Photosynthesis in Relation to Growth and Distribution of Fruit in Peach Trees

1975 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 635 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Chalmers ◽  
RL Canterford ◽  
PH Jerie ◽  
TR Jones ◽  
TD Ugalde
Keyword(s):  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Good Evidence ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Fruit Removal ◽  
Rate Of Photosynthesis ◽  
Leaf Density ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Peach Trees

The rate of photosynthesis and the total daily photosynthesis of a peach tree [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] were found to be closely related to changes in carbon requirements caused by changes in the stage of fruit growth and by fruit removal at harvest. Although the light regime was superior in the topmost zone of leaves, the rate of photosynthesis was lower than in intermediate zones during the period of most rapid fruit growth. In contrast, the rate of photosynthesis in the horizontal zones of the tree was closely related to the weight of fruit per unit of leaf area in each zone. This coupling between supply and demand was also demonstrated by assimilate build up in the leaf when fruit were removed, i.e. 14C turnover was substantially reduced. During the final stage of rapid fruit growth (DW III) the growth of fruit was stimulated above and inhibited below a cincture through the phloem of the main branches, which indicated that the level of assimilate available for fruit growth was lower in the bottom of the tree. This conclusion was supported by the observation that the mean leaf density (mg dry weight/cm�) increased with increasing height in the canopy. It was concluded that the data were good evidence of a strong coupling between the supply of assimilates by the leaves and the growth requirements of the tree.

scholarly journals Interaction of Root Confinement and Fruiting in Peach

1995 ◽  
Vol 120 (2) ◽  
pp. 228-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Othmane Mandre ◽  
Mark Rieger ◽  
Stephen C. Myers ◽  
Ray Seversen ◽  
Jean-Luc Regnard
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Feedback Inhibition ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Carbohydrate Content ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Total Carbohydrate ◽  
Fruit Removal ◽  
Physiological Signal ◽  
Carbohydrate Levels ◽  
Peach Trees

Fruiting and nonfruiting `Washington' peach trees were grown in 2.4 (small) or 9-liter (large) containers to determine the influence of root confinement and fruiting on vegetative growth, fruit growth and quality, CO, assimilation (A), and carbohydrate content. Shoot length, fruit diameter, A, and leaf carbohydrates were measured weekly. Thirteen weeks after transplanting, trees were divided into roots, shoots, leaves, and fruit for dry weight measurement. The dry weight of all organs except fruit was reduced by root confinement, and only the weight of stems formed the previous season was not reduced by fruiting. Fruit dry weight was 30.0 g/tree for large- and small-container treatments, causing the yield efficiency (g fruit/g total dry wt) to be 50% higher for confined trees. Fruit red color, weight, and diameter were unaffected by root confinement, but higher flesh firmness and a more green ground color of the fruit surface from root-confined trees suggested that confinement delayed maturity. Vegetative growth was not reduced by lack of nonstructural carbohydrates in confined trees. A was reduced by root confinement on only the first of 11 measurement dates, whereas fruiting increased A on 5 of 8 measurement dates before fruit harvest. Fruit removal reduced A by 23% and 31% for nonconfined and confined trees, respectively, within 48 h of harvest. Leaf starch, sucrose, sorbitol, and total carbohydrate levels were negatively correlated with A when data were pooled, but inconsistent responses of A to carbohydrate content indicated that factors other than feedback inhibition were also responsible for the reduction in A on nonfruited trees. We hypothesized that a physiological signal originating in roots of confined trees reduced vegetativegrowth without reducing fruit growth.

scholarly journals Modeling the Peach Sugar Contents in Relation to Fruit Growth

1996 ◽  
Vol 121 (6) ◽  
pp. 1122-1131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Génard ◽  
Michel Souty
Keyword(s):  
Growth Curve ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Transfer Functions ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Weight Growth ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Good Agreement

The edible quality of peaches (Prunus persica L. Batsch) to a great extent depends on their sweetness, which is related to sugar composition. Our objective was to develop a model to predict carbon partitioning within fruit flesh and to predict the sucrose, sorbitol, glucose, and fructose contents. The model is dynamic and deterministic and was designed to be driven by the flesh dry-weight growth curve, flesh water content, and temperature data. It uses differential equations where the state of the system is defined by variables that describe how much carbon is present as each form of sugar and as other compounds (acids and structural carbohydrates). The rates of change of these amounts of carbon depend on the current values of corresponding variables and on the transfer functions between them. These functions are defined by rate constants or by functions of degree-days after full bloom. The model was calibrated and tested using data sets from treatments that covered several leaf: fruit ratios. The predictions of the model were in fairly good agreement with experimental data. A sensitivity analysis was performed to identify the most influential transfer function parameters. Carbon flows between sugar forms were analyzed. Sucrose, which was the most abundant sugar, and fructose, which is the sweetest, contributed most to fruit sweetness. Simulations were performed to study the effects of changes in fruit growth-curve parameters on sugar contents and concentrations.

scholarly journals Limb Girdling Influences Rooting, Survival, Total Sugar, and Starch of Dormant Hardwood Peach Cuttings

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (10) ◽  
pp. 1224-1226 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.R. Evert ◽  
D.A. Smittle
Keyword(s):  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Sugar ◽  
Leaf Fall ◽  
Starch Concentration ◽  
Peach Trees ◽  
Better Than

Nonterminal cuttings were taken just after leaf fall (November) from nongirdled shoots and from shoots girdled 7 weeks previously on `Flordaking', `Junegold', and `Harvester' peach trees [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.]. Cuttings from nongirdled shoots rooted (85%) and survived (72%) better than did cuttings from girdled shoots on the same trees (64% rooting, 49% survival). Total sugar averaged across cultivars was 68 mg·g-1 dry weight in cuttings from nongirdled shoots and 82 mg·g-1 dry weight in cuttings from girdled shoots. Starch averaged 26 mg·g-1 dry weight and was independent of shoot girdling. `Flordaking' had the lowest starch concentration and the highest” percentage of cuttings that rooted and survived. Rooting and survival percentages differed by as much as 90% among trees within each cultivar.

scholarly journals Root and Shoot Characteristics of Peach Trees with Different Growth Habits

2001 ◽  
Vol 126 (6) ◽  
pp. 785-790 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Tworkoski ◽  
Ralph Scorza
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Characteristics ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Shoot Architecture ◽  
Growth Habits ◽  
Lateral Branches ◽  
Peach Trees

Shoot and root characteristics of four peach tree [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch (Peach Group)] growth habits (compact, dwarf, pillar, and standard) were studied. In compact trees, leaf number (1350/tree) was twice, but leaf area (6 cm2/leaf) was half that of pillar and standard trees. The number of lateral branches in compact trees (34) was nearly three times more than in pillar and standard trees. Leaf area index (total one-side leaf area per tree divided by the canopy cross-sectional area of the tree) of pillar trees was greater than compact, dwarf, and standard trees (13 compared with 4, 4, and 3, respectively) due to a narrower crown diameter. Dwarf trees were distinct with few leaves (134/tree) and less than half the roots of the other growth habits. Compact trees produced more higher order lateral (HOL) roots than pillar and standard trees. More second order lateral (SOL) roots were produced by compact than standard trees (1.2 vs. 0.8 SOL roots per centimeter first order lateral root). Pillar trees had higher shoot: root dry weight (DW) ratios (2.4) than compact and standard trees (1.7 for both) due to lower root DWs. Root topology was similar among compact, pillar, and standard peach trees but root axes between branch junctions (links) were significantly longer in compact trees. Compact trees had more and longer HOL roots in roots originating near the root collar (stem-root junction) (i.e., more fibrous roots) and this appeared to correlate with more lateral branches in the canopy. These results indicate significant differences in root as well as shoot architecture among growth habits that can affect their use as scion or rootstock cultivars.

scholarly journals Responses of Young Peach Trees to Root Confinement

1994 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Rieger ◽  
Francesco Marra
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Nutrient Deficiency ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Fold Reduction ◽  
Peach Trees

Rooted cuttings of Nemaguard peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] were grown in 0.18-, 0.36-, 0.90-, and 2.40-liter containers for 16 weeks to study the influence of root confinement on growth, gas exchange, water uptake, and leaf carbohydrate and nutrient content. An automatic nutrient-solution dispensing system was used to ensure uniform fertility among treatments and to prevent drought stress. Leaf area and stem length were reduced by root confinement 6 to 7 weeks after transplanting, and differences among treatments increased throughout the experiment. Final tree dry weights were reduced by 51% over a 13-fold reduction in rooting volume, but dry weight partitioning was largely unaffected. A temporary limitation to CO2 assimilation (A) and leaf conductance (g) was observed just after budbreak, but consistent reductions in A and g for confined trees did not occur until after week 11. Sorbitol and starch accumulated earlier in leaves of trees in smaller containers than larger containers. Despite similar fertility, concentrations of all nutrients except N and Cu were reduced ≈2-fold for trees in 0.18-liter containers compared to other treatments. However, characteristics of nutrient deficiency were not observed on any trees, and growth reduction with no change in leaf nutrient content was observed in other treatments. It was concluded that the initial mechanisms limiting growth were not gas exchange rates, levels of nonstructural carbohydrates, or drought stress, although nutrient deficiency may have contributed to growth limitation in trees with severely confined root systems.

scholarly journals Effect of Root-Applied IBA on Root and Shoot Growth of Dwarf Peach Trees

1986 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 80-82
Author(s):  
C.J. Starbuck ◽  
J.L. Preczewski
Keyword(s):  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dimethyl Formamide ◽  
Root Initiation ◽  
Root And Shoot Growth ◽  
Peach Trees ◽  
Apparent Influence

Roots of 1-year old dwarf (Prunus persica ‘July Elberta’ budded on Prunus tomentosa) peach trees were dipped in solutions of 100 ppm indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) with and without starch-polyacrylate gel in the treatment solution prior to planting in beds of 1:1 peat:perlite or in the field. Four weeks after treatment, plants treated with 100 ppm IBA with or without gel had 4 to 5 × the dry weight of new roots as did controls. Treatment with 100 ppm IBA plus gel increased the number of new roots by 62% over controls. During the first season in the field, plants treated with gel with or without IBA produced longer shoots than controls. During the second season, plants originally treated with 100 ppm IBA alone produced significantly longer shoots than any other treatment while those treated with IBA/gel were not different from controls. In a separate expenment, DMSO (dunethyl sulfoxide) and DMF (dimethyl formamide) at 0.4% in the treatment solution had no apparent influence on IBA-induced root initiation.

scholarly journals Vegetative and Reproductive Response to Fruit Load in Two Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) Cultivars

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 889
Author(s):  
Aviad Perry ◽  
Noemi Tel-Zur ◽  
Arnon Dag
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Lower Amount ◽  
Simmondsia Chinensis ◽  
Alternate Bearing ◽  
Fruit Removal ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Fruit Load

Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) is a wax crop cultivated mainly in arid and semi-arid regions. This crop has been described as an alternate-bearing plant, meaning that it has a high-yield year (“on-year”) followed by a low-yield year (“off-year”). We investigated the effect of fruit load on jojoba’s vegetative and reproductive development. For two consecutive years, we experimented with two high-yielding cultivars—Benzioni and Hazerim—which had opposite fruit loads, i.e., one was under an on-year load, while the other was under an off-year load simultaneously. We found that removing the developing fruit from the shoot during an off-year promotes further vegetative growth in the same year, whereas in an on-year, this action has no effect. Moreover, after fruit removal in an on-year, there was a delay in vegetative growth renewal in the consecutive year, suggesting that the beginning of the growing period is dependent on the previous year’s yield load. We found that seed development in the 2018 season started a month earlier than in the 2017 season in both cultivars, regardless of fruit load. This early development was associated with higher wax content in the seeds. Hence, the wax accumulation rate, as a percentage of dry weight, was affected by year and not by fruit load. However, on-year seeds stopped growing earlier than off-year seeds, resulting in smaller seeds and an overall lower amount of wax per seed.

scholarly journals Admixing Chaff with Straw Increased the Residues Collected without Compromising Machinery Efficiencies

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1766 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Suardi ◽  
Sergio Saia ◽  
Walter Stefanoni ◽  
Carina Gunnarsson ◽  
Martin Sundberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Production ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Residual Biomass ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Field Efficiency ◽  
The One ◽  
Staple Crop

The collection of residues from staple crop may contribute to meet EU regulations in renewable energy production without harming soil quality. At a global scale, chaff may have great potential to be used as a bioenergy source. However, chaff is not usually collected, and its loss can consist of up to one-fifth of the residual biomass harvestable. In the present work, a spreader able to manage the chaff (either spreading [SPR] on the soil aside to the straw swath or admixed [ADM] with the straw) at varying threshing conditions (with either 1 or 2 threshing rotors [1R and 2R, respectively] in the combine, which affects the mean length of the straw pieces). The fractions of the biomass available in field (grain, chaff, straw, and stubble) were measured, along with the performances of both grain harvesting and baling operations. Admixing chaff allowed for a slightly higher amount of straw fresh weight baled compared to SPR (+336 kg straw ha−1), but such result was not evident on a dry weight basis. At the one time, admixing chaff reduced the material capacity of the combine by 12.9%. Using 2R compared to 1R strongly reduced the length of the straw pieces, and increased the bale unit weight; however, it reduced the field efficiency of the grain harvesting operations by 11.9%. On average, the straw loss did not vary by the treatments applied and was 44% of the total residues available (computed excluding the stubble). In conclusion, admixing of chaff with straw is an option to increase the residues collected without compromising grain harvesting and straw baling efficiencies; in addition, it can reduce the energy needs for the bale logistics. According to the present data, improving the chaff collection can allow halving the loss of residues. However, further studies are needed to optimise both the chaff and the straw recoveries.

Herbicide Effects on Weed Control and Shoot Growth of Young Apple (Malus sylvestris) and Peach (Prunus persica) Trees

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 840-848 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chester L. Foy ◽  
Susan B. Harrison ◽  
Harold L. Witt
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
One Year ◽  
Broadleaf Species ◽  
Old Trees ◽  
Peach Trees

Field experiments were conducted at two locations in Virginia to evaluate the following herbicides: alachlor, diphenamid, diuron, metolachlor, napropamide, norflurazon, oryzalin, oxyfluorfen, paraquat, pendimethalin, and simazine. One experiment involved newly-transplanted apple trees; the others, three in apple and one in peach trees, involved one-year-old trees. Treatments were applied in the spring (mid-April to early-May). Control of annual weed species was excellent with several treatments. A broader spectrum of weeds was controlled in several instances when the preemergence herbicides were used in combinations. Perennial species, particularly broadleaf species and johnsongrass, were released when annual species were suppressed by the herbicides. A rye cover crop in nontreated plots suppressed the growth of weeds. New shoot growth of newly-transplanted apple trees was increased with 3 of 20 herbicide treatments and scion circumference was increased with 11 of 20 herbicide treatments compared to the nontreated control. Growth of one-year-old apple trees was not affected. Scion circumference of one-year-old peach trees was increased with 25 of 33 herbicide treatments.

Early performance of micropropagated trees of several Malus and Prunus cultivars on their own roots

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 847-855 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. Quamme ◽  
R. T. Brownlee
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Sour Cherry ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Flesh Firmness ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Early Performance ◽  
Peach Trees

Early performance (6–8 yr) of Macspur McIntosh, Golden Delicious, and Spartan apple (Malus domestica Borkh.); Fairhaven peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.]; Montmorency sour cherry (P. cerasus L.); and Lambert sweet cherry (P. avium L.) trees, tissue cultured (TC) on their own roots, was compared with that of the same cultivars budded on commercially used rootstocks. TC trees of all apple cultivars were similar in size to trees budded on Antonovka seedling or M.4 and exceeded the size of trees budded on M.26. They were delayed in flowering and in cropping compared with trees budded on M.26 and M.4. No difference in titratable acidity, soluble solids, flesh firmness, weight, flavor, and color between fruit from TC trees and from trees on M.4 and Antonovka seedlings was detected in 1 yr of measurement. However, fruit from TC Golden Delicious was more russeted and fruit from TC Spartan had more soluble solids. The difference in fruit appearance between TC and budded trees may result from a root-stock effect or a difference in budwood source, because Spartan fruit from trees on M.4 was more russeted than Spartan fruit from TC trees, but was not different from Spartan fruit from trees on Antonovka seedling. Trees of Macspur McIntosh on TC M.26 and on stool-layered M.26 were similar in size and yield efficiency. TC Fairhaven was larger in size than Fairhaven on Siberian C seedling, but was less yield efficient. No difference in fruit size, flesh firmness, or color was detected between fruit harvested from peach trees on the different roots. Montmorency and Lambert TC and on F12/1 were similar in tree size, respectively, but Montmorency and Lambert TC were more yield efficient than on F12/1. Fruit of TC Lambert was lighter in color and had higher titratable acidity than that of Lambert on F12/1, perhaps a result of earlier fruit maturity. Key words: Apple, peach, sweet cherry, sour cherry, self-rooted, rootstocks

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