Conservation of relict potato Solanum tuberosum cultivars within Maori communities in New Zealand

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 204
Author(s):  
Graham Harris
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Ethnobotanical Study ◽  
James Cook ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
The 19Th Century

It is generally accepted by scholars that potatoes were first introduced to New Zealand in the late 18th century by Captain James Cook and the French explorer, Marion du Fresne. Further introductions of potatoes from a variety of sources including possible direct introductions from South America, followed into the 19th century. Maori were quick to recognize the advantages that these new introductions had over their traditional food crops including kumara (sweet potato) Ipomoea batatas and Taro Colocasia esculentum both of which they introduced from east Polynesia some 800-100 years previously. Potatoes soon became a staple item in the Maori diet and an important trade commodity and by the mid-19th century they were growing thousands of hectares of potatoes for that purpose. The various cultivars that were introduced were given Maori names and many of these early types are still grown by Maori, having been passed down through families for many generations. With their deep set eyes, often knobbly irregular shape, "open" leaves and colourful tubers these "Maori Potatoes" are quite distinctive in appearance from modern potatoes and some retain many of the features of Solanum tuberosum subsp. andigena types. This paper discusses the adoption of the potato by Maori, the effects it had on Maori society and the perpetuation of the early cultivars within Maori families and communities. This examination of an introduced crop plant and its intersection with an indigenous people is essentially an ethnobotanical study which in addition to its botanical and anthropological foci includes elements of Matauranga Maori (traditional Maori knowledge) history, geography and horticulture. The preservation of these old potato cultivars by generations of Maori people has made a valuable contribution to conservation of biological diversity.

The Public and Economic Activities of the Hִatim Family of Istanbul: A Chapter in the History of the Jewish Leadership in Istanbul and Jerusalem in the 19th Century

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-127
Author(s):  
Leah Bornstein-Makovetsky
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
The Public ◽  
Economic Elite ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

This article discusses the biographies and economic and public activities of the Ḥatim family in Istanbul in the late 18th century and throughout the 19th century. Most of the attention is focused on R. Shlomo Ḥatim and his son Yitsḥak, who were members of the Jewish elite in Istanbul and settled in Jerusalem at the ends of their lives. R. Shlomo, who is said to have served the Ottoman authorities in Istanbul, settled in Jerusalem more than ten years before the leaders of the Jewish economic elite in Istanbul were executed in the 1820s. His son, surviving this purge, followed much later, immigrating to Israel in 1846, but died immediately thereafter. This article provides insights into the business activities of the Ḥatim family, as well as the activities of Yitsḥak Ḥatim as an Ottoman official in Istanbul. I also discuss two more generations of this family, considered an elite, privileged one, and that was highly esteemed among well-known rabbis in the Ottoman Empire. I also discuss the ties that developed between the communities of Istanbul and Jerusalem in the first half of the 19th century as a result of initiatives of officials in Istanbul and of immigration from Istanbul to Jerusalem.

Plutonism versus Neptunism at the southern tip of Africa: the debate on the origin of granites at the Cape, 1776–1844

2009 ◽  
Vol 100 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharad Master
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Charles Darwin ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Contact Metamorphism ◽  
Sea Level Changes ◽  
Table Mountain ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Early Palaeozoic ◽  
The 19Th Century

ABSTRACTThe Cape Granites are a granitic suite intruded into Neoproterozoic greywackes and slates, and unconformably overlain by early Palaeozoic Table Mountain Group orthoquartzites. They were first recognised at Paarl in 1776 by Francis Masson, and by William Anderson and William Hamilton in 1778. Studies of the Cape Granites were central to some of the early debates between the Wernerian Neptunists (Robert Jameson and his former pupils) and the Huttonian Plutonists (John Playfair, Basil Hall, Charles Darwin), in the first decades of the 19th Century, since it is at the foot of Table Mountain that the first intrusive granites outside of Scotland were described by Hall in 1812. The Neptunists believed that all rocks, including granite and basalt, were precipitated from the primordial oceans, whereas the Plutonists believed in the intrusive origin of some igneous rocks, such as granite. In this paper, some of the early descriptions and debates concerning the Cape Granites are reviewed, and the history of the development of ideas on granites (as well as on contact metamorphism and sea level changes) at the Cape in the late 18th Century and early to mid 19th Century, during the emerging years of the discipline of geology, is presented for the first time.

On Nystagmus, Saccades, and Fixations

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p3395 ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin W Tatler ◽  
Nicholas J Wade
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Visual Awareness ◽  
Vestibular Stimulation ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
Vestibular Reflex ◽  
Voluntary Eye Movements ◽  
Slow Eye Movements ◽  
The 19Th Century

Investigations of the ways in which the eyes move came to prominence in the 19th century, but techniques for measuring them more precisely emerged in the 20th century. When scanning a scene or text the eyes engage in periods of relative stability (fixations) interspersed with ballistic rotations (saccades). The saccade-and-fixate strategy, associated with voluntary eye movements, was first uncovered in the context of involuntary eye movements following body rotation. This pattern of eye movements is now referred to as nystagmus, and involves periods of slow eye movements, during which objects are visible, and rapid returns, when they are not; it is based on a vestibular reflex which attempts to achieve image stabilisation. Post-rotational nystagmus was reported in the late 18th century (by Wells), with afterimages used as a means of retinal stabilisation to distinguish between movement of the eyes and of the environment. Nystagmus was linked to vestibular stimulation in the 19th century, and Mach, Breuer, and Crum Brown all described its fast and slow phases. Wells and Breuer proposed that there was no visual awareness during the ballistic phase (saccadic suppression). The saccade-and-fixate strategy highlighted by studies of nystagmus was shown to apply to tasks like reading by Dodge, who used more sophisticated photographic techniques to examine oculomotor kinematics. The relationship between eye movements and perception, following earlier intuitions by Wells and Breuer, was explored by Dodge, and has been of fundamental importance in the direction of vision research over the last century.

scholarly journals KRYASHENS OF UDMURT PRIKAMYE REGION IN THE LAST THIRD OF THE XVIII - MIDDLE XIX CENTURY

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 485-494
Author(s):  
Nikolai Viktorovich Pislegin ◽  
Vladimir Sergeevich Churakov
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Group ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Territorial Unit ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
Udmurt Republic ◽  
Class Status ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Over Time

The article comes to view the development of Kryashens, which are connected with Udmurts or with the territory of the modern Udmurt Republic, in the last third of the 18th - middle 19th century. The area in question is the Malmyzh and Elabuga counties of Vyaka province and Mamadysh county of Kazan province. The “Udmurt old-christened” ethno-class status of the inhabitants of the settlements of the Srednekushket volost’ of the Malmyzh county, noted by the sources, was to some extent a “tribute to tradition”. In Mamadysh county in 1834 historically associated with the Udmurts Kryashen settlements were located in 3 volosts; the tendency for their assimilation, which was reflected in the middle of the 18th century, was completed here even earlier, in the first third of the 19th century. In Yelabuga county since its formation there was a old-christened small administrative-territorial unit. In the historical settlements of Kryashens, located in our days in the territory of the Udmurt Republic (Grakhov and Kizner districts), their Udmurt origin, with few exceptions, is not traced. The appearance of this sub-ethnic group of Tatars here was mainly due to migration processes from the nearest southern territory. In this period the norm for the Kryashens was shared with other peoples - Tatars, Mari, Udmurts, and later - Russians. The presence of Russians in historical Kryashen villages steadily increased over time. From the late 18th century the Kryashen volosts often included villages with different ethnic-caste identity. From the second quarter of the 19th century the disappearance of the Kryashen small administrative-territorial units began. It was caused, first of all, by transformations of the state in this sphere.

scholarly journals Economic Data in the Surveyors’ Field Notes on the Crimean Economy at the Turn of the 19th Century

2020 ◽  
pp. 983-994
Author(s):  
L. G. Stepanova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Crimean Peninsula ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
Land Survey ◽  
Field Notes ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Economic Notes ◽  
The Crimean Peninsula

The article is devoted to the identification and analysis of the source documents used by land surveyors to compile Economic Notes to the General Land Survey plans. The landmarking on the Crimean Peninsula began in the late 18th century, but by the early 19th century it was judged premature and suspended until development of special rules taking into account the peculiarities of land use in the region. And yet the field notes of land surveyors on the Crimean Peninsula of the turn of the 19th century preserve primary economic information to a greater extent than those on other territories of the Russian Empire. This information is presented in the “Skazki to the Economic Land Survey,” data collected from the local population. Skazki (“tales”) containing initial data for Economic Land Survey remain a poorly studied and rarely encountered source. Their identification in these field notes makes it possible to verify the accuracy of the Economic Land Survey and to restore the information excluded from the Brief Economic Notes and descriptions of specific lands in the lost Full and Cameral Economic Notes. The discovered “Skazki to the Economic Notes” on the Tauride gubernia are a unique source that makes it possible to assess the economy of Crimea at the turn of 19th century. They characterize natural environment, economic activities on the peninsula and occupations of its population, provide information on the soil conditions, available water resources, common species of trees, animals, birds, and fish. In their structure, they coincide with the skazki compiled in other regions of Russia, but have characteristic features that are associated with the identity of the Crimea and its economic condition in the late 18th century. The process of the Crimea development made its own adjustments to the land survey documentation. Unlike other regions, here the authors of the skazki were not only landowners’ attorneys, but also land owners themselves — local beys and murzes. The introduction of the skazki into scientific use opens opportunities for comparing their data with the preserved texts of the Economic Notes and for studying the history of the region at the micro level of individual settlements.

scholarly journals Akteure im Dazwischen

Administory ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-111
Author(s):  
Nathalie Patricia Soursos ◽  
Anna Ransmayr
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Practical Realization ◽  
Greek Orthodox ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
Legal Frameworks ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstract From the late 18th century to the end of the Habsburg Monarchy in 1918, Vienna’s two Greek Orthodox communities administered a remarkable number of endowments. By founding endowments the benefactors acted between several spaces and subspaces. The transgression of boundaries by endowments addressed to the benefactors’ hometowns in the Ottoman Empire as well as the instability of these boundaries in the 19th century led to various problems in the interaction with the state authorities. But also endowments given to Viennese institutions were sometimes problematic, depending on the benefactors’ character as either Ottoman or Habsburg subjects. In contrast to Ottoman subjects, Habsburg subjects could also endow real estate and thus show their integration into the Viennese bourgeoisie. In this article we discuss the legal frameworks for the administration of endowments in the two Greek communities in Vienna as well as its practical realization in interaction with the Habsburg authorities.

scholarly journals The tidal measurements of James Cook during the voyage of the Endeavour

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip L. Woodworth ◽  
Glen H. Rowe
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
James Cook ◽  
The Past ◽  
South Pacific Ocean ◽  
Tidal Changes ◽  
Modern Knowledge ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstract. The main priority of the first of James Cook's famous voyages of discovery was the observation of the transit of Venus at Tahiti. Following that, he was ordered to embark on a search for new lands in the South Pacific Ocean. Cook had instructions to record as many aspects of the environment as possible at each place that he visited, including the character of the tide. This paper makes an assessment of the quality of Cook's tidal observations using modern knowledge of the tide, and with an assumption that no major tidal changes have taken place during the past two and half centuries. We conclude that Cook's tidal measurements were accurate in general to about 0.5 ft (15 cm) in height and 0.5 h in time. Those of his findings which are less consistent with modern insight can be explained by the short stays of the Endeavour at some places. Cook's measurements were good enough (or unique enough) to be included in global compilations of tidal information in the 18th century and were used in the 19th century in the construction of the first worldwide tidal atlases. In most cases, they support Cook's reputation as a good observer of the environment.

scholarly journals Ukrainian Historiographic Prose of the 18th – the First Half of the 19th century in Assessment of Mykhailo Maksymovych

2019 ◽  
pp. 52-58
Author(s):  
Yaroslav Myshanych
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Historical Novels ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
Critical Attitude ◽  
Historical Processes ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

The essay reviews the studies of Mykhailo Maksymovych that deal with the three works of the 18th–19th-century Ukrainian historiography. According to M. Maksymovych, one may classify the syncretic historiographic works within three main types. These are Cossack chronicles of the late 17th – early 18th centuries, journalistic pamphlets of the late 18th century, and historical novels of the mid-19th century. The scholar used different approaches analyzing the works from the mentioned groups (chronicle by Hryhorii Hrabianka, “History of Ruthenians”, and “The Commoners’ Council” by Panteleimon Kulish). The scholarly historiography of the time was not still shaped enough and the works from the field could have features of fiction and research studies simultaneously. The authors, who didn’t understand history as a separate research field, were free of modern limits and could easily use both fictional and research techniques within the same work. The strict critical attitude of the scholar towards the chronicle by Hryhorii Hrabianka changed into tolerant in the case of “History of Ruthenians” and moderate critical in the analysis of “The Commoners’ Council”. M. Maksymovych tried to be objective in covering historical processes and worked hard to develop a scholarly approach in the evaluation of Ukrainian historiographical prose. Maksymovych took into account the specificity of every single work and, based on the ideas of his predecessors and contemporaries, rather accurately defined the proper frames of the scholarly historiography. At the same time, the scholar didn’t deny the value of fictional works based on historical events.

scholarly journals Karmicielki świata. Mamki mleczne w świetle reprodukcji życia społecznego

Wielogłos ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Szopa
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Reproduction ◽  
Karl Marx ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
The Social ◽  
Survival And Reproduction ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

[Feeders of the World. Wet Nurses and Social Reproduction] The article is an attempt to outline the history of wet-nursing on the example of France from the late 18th century until the beginning of the 20th century. The main aim of the article is to highlight the social and economic changes undergone by the profession of wet-nursing. This study explores the process in which increasing industrialisation and urbanisation leads to wet nurses becoming gradually subjected to what Karl Marx described as formal subsumption of labour under capital. Wet-nursing was one of the most important functions contributing to societies’ survival and reproduction, which is why at the turn of the 19th century it was commodified and transformed into one of the most alienated types of labour. These processes were accompanied by a series of changes in the social and cultural perception of wet nurses, notably by the so-called rabble discourse typical for the 19th-century means of racialising working class people.

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