A cladistic and biogeographic analysis of Chinese Neopsylla Wagner (Siphonaptera : Ctenophthalmidae)

2003 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 607 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang Lu ◽  
Houyong Wu
Keyword(s):  
Host Preference ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Primary Host ◽  
Host Preferences ◽  
History Of ◽  
Paraphyletic Group ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
Close Relatives ◽  
Independent Species ◽  
Biogeographic Analysis

A cladistic analysis of 29 Chinese species of Neopsylla Wagner, 1903 is carried out based on morphology. Rothschildiana Smit, 1952 and Tamiophila Jordan, 1938, two close relatives of Neopsylla, are also included in the analysis. The results support four species-groups among the Neopsylla: the anoma-group, the stevensi-group, the specialis-group and the setosa-group, and an independent species, N. angustimanubra Wu, Wu�& Liu, 1966. Species of Rothschildiana are included in the stevensi-group and Tamiophila grandis is a member of the setosa-group. Therefore Neopsylla is a paraphyletic group and Rothschildiana and Tamiophila are junior synonyms. The four species-groups show different distributions and host preferences. Rattus is the primary host of the anoma- and stevensi-groups, although some species of the anoma-group have shifted to Myospalax. The specialis-group predominantly infects Apodemus. The setosa-group shifted host preference from the Murinae to genera of Cricetinae and Sciurinae. The reasons for the changes in host and distributions of the species-groups are discussed in relation to the zoogeographic history of China.

Systematics and biogeography of the spider genus Mallinella Strand, 1906, with descriptions of new species and new genera from Southeast Asia (Araneae, Zodariidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3369 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
PAKAWIN DANKITTIPAKUL ◽  
RUDY JOCQUÉ ◽  
TIPPAWAN SINGTRIPOP
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Plate Tectonics ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Indian Species ◽  
As Species ◽  
History Of ◽  
Nomina Dubia ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
First Time

The systematics status of the spider genus Mallinella Strand, 1906 (Araneae, Zodariidae), the phylogenetic relationshipof the species within the genus and its relationships to other zodariids were investigated by means of cladistic analysis ofmorphological data. Mallinella is redefined and characterized by a single synapomorphy: the presence of posterior ventralspines situated in front of the spinnerets arranged in a single row. The genus is clearly palaeotropical, occurring in Africa,Indian subcontinent, Indo-Burma, Sundaland, Wallacea and Polynesia-Micronesia.Two hundred and two (202) Mallinella species are treated. One hundred and one (101) species are described as newand placed in twenty-two (22) species-groups, making Mallinella the largest zodariid genus. Nineteen (19) species are redescribed, the conspecific sex of seven (7) species is discovered and described for the first time. Fifteen (15) new com-binations are proposed. Nine (9) Storena species are here transferred to Mallinella: M. beauforti (Kulczyński, 1911) comb.nov., M. sciophana (Simon, 1901) comb. nov., M. sobria (Thorell, 1890) comb. nov., M. fasciata (Kulczyński, 1911)comb. nov., M. vicaria (Kulczyński, 1911) comb. nov., M. redimita (Simon, 1905) comb. nov., M. melanognatha (van Has-selt, 1882) comb. nov., M. nilgherina (Simon, 1906) comb. nov., M. vittata (Thorell, 1890) comb. nov. Two Storena spe-cies are transferred to Asceua: A. dispar (Kulczyński, 1911) comb. nov., A. quinquestrigata (Simon, 1905) comb. nov. OneStorena species is transferred to Oedignatha (Liocranidae): O. aleipata (Marples, 1955) comb. nov. One Storena speciesis transferred to Cybaeodamus: C. lentiginosus (Simon, 1905) comb. nov. Storena tricolor Simon, 1908 is transferred tothe Asteron complex of Australia. Three Storena and two Mallinella species are misplaced; they belong to undescribedgenera (S. kraepelini Simon, 1905; S. lesserti Berland, 1938; S. parvula Berland, 1938; M. khanhoa Logunov, 2010; M.rectangulata Zhang et al., 2011). Mallinella vittata (Thorell, 1890) comb. nov. is revalidated and removed from the syn-onymy with M. zebra (Thorell, 1881). Storena vittata Caporiacco, 1955 is removed from homonym replacement (S. ca-poriaccoi Brignoli, 1983) with S. vittata Thorell, 1890 (= M. vittata comb. nov.). Storena annulipes Thorell, 1892 isremoved from its preoccupied name with S. annulipes (L. Koch, 1867) in Storena and transferred to Mallinella; its re-placement name S. cinctipes Simon, 1893 is suppressed.Zodarion luzonicum Simon, 1893, Storena multiguttata Simon, 1893, S. semiflava Simon, 1893 and S. obnubila Si-mon, 1901 are regarded as nomina dubia. Six Indian species were misplaced in Storena; they belong to one of the follow-ing genera: Mallinella, Heliconilla gen. nov., Workmania gen. nov., Heradion, or Euryeidon. These taxa are S. arakuensisPatel & Reddy, 1989, S. debasrae Biswas & Biswas, 1992, S. dibangensis Biswas & Biswas, 2006, S. gujaratensis Tikader& Patel, 1975, S. indica Tikader & Patel, 1975 and S. tikaderi Patel & Reddy, 1989. They are regarded as species incertaesedis.A new genus, Heliconilla gen. nov., is proposed for nine species, six of which are new to science while the otherthree are transferred from Mallinella and Storena. These taxa are: H. irrorata (Thorell, 1887) comb. nov., H. oblonga(Zhang & Zhu, 2009) comb. nov., H. thaleri (Dankittipakul & Schwendinger, 2009) comb. nov.Workmania gen. nov. is established to accommodate two species from Southeast Asia; W. juvenca (Workman, 1896)comb. nov. is transferred from Storena.It is unlikely that the origin of Mallinella dates back more than 100 MYA. Mallinella or its ancestor is believed tohave evolved during the Cretaceous, after the separation of South America from Gondwana, and the greater part of itsevolution took place during the Tertiary. The Asian-Australian lineages of Mallinella could migrate to India via GreaterSomalia before or after the K-T extinction (65 MYA), before the Indian subcontinent joined Asia (ca. 45 MYA).The bio-geographic history of the genus involves plate tectonics during the Cretaceous and the Cenozoic in combination with cli-matic changes and alternating climatic cycles which might have led to episodes of range expansion, isolation of populations and allopatric speciation.

Systematics and natural history of Barronopsis (Araneae: Agelenidae), with description of a new species

Zootaxa ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 2270 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
IAN CHRISTOPHER STOCKS
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Female Genitalia ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
History Of ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
Group B ◽  
A New Species

The monophyletic agelenid genus Barronopsis Chamberlin & Ivie is revised to include 6 species. The Cuban species B. campephila Alayón and B. cesari Alayón are synonomized under B. barrowsi (Gertsch) and B. jeffersi (Muma), respectively, and B. stephaniae new species is described. Natural history observations, distribution maps, diagnoses and descriptions, and a species identification key including B. texana (Gertsch), B. arturoi Alayón, and B. floridensis (Muma) are provided. Detailed descriptions of the male palpus and female genitalia, a review and evaluation of historical terminology used to describe agelenid palpal bulbs, and a discussion of the utility of certain male palpal characters in resolving phylogeny within Agelenidae are provided. Based on the morphology of the male and female genitalia and morphometric data, two species groups are recognized: a large-bodied B. texana species group (B. texana, floridensis, arturoi, jeffersi) and a small-bodied B. barrowsi species group (B. barrowsi, B. stephaniae). A cladistic analysis of Barronopsis, using Tortolena glaucopis (F. O. P.-Cambridge), Melpomene singula (Gertsch & Ivie), and species of Agelenopsis Giebel as outgroups identified three most parsimonious trees of 37 steps. The strict consensus tree yielded the following species relationships: (Agelenopsis (((B. texana, B. jeffersi), B. floridensis, B. arturoi), (B. barrowsi, B. stephaniae))))).Key words: Agelenopsis, revision, taxonomy, phylogenetic analysis

scholarly journals A new spelaeogriphacean (Crustacea: Peracarida) from the Upper Jurassic of China

1998 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shen Yan-bin ◽  
Rod S. Taylor ◽  
Frederick R. Schram
Keyword(s):  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Upper Jurassic ◽  
The Body ◽  
Liaoning Province ◽  
New Genus And Species ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
North East ◽  
History Of ◽  
Group A ◽  
Paraphyletic Group

A new monotypic genus of Spelaeogriphacea is described from the Upper Jurassic of Liaoning Province, north-east China. This new genus and species brings the number of known spelaeogriphacean taxa to four, the others being two recent forms from Brazil and South Africa, and one from the Carboniferous of eastern Canada. The new Chinese form is morphologically(and phylogenetically) very similar to the recent spelaeogriphaceans, suggesting that the body plan seenin the recent Spelaeogriphacea was achieved relatively early in the history of the group. A cladistic analysis of this and several other peracaridan orders indicates that the Spelaeogriphacea may be a paraphyletic group. This suggests that much work remains to be done with respect to the taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships among the peracaridan taxa.

The coral bugs, genus Halovelia Bergroth (Hemiptera, Veliidae). II. Taxonomy of the H. malaya-group, cladistics, ecology, biology, and biogeography

1989 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Møller Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Character State ◽  
Western Pacific Ocean ◽  
Parsimony Analysis ◽  
State Matrix ◽  
Biogeographic History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Present Part ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
Nicobar Islands

AbstractMarine bugs of the genus Halovelia Bergroth inhabit intertidal coral reefs and rocky coasts along the continents and islands bordering the Red Sea, Indian Ocean, and western Pacific Ocean as well as island groups and atolls in these areas. In Part I of this work, the genus Halovelia was redescribed together with five previously known species; fifteen new species were described. In the present part, two previously known species are redescribed and eight species described as new, all belonging to the H. malaya Esaki-group: H. sulawesi sp.n. (Sulawesi); H. abdominalis sp.n. (Java, West Malaysia); H. nicobarensis sp.n. (Nicobar Islands); H. convexa sp.n. (Maldive Islands); H. poissoni sp.n. (Kenya, Tanzania); H. seychellensis sp.n. (Seychelles, Madagascar); H. depressa sp.n. (Madagascar); and H. mauricensis sp.n. (Mauritius). A key to the species of the H. malaya-group is included. Using the computer programs PAUP and Hennig86, a cladistic analysis of relationships between the species of Halovelia was performed. Other genera of Haloveliinae were used as outgroup taxa. 46 characters (each with 2-4 states) are listed. The cladistic analysis of the character state matrix yields 18 equally parsimonious cladograms, each 155 steps long. The preferred cladogram is evaluated both by characters and by clades. An account is given of the ecology and biology of the coral bugs, chiefly based upon original observations by the author. The distributions of each of the 30 species of Halovelia are mapped and discussed. The historic biogeography of the species is analysed using two different methods of cladistic (or vicariance) biogeography: component and parsimony analysis. Reduced area cladograms are produced for most species-groups as well as a summary cladogram for these groups. The biogeographic history of Halovelia is discussed in the light of these results and compared with the biogeography of other marine Haloveliinae, the marine Gerridae, and other groups of Indo-Pacific animals.

Phylogenetic and biogeographical analysis of the New Zealand Helicopsyche von Siebold (Trichoptera: Helicopsychidae)

2001 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kjell Arne Johanson
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Ancestral Area ◽  
Distribution Ranges ◽  
Minimum Age ◽  
History Of ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
Biogeographical Analysis ◽  
Von Siebold

AbstractThe phylogenetic relationship between the seven known New Zealand Helicopsyche von Siebold, 1856 species is outlined. The New Zealand Helicopsyche comprises Helicopsyche albescens Tillyard, 1924, Helicopsyche poutini McFarlane, 1964, Helicopsyche howesi Tillyard, 1924, Helicopsyche zealandica Hudson, 1904, Helicopsyche haurapango Johanson, 1999, Helicopsyche torinoJohanson, 1999, and Helicopsyche cuvieri Johanson, 1999 and the cladistic analysis revealed a single most parsimonious tree, ((albescens, (poutini, howesi)), (zealandica, (haurapango, (torino, cuvieri)))). The basal species in the two species groups formed, H. zeczlandica and H. albescens, are widely distributed in both North Island and South Island, while the derived species have more restricted distribution ranges and sister clades form non-overlapping distributions. New Zealand was divided into four and five separate geographical entities based on a) distribution patterns from the Helicopsyche and primitive Lepidoptera and b) distribution patterns from the Helicopsyche alone, respectively. To map the history of Helicopsyche in New Zealand reconciliation using COMPONENT 2.0 and Dispersal-Vicariance analysis by DIVA 1.1 was applied in the search for a reduced area cladogram and ancestral areas, respectively. The results indicate that the southernmost part was part of the ancestral area, and that the division of the earliest ancestor has a minimum age of 10 million years.

Odontopleura (Trilobita, Silurian), and a method of constrained congruency analysis

1990 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 600-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan M. Adrain ◽  
Brian D. E. Chatterton
Keyword(s):  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Canadian Arctic ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Parsimony Analysis ◽  
Directed Tree ◽  
Shelf Slope ◽  
Major Species ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
The Universe ◽  
A New Species

Odontopleura (Odontopleura) arctica, a new species of odontopleurine trilobite, is described from the Canadian Arctic. A method of cladistic analysis is detailed. Parsimony analysis should be performed treating all characters as unordered. The universe of directed trees implied by the resulting rootless network(s) can then be examined and a preferred tree selected by a criterion of congruency. Namely, the most parsimonious directed tree that accommodates the most congruent arrangement of character-states should be taken as the preferred cladogram. Since this is essentially a general congruency method operating within the constraints of parsimony, it is termed “constrained congruency.” The method is applied to the genus Odontopleura, resulting in the recognition of two major species groups, the nominate subgenus and Sinespinaspis n. subgen. Odontopleura (Ivanopleura) dufrenoyi Barrande is tentatively included in the genus, but considered too poorly known for cladistic analysis. Species assigned to Odontopleura (Odontopleura) include Odontopleura ovata Emmrich, Odontopleura brevigena Chatterton and Perry, Odontopleura (Odontopleura) arctica n. sp., and Diacanthaspis serotina Apollonov. Species assigned to Sinespinaspis n. subgen. include Taemasaspis llandoveryana Šnajdr, Odontopleura greenwoodi Chatterton and Perry, Odontopleura maccallai Chatterton and Perry, and Odontopleura nehedensis Chatterton and Perry. Odontopleura bombini Chatterton and Perry is tentatively placed in synonymy with Odontopleura nehedensis. The genus had a wide distribution throughout the Early and Middle Silurian, due to preferences for deep-water, distal shelf or shelf-slope transition zone habitats.

Beyond Wallace: a new lineage of Chrysorthenches (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutoidea: Glyphipterigidae) reveals a journey tracking its host-plants, Podocarpus (Pinopsida: Podocarpaceae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 190 (2) ◽  
pp. 709-736
Author(s):  
Jae-Cheon Sohn ◽  
Shigeki Kobayashi ◽  
Yutaka Yoshiyasu
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Geological History ◽  
Dna Barcodes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
Maximum Likelihood Phylogeny

Abstract A northward trans-Wallacean radiation is demonstrated for Chrysorthenches, a member of the Orthenches group. Here we review Chrysorthenches and allied genera resulting in a generic transfer of Diathryptica callibrya to Chrysorthenches and two new congeners: C. muraseaeSohn & Kobayashisp. nov. from Japan and C. smaragdinaSohnsp. nov. from Thailand. We review morphological characters of Chrysorthenches and allied genera, and find polyphyly of Diathryptica and the association of the Orthenches-group with Glyphipterigidae. These findings were supported in a maximum likelihood phylogeny of DNA barcodes from ten yponomeutoids. We analysed 30 morphological characters for 12 species of Chrysorthenches, plus one outgroup, via a cladistic approach. The resulting cladogram redefined two pre-existing Chrysorthenches species-groups and identified one novel lineage: the C. callibrya species-group. We review the host associations between Chrysorthenches and Podocarpaceae, based on mapping the working phylogenies. Our review suggests that ancestral Chrysorthenches colonized Podocarpus and later shifted to other podocarp genera. Biogeographical patterns of Chrysorthenches show that they evolved long after the Podocarpaceae radiation. Disjunctive trans-Wallacean distribution of the C. callibrya species-group is possibly related to the tracking of their host-plants and the complicated geological history of the island-arc system connecting Australia and East Asia.

Cladistic analysis of the Zethus (Zethoides) (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae) species groups with insights on the current subgeneric classification of Zethus Fabricius, 1804

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rogério Botion Lopes ◽  
Fernando Barbosa Noll
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Species Groups

Zethus is the largest genus in Eumeninae, with over 250 species. Currently, it is divided in four subgenera: Z. (Zethus), Z. (Zethusculus), Z. (Zethoides) and Z. (Madecazethus). Z. (Zethoides), with 42 species, is subdivided in eight species groups, each considered a phylogenetic unit, that were created without any phylogenetic analysis. Eighteen species of Z. (Zethoides) corresponding to different groups were examined, altogether with terminals from distinct lineages of Zethus, Zethini and Eumenini, to perform a cladistics analysis to verify the proposed divisions. Zethus (Zethoides) and all of its species groups, except for the Z. biglumis group, were monophyletic. Zethus s.s. was paraphyletic in relation to Z. (Madecazethus), Z. (Zethoides) and Ctenochilus. Z. (Zethusculus) was also retrieved paraphyletic. Despite the subgeneric incongruences, the outgroups were too poorly represented to carry a taxonomic modification. Thus, the only alteration was the inclusion of the Z. clypearis group in the Z. biglumis group.

scholarly journals Darwin’s naturalization hypothesis does not explain the spread of nonnative weed species naturalized in México

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5444
Author(s):  
Judith Sánchez-Blanco ◽  
Ernesto V. Vega-Peña ◽  
Francisco J. Espinosa-García
Keyword(s):  
Residence Time ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Herbarium Specimens ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
Biological Attributes ◽  
Darwin's Naturalization Hypothesis ◽  
Stochastic Events ◽  
Close Relatives ◽  
Darwin’S Naturalization Hypothesis

BackgroundDespite numerous tests of Darwin’s naturalization hypothesis (DNH) evidence for its support or rejection is still contradictory. We tested a DNH derived prediction stating that nonnative species (NNS) without native congeneric relatives (NCR) will spread to a greater number of localities than species with close relatives in the new range. This test controlled the effect of residence time (Rt) on the spread of NNS and used naturalized species beyond their lag phase to avoid the effect of stochastic events in the establishment and the lag phases that could obscure the NCR effects on NNS.MethodsWe compared the number of localities (spread) occupied by NNS with and without NCR using 13,977 herbarium records for 305 NNS of weeds. We regressed the number of localities occupied by NNSversus Rtto determine the effect of time on the spread of NNS. Then, we selected the species withRtgreater than the expected span of the lag phase, whose residuals were above and below the regression confidence limits; these NNS were classified as widespread (those occupying more localities than expected byRt) and limited-spread (those occupying fewer localities than expected). These sets were again subclassified into two groups: NNS with and without NCR at the genus level. The number of NNS with and without NCR was compared usingχ2tests and Spearman correlations between the residuals and the number of relatives. Then, we grouped the NNS using 34 biological attributes and five usages to identify the groups’ possible associations with spread and to test DNH. To identify species groups, we performed a nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis and evaluated the influences of the number of relatives, localities, herbarium specimens,Rt, and residuals of regression. The Spearman correlation and the Mann–WhitneyUtest were used to determine if the DNH prediction was met. Additionally, we used the clustering objects on subsets of attributes (COSA) method to identify possible syndromes (sets of biological attributes and usages) associated to four groups of NNS useful to test DNH (those with and without NCR and those in more and fewer localities than expected byRt).ResultsResidence time explained 33% of the variation in localities occupied by nonnative trees and shrubs and 46% of the variation for herbs and subshrubs. The residuals of the regression for NNS were not associated with the number or presence of NCR. In each of the NMDS groups, the number of localities occupied by NNS with and without NCR did not significantly differ. The COSA analysis detected that only NNS with NCR in more and fewer localities than expected share biological attributes and usages, but they differ in their relative importance.DiscussionOur results suggest that DNH does not explain the spread of naturalized species in a highly heterogeneous country. Thus, the presence of NCR is not a useful characteristic in risk analyses for naturalized NNS.

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