Residual benefits of limestone and superphosphate on barley yields and soil-water deficits on a krasnozem in north-western Tasmania

1995 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 611 ◽  
Author(s):  
BA Rowe ◽  
DE Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Soil Water Deficit ◽  
Available Nitrogen ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
North Western ◽  
Barley Crop ◽  
Number Of Seeds

Twelve years after the last application of limestone, the residual benefits of 15 t/ha of surface applied limestone were measured on barley grown on a krasnozem [Gn4.11, pH 5.5 (1:5 soil:water)] at Elliott in north-western Tasmania. Liming increased grain yield by 77% (1.9 t/ha) when phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), potassium (K), and molybdenum (Mo) were non-limiting. An increase in the number of ears per m2 accounted for 73% of the yield increase, number of seeds per ear 20%, and slightly larger grains 7%. The soil-water deficit on the limed plots at the end of the growing season did not exceed that on the unlimed plots. We suggest that the crop responses to liming were due not to an increase in the potential soil-water available for extraction by the crop but to increased levels of available nitrogen on the limed plots, which increased tillering before the onset of water stress. Termination of superphosphate applications 20 years before reduced yield by 1.18 t/ha, to 59% of the yield obtained with superphosphate applied at 500 kg/ha.year. By comparison, the liming effect was 1.6 times larger. The barley crop responded equally to both the P and S components of the superphosphate, but did not respond to K or Mo fertilisers.

scholarly journals Effects of soil water deficit on leaf nitrogen, chlorophylls and spad chlorphyll meter reading on growth stages of soybean

1970 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shakil Uddin Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Soil Water Deficit ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Soybean Leaf ◽  
Response To Water

Soybean leaf Nitrogen (N) status correlated linearly with the amount of chlorophylls and SCMR at flowering stage in response to water deficit levels. In addition, SCMR showed significant positive correlation with chlorophylls at flowering stage. Grain yield significantly correlated to the leaf nitrogen as well as to the chlorophylls and SCMR at flowering stage in response to water deficit levels. These relationships indicated that the water stress decreased leaf nitrogen, chlorophylls and SCMR which in turn caused decreased grain yield of soybean. The results from the study suggest that, flowering stage is the best time for prediction on the adverse effects of water stress on leaf nitrogen assimilation, chlorophylls and SCMR on potential yielding ability of soybean.Key words: Soil water deficit; Leaf nitrogen; Chlorophyll (a+b); Growth stages; Soybean DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v40i2.9773   Bangladesh J. Bot. 40(2): 171-175, 2011 (December)

A drought experiment using mobile shelters: the effect of drought on barley yield, water use and nutrient uptake

1978 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 599-623 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Day ◽  
B. J. Legg ◽  
B. K. French ◽  
A. E. Johnston ◽  
D. W. Lawlor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Maximum Depth ◽  
Soil Water Deficit ◽  
Drought Treatment ◽  
Effects Of Drought

SummaryAutomatic mobile shelters were used to keep rain off a barley crop in a drought experiment. The treatments ranged from no water during the growing season to regular weekly irrigation. This paper reports the effect of drought on the harvest yield and its components, on water use and nutrient uptake.Drought caused large decreases in yield, and affected each component of the grain yield. The magnitude of each component varied by up to 25% between treatments, and much of the variation could be accounted for by linear regression against the mean soil water deficit in one of three periods. For the number of grains per ear, the relevant period included tillering and ear formation; for the number of ears per unit ground area, the period included stem extension and tiller death; for grain mass, the period included grain filling.The harvest yields were linearly related to water use, with no indication of a critical period of drought sensitivity. The relation of grain yield to the maximum potential soil water deficit did show that a prolonged early drought had an exceptionally large effect on both yield and water use.Two unsheltered irrigation experiments, also on barley, were made in the same year on a nearby site. The effects of drought on yield in these experiments were in good agreement with the effects observed on the mobile shelter site.When fully irrigated, the small plots under the mobile shelters used water 11% faster than larger areas of crop, because of advection. The maximum depth from which water was extracted was unaffected by the drought treatment. When 50% of the available soil water had been used the uptake rate decreased, but the maximum depth of uptake continued to increase.Measurements of crop nutrients at harvest showed that nitrogen uptake was large, because of site history, and that phosphate uptake was decreased by drought to such an extent that phosphate shortage may have limited yield.

Plant development and grain yield in spring and winter barley

1984 ◽  
Vol 102 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Ellis ◽  
G. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Plant Development ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Winter Barley ◽  
Considerable Reduction ◽  
Rate Of Development ◽  
Soil Water Stress

SummaryThe development of spring and winter barley sown in both the spring and autumn has been followed in two seasons. The rates of development were similar in both types for autumn sowings but the spring types developed faster in spring sowings. Differences in the rate of development were related to photoperiod and temperature although soil water stress modified variety response. Yields were higher from autumn and early spring sowings. Sowing in April resulted in a considerable reduction in yield. The significance of these results for barley breeders is discussed.

scholarly journals Effect of Irrigation and Soil Water Stress on Densities of Macrophomina phaseolina in Soil and Roots of Two Soybean Cultivars

Plant Disease ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (8) ◽  
pp. 895-900 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. Kendig ◽  
J. C. Rupe ◽  
H. D. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Root Colonization ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Soil Moisture Stress ◽  
Soil Water Stress

The effects of irrigation and soil water stress on Macrophomina phaseolina microsclerotial (MS) densities in the soil and roots of soybean were studied in 1988, 1989, and 1990. Soybean cvs. Davis and Lloyd received irrigation until flowering (TAR2), after flowering (IAR2), full season (FSI), or not at all (NI). Soil water matric potentials at 15- and 30-cm depths were recorded throughout the growing season and used to schedule irrigation. Soil MS densities were determined at the beginning of each season. Root MS densities were determined periodically throughout the growing season. Microsclerotia were present in the roots of irrigated as well as nonirrigated soybean within 6 weeks after planting. By vegetative growth stage V13, these densities reached relatively stable levels in the NI and FSI treatments (2.23 to 2.35 and 1.35 to 1.63 log [microsclerotia per gram of dry root], respectively) through reproductive growth stage R6. After R6, irrigation was discontinued and root densities of microsclerotia increased in all treatments. Initiation (IAR2) or termination (TAR2) of irrigation at R2 resulted in significant changes in root MS densities, with densities reaching levels intermediate between those of FSI and NI treatments. Year to year differences in root colonization reflected differences in soil moisture due to rainfall. The rate of root colonization in response to soil moisture stress decreased with plant age. Root colonization was significantly greater in Davis than Lloyd at R5 and R8. This was reflected in a trend toward higher soil densities of M. phaseolina at planting in plots planted with Davis than in plots planted with Lloyd. Although no charcoal rot symptoms in the plant were observed in this study, these results indicated that water management can limit, but not prevent, colonization of soybean by M. phaseolina, that cultivars differ in colonization, and that these differences may affect soil densities of the fungus.

scholarly journals Cultivar Differences in Leaf Photosynthesis and Grain Yield of Wheat under Soil Water Deficit Conditions.

1994 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michihiro WADA ◽  
Luiz J.C.B. CARVALHO ◽  
Gustavo C. RODRIGUES ◽  
Ryuichi ISHII
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Cultivar Differences ◽  
Soil Water Deficit ◽  
Leaf Photosynthesis

REACTION OF BARLEY VARIETIES TO SOIL WATER STRESS

1966 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 507-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Wells ◽  
S. Dubetz
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Soil Water Stress ◽  
Boot Stage ◽  
Ripening Stages ◽  
Stage Yield ◽  
Dough Stage ◽  
Number Of Seeds

Varietal differences in reaction to soil water stress of 8 bars were demonstrated in the greenhouse on each of two different soil types. The effects of stress on grain yield and protein content were greater at the early boot stage than at the soft dough stage and they were greater at the soft dough stage than at the onset of tillering or ripening stages. The lower yields of Betzes and Hannchen resulting from stress at the early boot stage were due mainly to a decrease in number of seeds per spike. Protein content of the two varieties was increased by stress at this stage. Yield and protein content of Compana were not appreciably affected. The ratio of water used to grain produced was essentially the same for each variety but was higher on Cavendish than on Lethbridge soil and was directly related to stage of stress.

scholarly journals Interspecific Differences in Physiological and Biochemical Traits Drive the Water Stress Tolerance in Young Morus alba L. and Conocarpus erectus L. Saplings

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1615
Author(s):  
Zikria Zafar ◽  
Fahad Rasheed ◽  
Ahsan Ul Haq ◽  
Faridah Hanum Ibrahim ◽  
Shazia Afzal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Soil Water Deficit ◽  
Water Stress Tolerance ◽  
Intrinsic Water Use Efficiency

Mitigating climate change requires the identification of tree species that can tolerate water stress with fewer negative impacts on plant productivity. Therefore, the study aimed to evaluate the water stress tolerance of young saplings of C. erectus and M. alba under three soil water deficit treatments (control, CK, 90% field capacity, FC, medium stress MS, 60% FC and high stress, HS, 30% FC) under controlled conditions. Results showed that leaf and stem dry weight decreased significantly in both species under MS and HS. However, root dry weight and root/shoot ratio increased, and total dry weight remained similar to CK under MS in C. erectus saplings. Stomatal conductance, CO2 assimilation rate decreased, and intrinsic water use efficiency increased significantly in both species under MS and HS treatments. The concentration of hydrogen peroxide, superoxide radical, malondialdehyde and electrolyte leakage increased in both the species under soil water deficit but was highest in M. alba. The concentration of antioxidative enzymes like superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase also increased in both species under MS and HS but was highest in C. erectus. Therefore, results suggest that C. erectus saplings depicted a better tolerance to MS due to an effective antioxidative enzyme system.

scholarly journals The influence of vine water regime on the leaf gas exchange, berry composition and wine quality of Arvine grapes in Switzerland

OENO One ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 553-568
Author(s):  
Vivian Zufferey ◽  
Thibaut Verdenal ◽  
Agnès Dienes ◽  
Sandrine Belcher ◽  
Fabrice Lorenzini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Available Nitrogen ◽  
Water Regimes ◽  
Sensorial Quality ◽  
Berry Composition

Aims: The aim of the present study was to analyse the impact of different water regimes on the physiological and agronomical behavior of an aromatic white grapevine (cv. Arvine) by means of various levels of irrigation. The consequences of the plant water status were evaluated by carrying out a chemical (aromatic precursors) and sensorial analysis of the resulting wines.Methods and results: Adult vines of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Arvine grafted onto 5BB were subjected to different water regimes (various levels of irrigation) during the growing season. Physiological indicators were used to monitor the plant water status [pre-dawn leaf (ΨPD) and stem (ΨSTEM) water potentials and carbon isotope composition (d13C) in the must]. Gas exchange (net photosynthesis AN and transpiration E), stomatal conductance (gs), yield parameters, berry composition at harvest, analysis of potential grape aromatic properties (glycosyl-glucose G-G, precursor 3-mercaptohexanol P 3-MH) and the sensorial quality of wines were analysed over a period of 8 consecutive years (2009-2016) in the Agroscope experimental vineyard in Leytron under the relatively dry conditions of the Rhône valley in Wallis, Switzerland.In the non-irrigated vines, the progressively increasing water deficit observed over the season reduced the leaf gas exchange (AN and E) and gs. The intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi, A/gs) increased over the season and was greater in the vines that had suffered water restriction than in the irrigated vines. The rise in WUEi was correlated with an increase in d13C in the must sugars at harvest. A decrease in plant vigor was observed in the water stressed vines over multiple years. Moderate to high water stress during fruit ripening lowered the contents of total and malic acidity in the musts and the content of yeast available nitrogen (YAN). On the other hand, contents in sugar and the aromatic precursor (P-3MH) in berries were not influenced by the vine water status. The G-G values for berries increased with rising water stress in the non-irrigated vines. The wines from the plants subjected to water stress and to yeast available nitrogen deficiency (non-irrigated vines during hot and dry seasons) had a less distinctive typicity, and developed a lower aromatic expression with a more bitter taste, than the wines from the non-stressed plants. Overall, and compared with the stressed vines, the organoleptic characteristics and quality of Arvine wines from vines which had not undergone restrictions in water and nitrogen during the growing season were appreciated more.Conclusions: The vine’s physiological behavior (leaf gas exchange, plant vigor) and agronomic parameters (yield, berry composition), together with the quality of white aromatic Arvine wines, were strongly influenced by vine water regimes during the growing season.Significance and impact of the study: Vine water status and must nitrogen contents are key factors in grape composition and in the sensorial quality of resulting aromatic white wines.

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