The number of employed as a macroeconomic indicator of working time dynamics

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 935-945
Author(s):  
I.A. Zaikova
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Working Time ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Time Dynamics ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Macroeconomic Indicator

Subject. The working time of workers at any stage of economic development is a value reflecting the level of labor productivity. Any progress in productivity contributes to changes in the volume of labor costs and the number of employed. Depending on the relationship between the total volume of labor costs and the number of employed, the duration of working time per one worker may change (it may increase, decrease, or remain unchanged). Objectives. The study aims to confirm the importance of such a macroeconomic indicator as the number of employed in varying working hours. Methods. The study rests on the comparative analysis of countries with developed economies based on some indicators like dynamics of the working time fund, dynamics of the number of employed, average number of hours worked during the year per employee, etc. The analyzed timespan is 25 years (from 1991 to 2016). Results. The comparative analysis revealed that in the non-production sphere and the economy as a whole the macroeconomic determinants correlate so that the length of working time per worker reduces. When considering the analysis results for the manufacturing sector, no single trend was identified. Conclusions. One of the key factors affecting the change in working hours is the number of employed. The relationship between the working time fund and the number of employed directly determines the dynamics of working time per worker.

scholarly journals A STUDY OF FACTORS AFFECTING THE FLUIDITY OF CEMENT

2019 ◽  
pp. 8-16
Author(s):  
Л. Шахова ◽  
L. Shakhova ◽  
Е. Черноситова ◽  
E. Chernositova ◽  
Л. Щелокова ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Labor Costs ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Correlation And Regression Analysis ◽  
Cement Powder ◽  
Production Factors ◽  
Variable Factor ◽  
Cement Binder ◽  
Cement Grinding ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The fluidity of cement powder has a significant impact on the duration and labor costs in the process of transportation and shipment of cement. This determines the relevance of the task of finding mechanisms to control this parameter. During the production process, the fluidity of the cement powder is formed depending on the properties of the initial cement charge, the requirements for the thinness of the grinding to the finished product, the hardware design and the conditions of the process. In turn, the fluidity of cement affects the grinding process and the productivity of the mill. The rheological characteristics of the cement binder change over time depending on the physical properties of the material, environmental conditions and the equipment used for its storage. The reasons for the deterioration of the flow of cement powder is still not fully studied. The article is devoted to the study of the main factors affecting the fluidity of cement. The results of the statistical analysis of cement fluidity depending on the thinness of cement grinding (on the residue on the sieve №008 and the specific surface area by Blaine method) humidity, bulk weight and weight in the most compacted state. In addition, the relationship of production factors and cement fluidity is considered. Correlation and regression analysis shows that the fluidity is affected by a variable factor, which is not yet quantified.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Factors Affecting Fine Dust Concentration Before and After COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 395-402
Author(s):  
Woo-Chul Choi ◽  
Kyu-Soo Cheong
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Wind Direction ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Fine Dust ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Containment Policy ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Dust Reduction

This study conducted a comparative analysis of the factors affecting the concentration of fine dust before and after COVID-19. Of these, the dominant factor was CO, and the influence between variables increased even after COVID-19. In the case of PM10, the influence of wind direction and wind speed variables decreased, which is thought to be due to the reduction of westerly-based foreign air pollutants following China’s containment policy. Comparative analysis by season showed that the influence of temperature and humidity was higher in winter. In spring, the influence of wind direction and speed decreased with changes in the westerly wind and the influence of China’s containment policy. In summer and autumn, when the concentration of fine dust is relatively low, the influence of CO after COVID-19 was rather high, indicating that continuous CO management is necessary. Considering the relationship between these air pollutants and the meteorological environment, it is judged that fine dust reduction measures should be implemented.

scholarly journals The role of financial constraints in the services sector: how different is it from manufacturing?

2016 ◽  
pp. 21-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filipe Silva ◽  
Carlos Carreira
Keyword(s):  
Cash Flow ◽  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Financial Constraints ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Services Sector ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
Cash Flow Sensitivity ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Two Sectors

Although the services sector has emerged as a major contributor to gross domestic product and employment in developed economies, very little attention has been paid to financial constraints faced by services firms. This paper represents a first attempt to model financial constraints in the services sector. In particular, we question the commonly accepted inverse relationship between firm size/age and financial constraints. To conduct our empirical tests, we estimate the Cash-Cash Flow Sensitivity using a large unbalanced panel of Portuguese firms. We also combine the recently developed Hovakimian-Hovakimian index of firm’s financial constraints with the sensitivity of cash stocks to cash-flow approach. Our results suggest that there are clear differences in financial constraints across the two sectors. First, firms operating in the services sector suffer from more severe financial constraints than those in manufacturing. Second, the relationship between size and financial constraints appears to be inverse in the case of the manufacturing sector, but not in services, for which we have U-shaped evidence. Finally, for the services sector we find some evidence suggesting an inverse relationship between age and financial constraints, while in manufacturing this relationship seems to be U-shaped.

scholarly journals On the studies of the regular character, factors, effects and perspectives of the working time dynamics in modern economy

POPULATION ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 155-168
Author(s):  
Aleksandr V. Zolotov
Keyword(s):  
Labor Productivity ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Substitution Effect ◽  
Working Time ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Time Dynamics ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Labor Legislation ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Time Reduction

The article examines a significant array of the scientific works devoted to different aspects of the working time dynamics. The conclusion is made that the main measure of this dynamics is the average number of hours worked per worker. This indicator can be used for analysis of all periods of labor activity including seniority. It is stated that the research on the problem shows a long-run trend of working time reduction. The works devoted to the topic also consider other factors affecting length of work: increase of labor productivity, influence of income effect and substitution effect on individual labor supply, motivation of employers, role of trade unions and collective bargaining, labor legislation. There are presented approaches to explanation of differences in the dynamics of working time in the USA and in West Europe. It is taken into account that the working time reduction during the past decades is characterized as one of the preconditions of pension reforms. There are considered works that contain analysis of the effects caused by the changes in working time length, including their impact on workers' health, work-life balance, gender inequality, unemployment rate, labor productivity, environment, perception the life as happy. The article shows a significant interest of researchers to perspectives of the working time dynamics in the context of analysis of J. M. Keynes's prediction about switch to 3-hour shifts by 2030. It is stated that the problem of perspectives of the working time dynamics is becoming one of the key issues in discussing the concept of Universal Basic Income. The article notes the attention of researchers to experiments on the working day reduction to 6 hours.

scholarly journals SELF-EMPLOYMENT AS AN ECONOMIC ADAPTATION FORM OF THE RUSSIA AND KAZAKHSTAN REGIONS POPULATION

2021 ◽  
pp. 10-23
Author(s):  
S. V. Doroshenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
The Self ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Software Environment ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Depth Analysis

The scale of changes in the current stage of social development actualizes the study of various adaptation models and mechanisms. The main purpose of the study is a comparative analysis of the self-employed form of the Russia and Kazakhstan population adaptation, as well as the identification of factors affecting self-employment. The methods of normative, comparative, statistical, correlation and regression analysis were used. It is determined that self-employment by a combination of such characteristics as risk, independence, income, tax payment is a form of the adaptation entrepreneurial model, which is more typical for developing economies or unstable periods. It is revealed that the cross-country comparative analysis has certain limitations due to different regulatory approaches to the allocation of the self-employed category. Comparative studies require taking into account the contextual component, and they also need to be supplemented with the study of factors affecting self-employment. The study novelty is to identify demographic and economic factors affecting self-employment, the assessment of which on the example of the Kazakhstan regions was the regression analysis task. The information base was the Bureau of National Statistics of the Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Kazakhstan Republic data. The study was conducted in the R software environment. The assessment results showed that the choice of self-employed form is directly influenced by age, gender, place of residence, unemployment, the opposite — labor costs, stability conditions. These conclusions should be taken into account when forming state support measures. The prospects for further research are largely determined by the level of statistical and other information about self-employed citizens. In this regard, it seems promising for Kazakhstan to continue research with an emphasis on certain categories of the self-employed, analysis of the influence of various factors. For Russia today, the use of sociological surveys is preferable, and the formation of a statistical base over time will allow for a more in-depth analysis of the influence factors.

Benchmarking of business incubators

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 1062-1069 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa Caiazza
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Technology Diffusion ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Systems Of Innovation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
Science And Technology Parks ◽  
Technology Parks ◽  
Main Factors

Purpose – Despite of the relevance of incubators, science and technology parks on technology diffusion, few studies have compared different systems of innovation to identify the main factors affecting their capability to support spin-offs. Although research on incubators has received increased attention in recent years, few studies have been focused on the main factors affecting their underdevelopment in some developed economies. The purpose of this paper is to fill this gap in the literature by analysing the Italian system of innovation through a comparative analysis with other developed economies. Design/methodology/approach – The paper proposes a comparative analysis in order to evidence the main differences between systems of innovation. Based on these differences, it aims to analyse the main factors characterizing the Italian system of innovation. Findings – This paper identifies the main factors that explain diversity among systems of innovation. It then presents a deep analysis of the Italian system. Originality/value – This study contributes to the theoretical and practical debate on entrepreneurship and innovation systems.

scholarly journals ОРГАНИЗАЦИОННЫЕ И ФИНАНСОВЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ РАЗВИТИЯ НАУЧНОЙ СФЕРЫ КАЗАХСТАНА

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.K. AMIROVA ◽  
Г.К. Амирова
Keyword(s):  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Real Sector ◽  
Development Programs ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The Public ◽  
Scientific Potential ◽  
Negative Factors ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Main Consumer ◽  
Significant Factors

This paper analyzed the state and trends in science, identifies positive and negative factors affecting the development of Kazakhstani science, identifies priority directions for its development. The article revealed the scientific potential of Kazakhstan in terms of the following indicators: the number of organizations performing R&D; the number personnel involved in the implementation of R&D; the internal R&D expenditures. Significant factors limiting innovation in Kazakhstan are low scientific potential: lack of competent staff; lack of internal R&D expenditures. It revealed that in Kazakhstan with the existing system of financing science, there is no opportunity to increase the Research and Development (R&D) expenses. In addition, the main consumer of R&D is the manufacturing sector, which has been reducing its activity recently. This negatively affected the country's scientific sphere, which led to a reduction in R&D, and also negatively affected the implementation of government innovative development programs and strategies. The results allowed concluding that it is necessary to strengthen the relationship between the science and real sector, commercialization of the scientific activities’ results on the basis of the public-private partnerships. В статье проводится анализ состояния и основных тенденций в науке, выявление позитивных и негативных факторов, влияющих на казахстанскую науку и инновационную сферу. Предложены рекомендации для дальнейшего развития научной сферы страны. В статье научный потенциал Казахстана рассматривается по следующим показателям: количество научных организаций, численность научных кадров, объем и источники финансирования НИОКР. По результатам исследования определены факторы, ограничивающие инновации в Казахстане: нехватка компетентного персонала и низкий уровень расходов на НИОКР. Выявлено, что в Казахстане при существующей системе финансирования науки и исследований возможность увеличить затраты на выполнение научно-исследовательских и опытно-конструкторских работ отсутствует. Помимо этого, производственный сектор, который является основным потребителем научных исследований и разработок, сокращает свою деятельность в последнее время. Это оказывает негативное влияние на научную сферу страны, что влечет к сокращению исследований и разработок, а также отрицательно влияет на реализацию государственных программ и стратегий инновационного развития секторов экономики. Полученные результаты позволили сделать вывод, что в сложившейся ситуации необходимо усиление взаимосвязи науки с реальным сектором экономики, коммерциализация результатов научной деятельности на основе государственно-частного партнерства.

Compensatory Coping Through the Extension of Working Hours

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 115-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maie Stein ◽  
Sylvie Vincent-Höper ◽  
Nicole Deci ◽  
Sabine Gregersen ◽  
Albert Nienhaus
Keyword(s):  
Job Demands ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Leader Member Exchange ◽  
Workplace Health ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Data Analyses ◽  
Member Exchange ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Advance Knowledge

Abstract. To advance knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the relationship between leadership and employees’ well-being, this study examines leaders’ effects on their employees’ compensatory coping efforts. Using an extension of the job demands–resources model, we propose that high-quality leader–member exchange (LMX) allows employees to cope with high job demands without increasing their effort expenditure through the extension of working hours. Data analyses ( N = 356) revealed that LMX buffers the effect of quantitative demands on the extension of working hours such that the indirect effect of quantitative demands on emotional exhaustion is only significant at low and average levels of LMX. This study indicates that integrating leadership with employees’ coping efforts into a unifying model contributes to understanding how leadership is related to employees’ well-being. The notion that leaders can affect their employees’ use of compensatory coping efforts that detract from well-being offers promising approaches to the promotion of workplace health.

The Relationship between Working Environment and Internship Satisfaction Level: A Case Study Of A 4-Star Hotel Restaurant In Germany

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 276-291
Author(s):  
Chatarina Natalia Putri
Keyword(s):  
Career Development ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Learning Opportunities ◽  
Working Environment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Satisfaction Level ◽  
Supervisory Support ◽  
Support Organization ◽  
The Relationship

There are many factors that can lead to internship satisfaction. Working environment is one of the factors that will result to such outcome. However, many organizations discarded the fact of its importance. The purpose of this study is to determine whether there is a significant relationship between working environment and internship satisfaction level as well as to determine whether the dimensions of working environment significantly affect internship satisfaction. The said dimensions are, learning opportunities, supervisory support, career development opportunities, co-workers support, organization satisfaction, working hours and esteem needs. A total of 111 questionnaires were distributed to the respondents and were processed by SPSS program to obtain the result of this study. The results reveal that learning opportunities, career development opportunities, organization satisfaction and esteem needs are factors that contribute to internship satisfaction level. In the other hand, supervisory support, co-workers support and working hours are factors that lead to internship dissatisfaction. The result also shows that organization satisfaction is the strongest factor that affects internship satisfaction while co-workers support is the weakest.

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