Effect of Tiller Removal and Shading on Spikelet Development and Yield Components of the Main Shoot of Wheat and on the Sugar Concentration of the Ear and Flag Leaf

1980 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 501 ◽  
Author(s):  
DR Kemp ◽  
EE Whingwiri
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Field Crop ◽  
Main Shoot ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Shoot Size ◽  
Reduced Rate ◽  
Fertile Spikelet

Continuous removal of tillers from wheat plants (cv. Gamenya) in an irrigated field crop resulted in an 86% increase in grain yield of the ear on the main shoot due, principally, to more kernels per fertile spikelet. On detillered plants 99% of spikelets were fertile with an average of 3.8 kernels per fertile spikelet compared with 91% and 2.4 for the control. Tiller removal increased spikelet numbers by 1 to a mean of 21.4 but did not affect the rate of production of spikelet primordia. The concentration of sugars (glucose, fructose, sucrose) in leaf bases at terminal spikelet formation and in leaf bases and ears just before ear emergence were the same in control and detillered plants. It was considered unlikely that tillers compete with the main shoot for carbohydrates thus limiting ear development and grain yields of the main shoot; instead, competition for reduced nitrogen may be involved. Shading plants to 20% of full sunlight, especially during floret development, reduced grain yields per ear by 50% due to fewer kernels per fertile spikelet (2.2) plus a 32% decline in kernel weight. Tiller numbers and shoot size were reduced by shading while spikelet numbers were reduced by two compared with controls due to a reduced rate of production of spikelet primordia. Shading also reduced sugar concentrations relative to controls in leaf bases at terminal spikelet formation and in ears just prior to emergence. The supply of carbohydrates under shading was limited, affecting growth and grain yields.

Spikelet development and grain yield of the wheat ear in response to applied nitrogen

1980 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 637 ◽  
Author(s):  
EE Whingwiri ◽  
DR Kemp
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
Main Shoot ◽  
Similar Time ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Mutual Shading ◽  
Nitrogen Treatments

Wheat plants in an irrigated field crop were fertilized with 0 (N0), 3 (N3), 10 (N10) or 30 (N30) kg nitrogen ha-1 week-1 for 10 weeks, commencing 12 days after sowing, till the flag leaf reached maturity. Nitrogen significantly increased tiller numbers, dry matter and grain yields per plant. Maximum plant size resulted from the N30 treatment, but maximum grain yields per plant from the N10 treatment. Total spikelet numbers increased with increasing nitrogen supply up to the N30 treatment, and this was due to increased rates of spikelet primordia production. Nitrogen treatments had almost no effect on the duration of spikelet primordium formation. Only two ear-bearing tillers were produced in the N10 and N30 treatments, and none in the others. Tiller apices had a similar, or in the case of the second tiller of N30 plants a 29% higher, rate of spikelet primordia formation to that of the associated main shoot, and all apices formed terminal spikelets at a similar time. The second tiller did not initiate primordia production until 25% of final spikelet numbers were present on the main shoot apex. The higher grain yield per plant in the N10 than in the N30 treatment was due largely to more grains per fertile spikelet on the tillers of N10 plants. It was speculated that the poorer performance of tillers on N30 plants was due to mutual shading of shoots and/or poorer nitrogen nutrition of the tiller apices owing to the method of nitrogen application. It was concluded that nitrogen supply affected grain yield per ear more by influencing the ability of florets to set grain than by varying spikelet number.

Effect of n fertilisation on the dynamics of dry matter production and leaf area of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties in different years

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 385-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Sugár ◽  
Z. Berzsenyi
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Thousand Kernel Weight ◽  
Matter Production

The effect of four rates of nitrogen (N) fertilisation (0, 80, 160, 240 kg ha−1) on the growth and yield components of three winter wheat varieties with different maturity dates (Mv Toborzó — extra early, Mv Palotás — early, Mv Verbunkos — mid-early) was analysed in a long-term experiment laid out in a two-factorial split-plot design with four replications in the years 2007–2009. The dry matter production of the whole plant and of individual plant organs, the maximum leaf area, the area of the flag-leaf and all the yield components except the thousand-kernel weight were significantly the greatest in the N160 or the N240 treatments. Averaged over the varieties and years the grain yield in the N treatments was N0: 5.5, N80: 7.1, N160: 7.3 and N240: 7.5 t ha−1. Averaged over N treatments and years the variety Mv Verbunkos had the highest dry matter production, stem mass, spike mass, number of grains per spike and grain yield. Mv Verbunkos had the greatest leaf area in the favourable years of 2008 and 2009 and the greatest flag-leaf area in 2008. Averaged over N treatments and varieties the dry matter production per plant, the leaf and stem mass, the number of spikes per square metre and the thousand-kernel weight were greatest in 2007. The spike mass was lowest in 2007 and had higher, very similar values in 2008 and 2009. The maximum leaf area per plant, the area of the flag-leaf, the number of grains per spike and the grain yield were highest in 2008. The values and dynamics of the growth parameters gave a good characterisation of the effect of the treatments (N fertilisation, variety, year) on plant production (yield, yield components) in various stages of growth.

scholarly journals Epistasis for Three Grain Yield Components in Rice (Oryxa sativa L.)

Genetics ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 145 (2) ◽  
pp. 453-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhikang Li ◽  
Shannon R M Pinson ◽  
William D Park ◽  
Andrew H Paterson ◽  
James W Stansel
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Complex Traits ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Progeny Testing ◽  
Grain Yield Components ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Grain Number Per Panicle

The genetic basis for three grain yield components of rice, 1000 kernel weight (KW), grain number per panicle (GN), and grain weight per panicle (GWP), was investigated using restriction fragment length polymorphism markers and F4 progeny testing from a cross between rice subspecies japonica (cultivar Lemont from USA) and indica (cv. Teqing from China). Following identification of 19 QTL affecting these traits, we investigated the role of epistasis in genetic control of these phenotypes. Among 63 markers distributed throughout the genome that appeared to be involved in 79 highly significant (P < 0.001) interactions, most (46 or 73%) did not appear to have “main” effects on the relevant traits, but influenced the trait(s) predominantly through interactions. These results indicate that epistasis is an important genetic basis for complex traits such as yield components, especially traits of low heritability such as GN and GWP. The identification of epistatic loci is an important step toward resolution of discrepancies between quantitative trait loci mapping and classical genetic dogma, contributes to better understanding of the persistence of quantitative genetic variation in populations, and impels reconsideration of optimal mapping methodology and marker-assisted breeding strategies for improvement of complex traits.

Effect of leaf spotting diseases on grain yield and seed traits of wheat in southern Saskatchewan

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 507-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Wang ◽  
M. R. Fernandez ◽  
F. R. Clarke ◽  
R. M. DePauw ◽  
J. M. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Test Weight ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Seed Traits ◽  
Grain Protein Concentration ◽  
Leaf Emergence ◽  
Weight Test

Although leaf spotting diseases have been reported to have a negative effect on grain yield and seed characteristics of wheat (Triticum spp.), the magnitude of such effects on wheat grown on dryland in southern Saskatchewan is not known. A fungicide experiment was conducted at Swift Current (Brown soil) and Indian Head (Black soil) from 1997 to 1999 to determine the effect of leaf spotting diseases on yield and seed traits of wheat. Two fungicides, Folicur 3.6F and Bravo 500, were applied at different growth stages on three common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and three durum wheat (T. turgidum L. var durum) genotypes. Fungicide treatments generally did not affect yield, kernel weight, test weight or grain protein concentration, and these effects were relatively consistent among genotypes. Folicur applied at head emergence in 1997 and at flag leaf emergence and/or head emergence in 1998 increased yield at Indian Head (P < 0.05). Fungicides applied at and before flag leaf emergence tended to increase kernel weight. Grain protein concentration increased only in treatments of Bravo applications at Indian Head in 1998. These results suggested that under the dryland environment and management in southern Saskatchewan leaf spotting diseases generally have a small effect on yield, kernel weight, test weight and protein concentration. Key words: Wheat, leaf spotting diseases, fungicide, yield

scholarly journals Management of Leaf Blight (Bipolaris sorokiniana) Disease of Wheat with Cultural Practices

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 63-69
Author(s):  
PCP Chaurasia ◽  
E Duveiller
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Leaf Blight ◽  
Thousand Kernel Weight ◽  
Leaf Infection ◽  
Higher Doses ◽  
Late Sowing

An experiment was conducted at agronomy farm of Agriculture research Station, Tarahara,Nepal for three consecutive years viz 2000/2001,2001/2002, and 2002/2003 to evaluate theeffects of different cultural practices on leaf blight diseases of wheat caused by Bipolarissorokiniana under terai conditions. The experiment was conducted in factorial RandomizedComplete Block Design with four replications. Four factors, two wheat verities RR-21 andNepal 297,two number of irrigations (two and three irrigations), two doses of Nitrogen fertilizerviz. 60kg N/ha and 120 kg N/ha and two dates of sowing of wheat were examined. Differentyield components, grain yield (kg/plot) and disease severity were recorded to judge the effects ofthese factors on severity of leaf blight of wheat. Nepal Line 297 had significantly less AUDPCbased on flag leaf infection and whole plan as compared to RR-21. Number of irrigations had nosignificant effect on AUDPC, as there was frequent rain during experimental period. Doses ofNitrogen fertilizer had significant effect on AUDPC based on flag leaf infection. It was higher incase of 60 kg N/ha. The third week of November sowing of wheat had lower value of AUDPCas compared to December sowing. Plant height, panicle lengths were highly significantly higherin case of RR-21 as compared to Nepal-297. Thousand kernel weight, and grain yield kg/ha weresignificantly higher in Nepal-297. All agronomic parameters except thousand kernel weight andnumber of tillers/plan were significantly higher in 120kg N/ha. The third week of Novembersowing of wheat had less plant height and panicle length, higher thousand kernel weight andmore grain yield. Leaf blight severity was highly significantly less in case of Nepal-297. Dosesof Nitrogen fertilizer had significant effect on plant height, panicle length, thousand kernelweight, percentage flag leaf infection and AUDPC based on flag leaf infection. Based on theresults of three years of experimentations, it can be concluded that Nepal-297 had less disease,number of irrigations had no effect on disease severity, higher doses of nitrogen fertilizer hadless flag infection and late sowing of wheat also had less disease. Numbers of irrigation's effectswere inconclusive as there were frequent rains during experimentation period. Based on aboveconclusion, it is recommended that growing wheat verity like Nepal-297, use of higher doses ofnitrogen fertilizer and sowing of wheat / first week of Dec help in minimizing the severity of leafblight. However late sowing had lowered grain yield.Key words: AUDPC; culture practices; disease management; leaf blightDOI: 10.3126/narj.v7i0.1870Nepal Agriculture Research Journal Vol.7 2006 pp.63-69

Effect of nitrogen, seeding date and cultivar on oat quality and yield in the eastern Canadian prairies

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 1025-1036 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E. May ◽  
Ramona M. Mohr ◽  
Guy P. Lafond ◽  
Adrian M. Johnston ◽  
F. Craig Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Seeding Date ◽  
N Rates

The proportion of oat (Avena sativa L.) being used for race horses and human consumption has increased over the past 15 yr. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of N, seeding date and cultivar on grain yield components, grain yield and grain quality of oat under a direct seeding system. Four N rates, three seeding dates and two cultivars were tested at Indian Head, Melfort, and Canora, SK, and Brandon, MB. Yield was more responsive to increasing N rates from 15 and 80 kg ha-1 when oat was seeded in early May versus early June. Panicles plant-1 was the yield component that accounted for most of the yield increase achieved from increasing rates of N, while kernel weight was the yield component that decreased as the rate of N increased. Physical seed quality decreased (plump seed decreased and thin seed increased) with delayed seeding and greater N fertilizer rates. Nitrogen fertilizer and seeding date had a much larger effect on the quality of CDC Pacer than AC Assiniboia. Combining early seeding, appropriate N fertility and well-adapted cultivars should increase the likelihood of optimizing oat yield and quality necessary for high-value markets. Key words: Avena sativa L., yield components, test weight, lodging, plump seed, thin seed

scholarly journals Expected genetic gains from mono trait and indexbased selection in advanced bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) populations

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 9131-9141
Author(s):  
Zine El Abidine Fellahi ◽  
Abderrahmane Hannachi ◽  
Hamenna Bouzerzour
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Research Unit ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Wheat Lines ◽  
Selection Of

This study aimed at evaluating the expected gains from selection obtained based upon direct, indirect, and index-based selection in a set of 599 bread wheat lines. The experiment was carried out at the experimental field of INRAA institute, Setif research unit (Algeria), in a Federer augmented block design including three controls. A wide range of genetic variability was observed among lines for the eleven traits assessed. The results indicated that index-based selection and selection based on grain yield expressed higher expected genetic gain than direct and indirect mono-trait-based selection. The best 15 selected lines exhibited higher grain yield than the control varieties, and they were clustered in three groups that contrasted mainly for the flag-leaf area, thousand-kernel weight, biomass, and harvest index. The index-based selection appears as a useful tool for the rapid selection of early filial generations, enriching selected breeding materials with desirable alleles and reducing the number of years required to combine these traits in elite varieties.

scholarly journals Genetic variability, character association and diversity analyses for economic traits in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Pratap ◽  
PK Singh ◽  
R Shekhar ◽  
SK Soni ◽  
AK Mall
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Selection Strategy ◽  
Economic Traits ◽  
Character Association ◽  
Yield And Yield Components ◽  
Biological Yield ◽  
High Yielding Varieties

One hundred high yielding rice genotypes were evaluated to determine character association, variability and diversity for grain yield, yield components and quality characters. High estimates of heritability, genetic advance, genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation were recorded for panicle hill-1, flag leaf area and grain yield hill-1. Majority of the traits showed significant and positive associations between yield and yield components like biological yield hill-1 followed by harvest-index as most important traits which need due consideration at the time of devising selection strategy. Thus, presence of several contrasting types of inter-relationships simultaneously would bring improvement in others due to correlated responses. Path analysis might have resulted into cancellation of contrasting associations by each other which ultimately lead to lowering of the net impact. This suggested that selection would be quite efficient in improving yield and yield components in context of germplasm evaluated. The crossing between superior genotypes of above diverse cluster pairs may provide desirable transgressive segregants for developing high yielding varieties of aromatic and non-aromatic rice. Thus, hybridization of Swarna of cluster XI with promising genotypes of cluster VI (Narendra 118, Vandana, Narendra 1, Akashi and Narendra 97) is recommended. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v10i2.18326 SAARC J. Agri., 10(2): 83-94 (2012)

scholarly journals Relationship between Flag Leaf Characteristics and Main Yield Components in Oat (Avena sativa L.)

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Ionuṭ RACZ ◽  
Rozalia KADAR ◽  
Sorin VȂTCĂ ◽  
Ioana Virginia BERINDEAN ◽  
Adrian CECLAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentration ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll Concentration

The objective of this study was to investigate relationships between leaf area index, leaf chlorophyll concentration, yield components and grain yield in oat (Avena sativa L.). Ten oat varieties were analyzed in field conditions regarding those traits. Flag leaf chlorophyll concentration range between 451.51 and 747.79 units of μmol of chlorophyll per m2. Also, leaf area index range between 13.68 to 32.84 cm2. Significant correlation indices were highlighted between yield components and leaf area index, yield/yield components and chlorophyll concentration of flag leaf.

Some relationships between plant population, yield components and grain yield of wheat in a Mediterranean environment

1986 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 219 ◽  
Author(s):  
WK Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Spring Bread Wheat ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Optimum Population ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Relationship

Eight spring bread wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.), differing widely in their nominal yield component characteristics, were tested under rain-fed conditions for three years at sowing densities ranging from 50 to 800 seeds m-2. The objectives of the experiments were to estimate the relationship between grain yield and particular yield components, the expression of plant type (yield components) in relation to plant density, and the plant population x cultivar interaction for grain yield over a range of seasons in a given environment. The 'optimum' plant population (at maximum grain yield) varied over 30-220 plants m-2, depending on season and cultivar. In general, variation in the 'optimum' population was greater between seasons for a given cultivar than between cultivars within seasons. The relationship between grain yield and yield components was examined at the 'optimum' population rather than at an arbitrary population at which grain yield may have been suboptimal for some cultivars or seasons. Grain yields at the optimum populations for the various cultivar x season combinations were positively related to culms m-2, spikes m-2 and seeds m-2. They were not clearly related to culm mortality (%). When averaged across seasons, cultivar grain yields were positively related to harvest index, but the general relationship was not so clear when seasons and cultivars were examined individually. Spike size (seeds spike-I or spike weight) and seed size were also not clearly related to grain yield at the 'optimum' population, and it was thus postulated that the production and survival of large numbers of culms, which in turn led to large numbers of seeds per unit area, were the source of large grain yields. Some interactions were found between yield components and plant population for some cultivars that could have implications for plant breeders selecting at low plant densities. The implications for crop ideotypes of the individual plant characters at the 'optimum' population are also discussed. Interactions between cultivars and plant populations implied that some cultivars required different populations to achieve maximum yields in some seasons. There was a tendency for larger yields to be achieved from cultivar x season combinations where the optimum population was larger, which suggested that commercial seed rates should be re-examined when changes to plant types or yield levels are made.

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