scholarly journals Even viruses can be beneficial microbes

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilyn J Roossinck
Keyword(s):  
Food Sources ◽  
Beneficial Microbes ◽  
Microbial Eukaryotes ◽  
Pathogenic Microbes

Although viruses are almost always thought of as pathogens, most viruses probably do not cause disease, and some provide essential benefits to their hosts. Beneficial viruses are found in a wide variety of hosts including bacteria, insects, plants, fungi and other microbial eukaryotes, and humans and other animals. Beneficial viruses can confer tolerance to stress such as heat, cold and drought; they can prevent or attenuate infection by pathogenic microbes; they can act as bioweapons to allow their hosts access to new territory; and they have been critical in the evolution of their hosts. In spite of their bad reputation, viruses could be used to benefit humans and their food sources in novel ways.

scholarly journals Vertically transmitted microbiome protects eggs from fungal infection and egg failure

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Bunker ◽  
G. Elliott ◽  
H. Heyer-Gray ◽  
M. O. Martin ◽  
A. E. Arnold ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parental Care ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
Vertical Transfer ◽  
Beneficial Microbes ◽  
Pathogenic Microbes ◽  
Hatch Success ◽  
Egg Failure ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Sceloporus Virgatus ◽  
Behavioral Mechanisms

Abstract Background Beneficial microbes can be vertically transmitted from mother to offspring in many organisms. In oviparous animals, bacterial transfer to eggs may improve egg success by inhibiting fungal attachment and infection from pathogenic microbes in the nest environment. Vertical transfer of these egg-protective bacteria may be facilitated through behavioral mechanisms such as egg-tending, but many species do not provide parental care. Thus, an important mechanism of vertical transfer may be the passage of the egg through the maternal cloaca during oviposition itself. In this study, we examined how oviposition affects eggshell microbial communities, fungal attachment, hatch success, and offspring phenotype in the striped plateau lizard, Sceloporus virgatus, a species with no post-oviposition parental care. Results Relative to dissected eggs that did not pass through the cloaca, oviposited eggs had more bacteria and fewer fungal hyphae when examined with a scanning electron microscope. Using high throughput Illumina sequencing, we also found a difference in the bacterial communities of eggshells that did and did not pass through the cloaca, and the diversity of eggshell communities tended to correlate with maternal cloacal diversity only for oviposited eggs, and not for dissected eggs, indicating that vertical transmission of microbes is occurring. Further, we found that oviposited eggs had greater hatch success and led to larger offspring than those that were dissected. Conclusions Overall, our results indicate that female S. virgatus lizards transfer beneficial microbes from their cloaca onto their eggs during oviposition, and that these microbes reduce fungal colonization and infection of eggs during incubation and increase female fitness. Cloacal transfer of egg-protective bacteria may be common among oviparous species, and may be especially advantageous to species that lack parental care.

scholarly journals Arabidopsis PAD4 lipase-like domain is a minimal functional unit in resistance to green peach aphid

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joram A. Dongus ◽  
Deepak D. Bhandari ◽  
Monika Patel ◽  
Lani Archer ◽  
Lucas Dijkgraaf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Defense ◽  
Functional Unit ◽  
Green Peach Aphid ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Transgenic Expression ◽  
Beneficial Microbes ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Pathogenic Microbes

AbstractPlants have evolved mechanisms to attract beneficial microbes and insects while protecting themselves against pathogenic microbes and pests. In Arabidopsis, the immune regulator PAD4 functions with its cognate partner EDS1 to limit pathogen growth. PAD4, independently of EDS1, reduces infestation by Green Peach Aphid (GPA). How PAD4 regulates these defense outputs is unclear. By expressing the N-terminal PAD4-lipase-like domain (LLD) without its C-terminal ‘EDS1-PAD4’ (EP) domain, we interrogated PAD4 functions in plant defense. Here we show that transgenic expression of PAD4LLD in Arabidopsis is sufficient for limiting GPA infestation, but not for conferring basal and effector-triggered pathogen immunity. This suggests that the C-terminal PAD4-EP domain is necessary for EDS1-dependent immune functions. Moreover, PAD4LLD is not sufficient to interact with EDS1, indicating the PAD4-EP domain is required for heterodimerisation. These data provide molecular evidence that PAD4 has domain specific functions.

Reducing Human-Bear Conflicts: Bear-Resistant Trash Cans

EDIS ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ethan T. Noel ◽  
Elizabeth F. Pienaar ◽  
Mike Orlando
Keyword(s):  
Great Risk ◽  
Ursus Americanus ◽  
Black Bear ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Vehicle Collisions ◽  
Wildlife Ecology ◽  
Human Food ◽  
Fact Sheet

The Florida black bear (Ursus americanus floridanus) is the only species of bear in Florida, with an estimated population of approximately 4,030 bears. Bears that eat garbage put themselves in danger. This 3-page fact sheet written by Ethan T. Noel, Elizabeth F. Pienaar, and and Mike Orlando and published by the Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Department explains how to secure human garbage from bears so that they don’t become reliant on human food sources, a condition that puts them at great risk of being killed from vehicle collisions, illegal shooting, or euthanasia.­http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/uw429

Pengolahan Limbah Domba Menjadi Bokashi di Desa Arjowilangun, Kecamatan Kalipare Kabupaten Malang

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Moch Agus Choiron ◽  
Siti Azizah ◽  
Nafisah Arina Hidayati
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Organic Material ◽  
Fermentation Process ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Previous Discussion ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Village People ◽  
Pathogenic Microbes

Arjowilangun Village is a post-TKI village. People choose to become sheep farmers with less capital than being cattle farmers. Based on the previous discussion, waste management is required to ensure the sustainability of environment in Arjowilangun Village. Processing sheep and agricultural waste program is held by Doktor Mengabdi team. Farmers can learn how to make Bokashi from waste. The method used is composting aerobic or anaerobic starters for composting organic material. A decomposer as collection of several good microbes from fungi work to control pathogenic microbes assists the fermentation process. Based on the results of the pre-test and post-test during the training, it can be showed that understanding of the breeders' potential of the environment is increased.

Macrophyte-derived detritus in shallow coastal waters contributes to suspended particulate organic matter and increases growth rates of Mytilus edulis

2020 ◽  
Vol 644 ◽  
pp. 91-103
Author(s):  
D Bearham ◽  
MA Vanderklift ◽  
RA Downie ◽  
DP Thomson ◽  
LA Clementson
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Mytilus Edulis ◽  
Particulate Organic Matter ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Gill Tissue ◽  
Suspension Feeder ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Suspension Feeders ◽  
Blue Mussels ◽  
Suspended Particulate

Benthic suspension feeders, such as bivalves, potentially have several different food sources, including plankton and resuspended detritus of benthic origin. We hypothesised that suspension feeders are likely to feed on detritus if it is present. This inference would be further strengthened if there was a correlation between δ13C of suspension feeder tissue and δ13C of particulate organic matter (POM). Since detritus is characterised by high particulate organic matter (POC):chl a ratios, we would also predict a positive correlation between POM δ13C and POC:chl a. We hypothesised that increasing depth and greater distance from shore would produce a greater nutritional reliance by experimentally transplanted blue mussels Mytilus edulis on plankton rather than macrophyte-derived detritus. After deployments of 3 mo duration in 2 different years at depths from 3 to 40 m, M. edulis sizes were positively correlated with POM concentrations. POC:chl a ratios and δ13C of POM and M. edulis gill tissue decreased with increasing depth (and greater distance from shore). δ13C of POM was correlated with δ13C of M. edulis. Our results suggest that detritus comprised a large proportion of POM at shallow depths (<15 m), that M. edulis ingested and assimilated carbon in proportion to its availability in POM, and that growth of M. edulis was higher where detritus was present and POM concentrations were higher.

The Map-Based Shortest Route Selection by Using Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Achmad Fanany Onnilita Gaffar ◽  
Agusma Wajiansyah ◽  
Supriadi Supriadi
Keyword(s):  
Ant Colony Optimization ◽  
Shortest Path ◽  
Optimization Algorithm ◽  
Optimization Problems ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Ant Colony ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Shortest Route ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Destination Point

The shortest path problem is one of the optimization problems where the optimization value is a distance. In general, solving the problem of the shortest route search can be done using two methods, namely conventional methods and heuristic methods. The Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) is the one of the optimization algorithm based on heuristic method. ACO is adopted from the behavior of ant colonies which naturally able to find the shortest route on the way from the nest to the food sources. In this study, ACO is used to determine the shortest route from Bumi Senyiur Hotel (origin point) to East Kalimantan Governor's Office (destination point). The selection of the origin and destination points is based on a large number of possible major roads connecting the two points. The data source used is the base map of Samarinda City which is cropped on certain coordinates by using Google Earth app which covers the origin and destination points selected. The data pre-processing is performed on the base map image of the acquisition results to obtain its numerical data. ACO is implemented on the data to obtain the shortest path from the origin and destination point that has been determined. From the study results obtained that the number of ants that have been used has an effect on the increase of possible solutions to optimal. The number of tours effect on the number of pheromones that are left on each edge passed ant. With the global pheromone update on each tour then there is a possibility that the path that has passed the ant will run out of pheromone at the end of the tour. This causes the possibility of inconsistent results when using the number of ants smaller than the number of tours.

The comparative study among the MRSAcin, Nisin A and vancomycin, on biofilm formation by Methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus isolated from food sources.

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (o3) ◽  
Author(s):  
¹Hind H. Muunim ◽  
Muna T Al-Mossawei ◽  
Mais Emad Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Microbial Control ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Sensitivity Test ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Food Preservatives

Biofilms formation by pathogens microbial Control considered important in medical research because it is the hazarded virulence factor leading to becoming difficult to treat because of its high resistance to antimicrobials. Glycopeptide antibiotic a (Vancomycin) and the commercial bacteriocin (Nisin A) were used to comparative with purification bacteriocin (MRSAcin) against MRSA biofilm. One hundred food samples were collected from Baghdad markets from July 2016 to September 2016, including (cheese, yogurt, raw milk, fried meat, grilled meat, and beef burger). All samples were cultures; S. aureus was confirmation by macroscopic culture and microscopic examination, in addition to biochemical tests. Methicillin resistance S. asureus (MRSA) were identification by antibiotic sensitivity test (AST), Vitek 2 system. The result shown the 60(60%) isolate were identified as S. aureus and 45(75%) gave positive result as MRSA isolate, M13 isolate was chosen as MRSA isolates highest biofilm formation for treatment with MRSAcin, Nisin A(bacteriocin) and Vancomycin (antibiotic) to compared the more antimicrobial have bacteriocidal effect. The sensitivity test uses to determine the effect of MRSAcin, Nisin A, and Vancomycin MIC on MRSA planktonic cell by (WDA). The new study shows the impacts of new kind Pure Bacteriocins (MRSAcin) from methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) highly effects then (Vancomycin and Nisin A) at different concentration. In a current study aimed to suggest new Bacteriocin is potent highly for the treatment of resistant bacteria biofilm infections in food preservatives

Pengaruh Suhu Penyimpanan terhadap Organoleptik, Derajat Keasaman dan Pertumbuhan Bakteri Coliform pada Susu Pasteurisasi

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agustina Arianita Cahyaningtyas ◽  
Wiwik Pudjiastuti ◽  
Ilham Ramdhan
Keyword(s):  
Storage Temperature ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Pasteurized Milk ◽  
Initial Analysis ◽  
Total Plate Count ◽  
Plate Count Method ◽  
Pathogenic Microbes ◽  
Total Coliform Bacteria

One attempt to reduce the number of pathogenic microbes in milk is through the pasteurization process. This research aims to determine the effect of storage temperature on the organoleptic, acidity (pH) and growth of coliform bacteria in pasteurized milk. Pasteurized milk is stored at the varies of temperature  4°C (observed for 14 days), 10°C-15°C (observed for 14 days) and 25°C-27°C (observed for 22 hours), as well as also conducted an initial analysis pasteurized milk. The parameters were observed among other organoleptic (smell, taste, color, texture), pH and total coliform bacteria. Testing acidity using pH paper, while the growth of coliform bacteria testing done using Total Plate Count method based on ISO 2897 in 2008. The results of this study indicate that storage at 4°C for 14 days, organoleptic pasteurized milk is still good until the day ke- 8, pH progressively decreases, and the growth of coliform bacteria obtained the highest score of 3100x101 CFU / ml. Storage at 10°C-15°C for 14 days, organoleptic pasteurized milk is still good until the 6th day, the pH progressively decreases, and the growth of coliform bacteria obtained the highest score of 5729x101 CFU / ml. Storage at 25°C-27°C for 22 days, organoleptic pasteurized milk is still good until the 9th, pH progressively decreases, and the growth of coliform bacteria obtained the highest score of 4.3 x106 CFU / ml.ABSTRAKSalah satu usaha untuk mengurangi jumlah mikroba patogen pada susu adalah melalui proses pasteurisasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh suhu penyimpanan terhadap organoleptik, derajat keasaman (pH) dan pertumbuhan bakteri Coliform pada susu pasteurisasi. Susu pasteurisasi disimpan pada suhu yang bervariasi yaitu suhu 4°C (diamati selama 14 hari), suhu 10°C-15°C (diamati selama 14 hari) dan suhu 25°C-27°C (diamati selama 22 jam), serta dilakukan pula analisa awal susu pasteurisasi. Parameter yang diamati antara lain organoleptik (bau, rasa, warna, tekstur), pH dan jumlah bakteri Coliform. Pengujian derajat keasaman menggunakan kertas pH, sedangkan pengujian pertumbuhan bakteri Coliform dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode Total Plate Count berdasarkan SNI 2897 Tahun 2008. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penyimpanan pada suhu 4°C selama 14 hari, organoleptik susu pasteurisasi masih baik sampai dengan hari ke-8, pH semakin lama semakin menurun, dan pertumbuhan bakteri Coliform didapatkan nilai tertinggi sebesar 3100x101 Cfu/ml. Penyimpanan pada suhu 10°C-15°C selama 14 hari, organoleptik susu pasteurisasi masih baik sampai hari ke-6, pH semakin lama semakin menurun, dan pertumbuhan bakteri Coliform didapatkan nilai tertinggi sebesar 5729x101 Cfu/ml. Penyimpanan pada suhu 25°C-27°C selama 22 hari, organoleptik susu pasteurisasi masih baik sampai jam ke-9, pH semakin lama semakin menurun, dan pertumbuhan bakteri Coliform didapatkan nilai tertinggi sebesar 4,3 x106 Cfu/ml.Kata kunci : bakteri coliform, derajat keasaman, suhu penyimpanan, organoleptik, susu pasteurisasi

TRANSFER EFFICIENCY FROM PRIMARY PRODUCERS TO RUDITAPES PHILIPPINARUM ON AN INTERTIDAL FLAT IN HIROSHIMA BAY, JAPAN

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sosuke Otani ◽  
Sosuke Otani ◽  
Akira Umehara ◽  
Akira Umehara ◽  
Haruka Miyagawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Secondary Production ◽  
Isotope Ratios ◽  
Ruditapes Philippinarum ◽  
Transfer Efficiency ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Stable Isotope Ratios ◽  
Primary Producers ◽  
Nitrogen Stable Isotope ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen

Fish yields of Ruditapes philippinarum have been decreased and the resources have not yet recovered. It needs to clarify food sources of R. philippinarum, and relationship between primary and secondary production of it. The purpose on this study is to reveal transfer efficiency from primary producers to R. philippinarum and food sources of R. philippinarum. The field investigation was carried out to quantify biomass of R. philippinarum and primary producers on intertidal sand flat at Zigozen beach in Hiroshima Bay, Japan. In particular, photosynthetic rates of primary producers such as Zostera marina, Ulva sp. and microphytobenthos were determined in laboratory experiments. The carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios for R. philippinarum and 8 potential food sources (microphytobenthos, MPOM etc) growing in the tidal flat were also measured. In summer 2015, the primary productions of Z. marina, Ulva sp. and microphytobenthos were estimated to be 70.4 kgC/day, 43.4 kgC/day and 2.2 kgC/day, respectively. Secondary production of R. philippinarum was 0.4 kgC/day. Contribution of microphytobenthos to R. philippinarum as food source was 56-76% on the basis of those carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios. Transfer efficiency from microphytobenthos to R. philippinarum was estimated to be 10-14%. It was suggested that microphytobenthos might sustain the high secondary production of R. philippinarum, though the primary production of microphytobenthos was about 1/10 compared to other algae.

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