples showed the data were not normally distributed. Removal of outliers at the 95% confidence level and also measurements at both extremes of the data range improved the symmetry of the sets of data. From each adjusted data set, regression equations were developed to predict CM measurements from HGP measurements. Linear equations were adequate for predicting CM measurements from HGP measurements, and curvilinear analysis did not improve the predictions. Compared with the curvilinear equations, the linear equations resulted in smaller differences between the 2 data sets for the predicted CM measurements over a range of HGP measurements.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting the Academic Achievements among Dean’s Listers of Caraga State University

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-77
Author(s):  
Cristina Cubillas
Keyword(s):  
Academic Achievement ◽  
Learning Environment ◽  
Learning Styles ◽  
Learning Style ◽  
State University ◽  
Data Set ◽  
P Values ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Study Habit ◽  
The Relationship

The study assessed the relationship between the factors affecting the academic achievement of the dean’s listers’ of Caraga State University. It involves the total population of the dean’s listers in the said university. The independent variables are those pre-determined factors’ affecting the academic achievement of the dean’s listers’ of Caraga State University and the dependent variable is the grades of the dean’s listers’. The result shows the low relationship between the pre-determined factors and the academic achievement evidenced by the values of the p-values which are greater than. In terms of the academic achievement of the dean’s listers’ their grades signify their excellence in their different chosen fields. With regards to the pre-determined factors, the factor that got the highest mean is the teachers’ competence with 3.7639 and the lowest one is the learning environment with 3.6690. The study habits’ got the second spot among the 4 factors followed by the learning styles. Based on Spearmen Correlation analysis in the data gathered, the results revealed that there is no significant relationship between the pre-determined factors and the academic achievement of the dean’s listers’ of Caraga State University. The p-values obtained are less than 0.05 for all the data set; which is accepting the null hypothesis. The results clearly depict that the students’ study habit, learning style teachers’ competence and the learning environment has no influence on the achievement reached by the dean’s listers’. On the other hand, it is still very important to make and to maintain these factors visible in the academic arena for better learning and for a better outcome. The absence of these factors might affect the performances of the students in Caraga State University.

Lamb carcass. 3. Describing changes in carcasses of growing lambs using real-time ultrasound and the use of these measurements for estimating the yield of saleable meat

1996 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
DL Hopkins ◽  
DG Hall ◽  
AF Luff
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Fat Tissue ◽  
Sex Effect ◽  
Poor Predictor ◽  
Percentage Yield ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Ultrasound Scanner

In experiment 1,76 cryptorchid (n = 37) and ewe (n = 39) lambs were scanned for GR (depth of muscle and fat tissue from the surface of the carcass to the lateral surface of the 12th rib, 110 mm from the midline) and M. longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LD) depth (USB) on 4 occasions over 3 months at intervals of 28 days with a real-time ultrasound scanner. Carcass GR measurements were obtained after the final live measure at 5.5 months of age. Significant (P<0.001) changes in GR and USB were detected as liveweight increased. All changes could be best explained by linear models (P<0.001) and there was a significant (P<0.001) sex effect evident for GR indicating that this is a useful measurement for monitoring changes in carcass fatness in live lambs. The correlation (r = 0.31) between ultrasonic and carcass GR was significant (P<0.05), however, mean ultrasonic and carcass measurements of GR were significantly different (P<0.05) for ewe, but not cryptorchid lambs. A sex effect was found with the relationship between in vivo GR, liveweight and carcass GR indicating that there was no significant relationship between GR measured ultrasonically and on the carcass when liveweight and sex were accounted for. In experiment 2, 86 ewe and 84 cryptorchid lambs were slaughtered in sex groups, the ewes at 6 months of age and the cryptorchids at 8 months of age. Before slaughter subcutaneous fat depth (USFat C) over the LD and LD depth (USB) were measured using a real-time scanner. Of the carcasses, 84 (42 ewes, 42 cryptorchids) were prepared into 'trim' lamb (TL) cuts. There was a significant (P<0.001) correlation between USFat C and the carcass equivalent (Fat C) for ewes and cryptorchids respectively (r = 0.63; r = 0.47). This was also the case for USB and carcass LD depth (B) with significant (P<0.001) correlations of r = 0.53 and r = 0.56 for ewes and cryptorchids respectively. Liveweight per se was a poor predictor of Fat C and B irrespective of measurement group and was of minimal value when used in combination with USFat C or USB measurements. The amount of variation in Fat C and B that was explained by the corresponding ultrasonic measurement and liveweight ranged from R2 = 0.29-0.39. Irrespective of the measurement group considered or the yield type, measurement of USFat C significantly (P<0.001) improved the accuracy with which percentage yield could be estimated over and above liveweight and increased the amount of variation (R2) in percentage yield that was explained. However, it is recommended that if ultrasonic measurements are to be used for predictive purposes, GR and LD depth be adopted.

Consistency and accuracy of pig carcass lean prediction from P2 fat thickness and sample joint dissection

1990 ◽  
Vol 1990 ◽  
pp. 85-85
Author(s):  
J Planella ◽  
G L Cook ◽  
C C Warkup
Keyword(s):  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Optical Probe ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Pig Carcasses

Genetic improvements and developments in production methods have made dramatic changes in the composition of British pig carcasses over the last ten years. As a result, equations for predicting lean concentration are likely to need frequent revision. The first Stotfold Trial was designed to obtain a comprehensive modern data set with which production efficiency, carcass composition and meat quality could be examined for different breed types, sexes and feeding regimens. It therefore provides a valuable database with which to evaluate predictors of carcass lean. The main objective of this paper is to examine the stability of the regression equations predicting carcass lean content from carcass weight, P2 and lean content of sample joints among different populations, sexes and feeding regimens. Two different aspects of prediction were studied. The first was that of carcass grading, the estimation of lean concentration from P2 (measured with an Optical Probe) and carcass weight. The second was that of the estimation of total lean concentration from the dissection of sample joints and from the removal of total subcutaneous fat in the side. The accuracy of these estimators was also examined.

Methods of estimating total lipid content in the redhead duck (Aythya americana) and an evaluation of condition indices

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (9) ◽  
pp. 1830-1833 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert O. Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Total Lipid ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Total Lipid Content ◽  
Abdominal Fat ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Aythya Americana ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Condition Indices ◽  
Fat Depot ◽  
The Relationship

Methods of estimating total lipid content in the redhead duck (Aythya americana) without performing time-consuming ether extractions are presented. The relationship between various condition indices and total lipid content was investigated. Weights of the whole skin and the abdominal fat depot were easily obtained, good predictors of total body lipids. Total length was the best predictor of fat-free carcass weight.

Body composition changes in Scottish Blackface ewes during one annual production cycle

2003 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.R. Lambe ◽  
M.J. Young ◽  
S. Brotherstone ◽  
T. Kvame ◽  
J. Conington ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Lumbar Vertebra ◽  
Annual Production ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Calibration Data ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Fat Reserves ◽  
Fat Depot

AbstractTissue depletion and repletion were investigated in 142 Scottish Blackface ewes using computed tomography (CT). Ewes of two ages (2 or 3 years) and differing reproductive status (barren, single- or twin-bearing) were studied through one annual production cycle to investigate mobilization of carcass fat (subcutaneous and inter-muscular), internal fat and muscle.Ewes were CT scanned five times during the 1-year study period: pre-mating; pre-lambing; mid-lactation; weaning; pre-mating the following year. For each animal at each of the five scanning events cross-sectional CT scans were taken at five anatomical sites (ischium, hip, 5th lumbar vertebra, 2nd lumbar vertebra and 8th thoracic vertebra). CT images were analysed to yield areas of carcass fat, muscle and internal fat and total weights of these tissues were estimated at each scanning event using prediction equations derived from a separate calibration data set.The results show that both carcass and internal fat depots were depleted during pregnancy and early lactation and repleted from mid-lactation to mating the following year. In proportionate terms, internal fat was most labile, but carcass fat contributed more to total weight change because it was a bigger fat depot. Subcutaneous fat was the largest and most labile of the carcass fat depots. Muscle reserves were depleted only when fat reserves had fallen to very low levels. Older ewes carried more carcass fat in total than younger ewes when reserves were low. Mobilization of tissue reserves in twin-bearing ewes was less than in single-bearing ewes, probably due to preferential feeding.

The number of employed as a macroeconomic indicator of working time dynamics

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 935-945
Author(s):  
I.A. Zaikova
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Working Time ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Time Dynamics ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Macroeconomic Indicator

Subject. The working time of workers at any stage of economic development is a value reflecting the level of labor productivity. Any progress in productivity contributes to changes in the volume of labor costs and the number of employed. Depending on the relationship between the total volume of labor costs and the number of employed, the duration of working time per one worker may change (it may increase, decrease, or remain unchanged). Objectives. The study aims to confirm the importance of such a macroeconomic indicator as the number of employed in varying working hours. Methods. The study rests on the comparative analysis of countries with developed economies based on some indicators like dynamics of the working time fund, dynamics of the number of employed, average number of hours worked during the year per employee, etc. The analyzed timespan is 25 years (from 1991 to 2016). Results. The comparative analysis revealed that in the non-production sphere and the economy as a whole the macroeconomic determinants correlate so that the length of working time per worker reduces. When considering the analysis results for the manufacturing sector, no single trend was identified. Conclusions. One of the key factors affecting the change in working hours is the number of employed. The relationship between the working time fund and the number of employed directly determines the dynamics of working time per worker.

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