scholarly journals Regulatory RNA molecules

2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 124
Author(s):  
Stephen M Kwong ◽  
Neville Firth
Keyword(s):  
Gene Regulation ◽  
Antisense Rna ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Regulatory Rna ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Genetic Elements ◽  
Regulatory Systems ◽  
Regulatory Rnas

Numerous examples of antisense RNA-mediated gene regulation have been found in bacteria. Such regulatory systems were first identified on accessory genetic elements such as plasmids, transposons and phages, and it is from these that most of our current knowledge of regulatory RNAs is drawn.

scholarly journals Regulatory RNAs in Planarians

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamila Pawlicka ◽  
Patrick McDevitt Perrigue ◽  
Jan Barciszewski
Keyword(s):  
Gene Regulation ◽  
Simple Model ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Suitable Model ◽  
Regulatory Rna ◽  
Field Of Study ◽  
Rna Evolution ◽  
Regulatory Rnas ◽  
And Function ◽  
Epigenetic Processes

The full scope of regulatory RNA evolution and function in epigenetic processes is still not well understood. The development of planarian flatworms to be used as a simple model organism for research has shown great potential to address gaps in knowledge in this field of study. The genomes of planarians encode a wide array of regulatory RNAs that function in gene regulation. Here we review planarians as a suitable model organism for the identification and function of regulatory RNAs.

scholarly journals Regulatory RNAs in Bacillus subtilis: a Gram-Positive Perspective on Bacterial RNA-Mediated Regulation of Gene Expression

2016 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 1029-1057 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruben A. T. Mars ◽  
Pierre Nicolas ◽  
Emma L. Denham ◽  
Jan Maarten van Dijl
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Regulatory Rna ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Small Regulatory Rnas ◽  
Regulatory Rnas ◽  
The Stability

SUMMARYBacteria can employ widely diverse RNA molecules to regulate their gene expression. Such molecules includetrans-acting small regulatory RNAs, antisense RNAs, and a variety of transcriptional attenuation mechanisms in the 5′ untranslated region. Thus far, most regulatory RNA research has focused on Gram-negative bacteria, such asEscherichia coliandSalmonella. Hence, there is uncertainty about whether the resulting insights can be extrapolated directly to other bacteria, such as the Gram-positive soil bacteriumBacillus subtilis. A recent study identified 1,583 putative regulatory RNAs inB. subtilis, whose expression was assessed across 104 conditions. Here, we review the current understanding of RNA-based regulation inB. subtilis, and we categorize the newly identified putative regulatory RNAs on the basis of their conservation in other bacilli and the stability of their predicted secondary structures. Our present evaluation of the publicly available data indicates that RNA-mediated gene regulation inB. subtilismostly involves elements at the 5′ ends of mRNA molecules. These can include 5′ secondary structure elements and metabolite-, tRNA-, or protein-binding sites. Importantly, sense-independent segments are identified as the most conserved and structured potential regulatory RNAs inB. subtilis. Altogether, the present survey provides many leads for the identification of new regulatory RNA functions inB. subtilis.

scholarly journals Optoribogenetic control of regulatory RNA molecules

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Pilsl ◽  
Charles Morgan ◽  
Moujab Choukeife ◽  
Andreas Möglich ◽  
Günter Mayer
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Protein Function ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Regulatory Rna ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Cell State ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Micro Rnas ◽  
Short Hairpin ◽  
Regulatory Rnas

Abstract Short regulatory RNA molecules underpin gene expression and govern cellular state and physiology. To establish an alternative layer of control over these processes, we generated chimeric regulatory RNAs that interact reversibly and light-dependently with the light-oxygen-voltage photoreceptor PAL. By harnessing this interaction, the function of micro RNAs (miRs) and short hairpin (sh) RNAs in mammalian cells can be regulated in a spatiotemporally precise manner. The underlying strategy is generic and can be adapted to near-arbitrary target sequences. Owing to full genetic encodability, it establishes optoribogenetic control of cell state and physiology. The method stands to facilitate the non-invasive, reversible and spatiotemporally resolved study of regulatory RNAs and protein function in cellular and organismal environments.

scholarly journals The Biogenesis and Functions of circRNAs and Their Roles in Breast Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liting Tang ◽  
Baohong Jiang ◽  
Hongbo Zhu ◽  
Ting Gao ◽  
Yu Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Predictive Biomarkers ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Regulatory Rna ◽  
Expression Stability ◽  
Invasion And Metastasis ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
New Class

Recent statistics show that breast cancer is among the most frequent cancers in clinical practice. It is also the second-leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women worldwide. CircRNAs are a new class of endogenous regulatory RNA molecules whose 5’ end and 3’ end are connected together to form a covalently closed single-stranded loop by back-splicing. CircRNAs present the advantages of disease-specific expression and excellent expression stability, and they can modulate gene expression at posttranscriptional and transcriptional levels. CircRNAs are abnormally expressed in multiple cancers, such as breast cancer, and drive the initiation and progression of cancer. In this review, we describe current knowledge about the functions of circRNAs and generalize their roles in various aspects of breast cancer, including cell proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, invasion and metastasis, autophagy, angiogenesis, drug resistance, and tumor immunity, and their prognostic and diagnostic value. This may add to a better understanding of the functions and roles of circRNAs in breast cancer, which may become new diagnostic and predictive biomarkers of breast cancer.

scholarly journals Burning the Candle at Both Ends: Have Exoribonucleases Driven Divergence of Regulatory RNA Mechanisms in Bacteria?

mBio ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel G. Mediati ◽  
David Lalaouna ◽  
Jai J. Tree
Keyword(s):  
Gene Regulation ◽  
Rna Structure ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Regulatory Rna ◽  
Regulatory Rnas

Regulatory RNAs have emerged as ubiquitous gene regulators in all bacterial species studied to date. The combination of sequence-specific RNA interactions and malleable RNA structure has allowed regulatory RNA to adopt different mechanisms of gene regulation in a diversity of genetic backgrounds.

scholarly journals Optoribogenetic control of regulatory RNA molecules

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Pilsl ◽  
Charles Morgan ◽  
Moujab Choukeife ◽  
Andreas Möglich ◽  
Günter Mayer
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Protein Function ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Regulatory Rna ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Cell State ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Micro Rnas ◽  
Short Hairpin ◽  
Regulatory Rnas

AbstractShort regulatory RNA molecules underpin gene expression and govern cellular state and physiology. To establish a novel layer of control over these processes, we generated chimeric regulatory RNAs that interact reversibly and light-dependently with the light-oxygen-voltage photoreceptor PAL. By harnessing this interaction, the function of micro RNAs (miRs) and short hairpin (sh) RNAs in mammalian cells can be regulated in spatiotemporally precise manner. The underlying strategy is generic and can be adapted to near-arbitrary target sequences. Owing to full genetic encodability, it establishes unprecedented optoribogenetic control of cell state and physiology. The method stands to facilitate the non-invasive, reversible and spatiotemporally resolved study of regulatory RNAs and protein function in cellular and organismal environments.

scholarly journals Regulatory RNAs: A Universal Language for Inter-Domain Communication

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (23) ◽  
pp. 8919
Author(s):  
Emma Layton ◽  
Anna-Marie Fairhurst ◽  
Sam Griffiths-Jones ◽  
Richard K. Grencis ◽  
Ian S. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Mechanistic Explanations ◽  
Human Microbiota ◽  
Universal Language ◽  
Cross Domain ◽  
Regulatory Rnas ◽  
Compare And Contrast

In eukaryotes, microRNAs (miRNAs) have roles in development, homeostasis, disease and the immune response. Recent work has shown that plant and mammalian miRNAs also mediate cross-kingdom and cross-domain communications. However, these studies remain controversial and are lacking critical mechanistic explanations. Bacteria do not produce miRNAs themselves, and therefore it is unclear how these eukaryotic RNA molecules could function in the bacterial recipient. In this review, we compare and contrast the biogenesis and functions of regulatory RNAs in eukaryotes and bacteria. As a result, we discovered several conserved features and homologous components in these distinct pathways. These findings enabled us to propose novel mechanisms to explain how eukaryotic miRNAs could function in bacteria. Further understanding in this area is necessary to validate the findings of existing studies and could facilitate the use of miRNAs as novel tools for the directed remodelling of the human microbiota.

scholarly journals Identification of the conserved long non-coding RNAs in myogenesis

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anupam Bhattacharya ◽  
Simang Champramary ◽  
Tanya Tripathi ◽  
Debajit Thakur ◽  
Ilya Ioshikhes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Regulation ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
C2c12 Cells ◽  
Mouse Muscle ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Topologically Associated Domains

Abstract Background Our understanding of genome regulation is ever-evolving with the continuous discovery of new modes of gene regulation, and transcriptomic studies of mammalian genomes have revealed the presence of a considerable population of non-coding RNA molecules among the transcripts expressed. One such non-coding RNA molecule is long non-coding RNA (lncRNA). However, the function of lncRNAs in gene regulation is not well understood; moreover, finding conserved lncRNA across species is a challenging task. Therefore, we propose a novel approach to identify conserved lncRNAs and functionally annotate these molecules. Results In this study, we exploited existing myogenic transcriptome data and identified conserved lncRNAs in mice and humans. We identified the lncRNAs expressing differentially between the early and later stages of muscle development. Differential expression of these lncRNAs was confirmed experimentally in cultured mouse muscle C2C12 cells. We utilized the three-dimensional architecture of the genome and identified topologically associated domains for these lncRNAs. Additionally, we correlated the expression of genes in domains for functional annotation of these trans-lncRNAs in myogenesis. Using this approach, we identified conserved lncRNAs in myogenesis and functionally annotated them. Conclusions With this novel approach, we identified the conserved lncRNAs in myogenesis in humans and mice and functionally annotated them. The method identified a large number of lncRNAs are involved in myogenesis. Further studies are required to investigate the reason for the conservation of the lncRNAs in human and mouse while their sequences are dissimilar. Our approach can be used to identify novel lncRNAs conserved in different species and functionally annotated them.

scholarly journals MicroRNAs in central nervous system disorders: current advances in pathogenesis and treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mona Hussein ◽  
Rehab Magdy
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Transcriptional Regulators ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Regulatory Rna ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Central Nervous System Disorders ◽  
Novel Targets ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

AbstractMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short, non-coding, regulatory RNA molecules that function as post transcriptional regulators of gene expression. Altered expression of multiple miRNAs was found to be extensively involved in the pathogenesis of different neurological disorders including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, stroke, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington’s disease. miRNAs are implicated in the pathogenesis of excitotoxicity, apoptosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, neurogenesis, angiogenesis, and blood–brain barrier protection. Consequently, miRNAs can serve as biomarkers for different neurological disorders. In recent years, advances in the miRNA field led to identification of potentially novel prospects in the development of new therapies for incurable CNS disorders. MiRNA-based therapeutics include miRNA mimics and inhibitors that can decrease or increase the expression of target genes. Better understanding of the mechanisms by which miRNAs are implicated in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders may provide novel targets to researchers for innovative therapeutic strategies.

scholarly journals Role of Transposable Elements in Gene Regulation in the Human Genome

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 118
Author(s):  
Arsala Ali ◽  
Kyudong Han ◽  
Ping Liang
Keyword(s):  
Gene Regulation ◽  
Transposable Elements ◽  
Regulatory Sequences ◽  
Rna Sequences ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Lineage Specificity ◽  
Regulatory Rnas ◽  
Potential Factors ◽  
Interspersed Repeats

Transposable elements (TEs), also known as mobile elements (MEs), are interspersed repeats that constitute a major fraction of the genomes of higher organisms. As one of their important functional impacts on gene function and genome evolution, TEs participate in regulating the expression of genes nearby and even far away at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. There are two known principal ways by which TEs regulate the expression of genes. First, TEs provide cis-regulatory sequences in the genome with their intrinsic regulatory properties for their own expression, making them potential factors for regulating the expression of the host genes. TE-derived cis-regulatory sites are found in promoter and enhancer elements, providing binding sites for a wide range of trans-acting factors. Second, TEs encode for regulatory RNAs with their sequences showed to be present in a substantial fraction of miRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), indicating the TE origin of these RNAs. Furthermore, TEs sequences were found to be critical for regulatory functions of these RNAs, including binding to the target mRNA. TEs thus provide crucial regulatory roles by being part of cis-regulatory and regulatory RNA sequences. Moreover, both TE-derived cis-regulatory sequences and TE-derived regulatory RNAs have been implicated in providing evolutionary novelty to gene regulation. These TE-derived regulatory mechanisms also tend to function in a tissue-specific fashion. In this review, we aim to comprehensively cover the studies regarding these two aspects of TE-mediated gene regulation, mainly focusing on the mechanisms, contribution of different types of TEs, differential roles among tissue types, and lineage-specificity, based on data mostly in humans.

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