Water Use and Growth of Cotton in Response to Elevated CO2 in Wet and Drying Soil

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 63 ◽  
Author(s):  
AB Samarakoon ◽  
RM Gifford
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Transpiration Rate ◽  
Growth Enhancement ◽  
High Co2 ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Low Co2 ◽  
Co2 Effects ◽  
Wide Variability

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum cv. Sicala 34) was grown at 352 ('low CO2') or 710 ('high CO2') μL L-1 atmospheric CO2 in continuously wet soil, or in drying soil, or in drying soil re-wetted after plant wilting. In wet soil, the approximately 15% reduction in transpiration per unit leaf area owing to high CO2 was only half that for other species, whereas effects on growth and leaf area were relatively larger. Consequently, water use per plant was 45-50% higher for high CO2 plants in contrast to other species for which the rate of water use is either the same or lower in high CO2. Greater plant water use early in a drying cycle caused the soil to dry faster under high CO2 than under low CO2. The addition of the consequential greater water stress at high CO2 in drying soil to the direct CO2 effect on stomata caused the transpiration rate of high CO2 plants to fall by up to 60% as the soil dried relative to plants drying at low CO2. After re-wetting the dry soil, the reduction in transpiration rate at high CO2 returned within hours to the value of 15% seen in wet soil. The results were inconsistent with the idea that water deficits increase the sensitivity of stomatal aperture to CO2. Other consequences of drier soil under high CO2 compared with low CO2 were: (a) unlike in many other species, in cotton, the relative growth enhancement by high CO2 is not higher under drying soil compared with wet soil owing to the opposite effect on soil water content; and (b) the increased water-use efficiency in drying soil relative to wet soil was greater in high CO2 plants than in low CO2. The confounding of indirect effects of soil water with the direct CO2 effects may explain the wide variability of literature reports about CO2 effects on stomatal conductance and water use.

Transpiration and Leaf Area Under Elevated CO2: Effects of Soil Water Status and Genotype in Wheat

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
AB Samarakoon ◽  
WJ Muller ◽  
RM Gifford
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Transpiration Rate ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
High Co2 ◽  
Soil Water Status ◽  
Nutritional Conditions

Transpiration rate, leaf area expansion, water use and water-use efficiency (WUE) of spaced plants of wheat (cvv. Matong and Quarrion), were examined at ambient and twice ambient CO2 concentrations in wet and drying soil regimes. A hypothesis tested was that both stomatal conductance (gs) and leaf area development are so regulated by the plant in relation to soil water status that the reduction of approximately 40% in gs in high CO2 has no permanent impact on whole-plant water use. Whereas, during a soil drying cycle, leaf area increase under elevated CO2 counterbalanced closely for reduced gs in terms of soil water depletion as reported elsewhere, this counterbalance was neither exact at all times, nor did it apply when the soil was continuously wet. In wet soil, leaf area was not enhanced much by elevated CO2, probably because, under the high radiation and nutritional conditions used, the tillering rate was almost maximal anyway. Quarrion, having a 40% lower gs than Matong genetically, did not counter-balance a reduced transpiration rate with a larger leaf area under either drying or wet soil conditions. These results support rejection, for wheat, of the hypothesis posed; elevated CO2 increased leaf area mainly by virtue of the direct photosynthetic increase rather than changed soil water status. In wet soil, low gs Quarrion had a higher CO2 effect on WUE (+ 73 to 82%) than did Matong (+54 to 65%). In drying soil, both cultivars had a similar increase in WUE at high CO2 (+60 to 68%).

Elevated CO2 Effects on Water Use and Growth of Maize in Wet and Drying Soil

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
AB Samarakoon ◽  
RM Gifford
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Growth Enhancement ◽  
High Co2 ◽  
Water Regimes ◽  
Reduced Water

It is unclear from the literature as to whether growth of C4 species is responsive to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration. Reports vary between no response to strong response. To explore the origin of this discrepancy, spaced plants of maize (Zea mays) were grown at atmospheric CO2 concentrations of 362 or 717 μL L-1 under continuously wet or drying soil regimes. The aims were to evaluate the comparative growth promotion from elevated CO2 in a C4 plant under the two contrasting water regimes and the causes of any such promotion, and also how water-use efficiency (WUE) is influenced by high CO2 under the two water regimes. In wet soil, transpiration rate was reduced on average by 29% at high CO2, but neither total dry matter nor plant height was significantly affected by CO2 level. Leaf area was not influenced significantly, so daily water use per plant was 25% lower and WUE was increased entirely due to reduced water use at high CO2. In soil that was drying from field capacity, plants in high CO2 used about 30% less water than those in ambient CO2 while the soil was still wet. This resulted in higher soil water content at high CO2. Plant growth showed a marked response, accumulating 35% more leaf area and 50% more dry matter. Young internodes elongated up to 170% more, giving taller plants. The growth enhancement was largely due to higher average net assimilation rate indicating that C4 photosynthesis responded to elevated CO2 during drought. In drying soil the increase in WUE was due to both increased dry matter and reduced water use, the contribution from each depending on the stage of soil drying. We hypothesise therefore that literature examples where maize growth responded to elevated CO2 may have involved (possibly unrecognised) minor water deficits.

Plant Growth and Water Use With Limited Water Supply in High CO2 Concentrations. I. Leaf Area, Water Use and Transpiration

1984 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 361 ◽  
Author(s):  
JIL Morison ◽  
RM Gifford
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Transpiration Rate ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Similar Time ◽  
High Co2

Plants of 16 agricultural and horticultural species were grown from seed in spaced pots in two glasshouses, one with normal and one with twice the present atmospheric CO2 concentration. Water use and leaf area development were measured while soil moisture content declined from field capacity to c. 6%. High CO2 increased leaf area in all but two species, the increase varying from 20 to 75%. However, the water loss per plant followed a similar time course to that of plants in control CO2 concentration because of the reduction of daily transpiration rate per unit leaf area (range 4-39%). Cowpea and sunflower plants rewatered after one soil drying cycle showed 9 and 5%, respectively, lower transpiration rate in high CO2 over a subsequent drying cycle than in the first cycle. Averaging across all species and soil moisture contents, transpiration rate was less reduced by high CO2 (21%) than was stomatal conductance (36%) and this is attributed to the increased leaf temperature caused by reduced stomatal conductance.

scholarly journals Determining Water Use and Crop Coefficients of Five Woody Landscape Plants

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 160-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Niu ◽  
D.S. Rodriguez ◽  
R. Cabrera ◽  
C. McKenney ◽  
W. Mackay
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Culture System ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Crop Coefficient ◽  
Nerium Oleander ◽  
Culture Systems ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Crop Coefficients

Abstract The water use and crop coefficient of five woody landscape species were determined by growing the shrubs both in 56-liter (15 gal) drainage lysimeters and in above-ground 10-liter containers (#3). Water use per plant, crop coefficient and overall growth parameters differed by species and culture system. Of the five species tested, Buddleia davidii ‘Burgundy’ and Nerium oleander ‘Hardy Pink’ had higher water use per plant in the lysimeters than in the containers. Water use per plant for Abelia grandiflora ‘Edward Goucher’, Euonymus japonica and Ilex vomitoria ‘Pride of Houston’ was the same for the two culture systems. Crop coefficient and growth index of A. grandiflora, E. japonica, and I. vomitoria was similar between the two systems. The growth index of B. davidii and N. oleander was much higher in the lysimeters than in the containers. Abelia grandiflora and E. japonica had more growth in the containers than in the lysimeters while I. vomitoria had slightly larger leaf area in the lysimeters than in the containers. The culture system did not affect the water use per unit leaf area of all species. Therefore, our results indicated that by quantifying the leaf area, the plant water use in the two culture systems is exchangeable.

Effect of Limited Irrigation on Water Consumption and Grain Yield of Spring Maize (Zea Mays)

2013 ◽  
Vol 404 ◽  
pp. 415-419
Author(s):  
Heng Jia Zhang ◽  
Jun Hui Li
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Spring Maize

The soil water contents in spring maize field were monitored continuously using soil neutron probe combined with drying-weighing method. Meanwhile, the effect of limited irrigation on crop periodic water consumption and its percentage in total water use, leaf area index, and grain yield of spring maize were explored. The results indicated that both the periodic water consumption and its percentage in total water use varied from low to high then to low within maize growing season, with the maximum valued both at silking to middle grain filling. In addition, leaf area indexes were greatly improved by full irrigation before maize filling, and grain yield was not reduced by efficient limited irrigation management, contrarily, yield increase and 31.1% of significant irrigation water saving were achieved, which was beneficial to the optimization of soil water ecological processing and limited irrigation management.

scholarly journals Effect of drought stress and mycorrhizal inoculation on the growth, photosynthetic activity and water use efficiency of leek (Allium porrum L. ‘Gigante Suizo’)

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 101-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleš Jezdinský ◽  
Kristína Petříková ◽  
Katalin Slezák ◽  
Robert Pokluda
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Transpiration Rate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Total Fresh Weight

During the experiments it was examined two irrigation levels: 1. optimal water supply – the irrigation activation by available water capacity (AWC) < 65 %; 2. drought stress – irrigation activation by AWC < 45 %) and inoculation of plants by the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungusGlomusin leek culture. The effect of treatments on the photosynthetic rate (A), transpiration rate (E), water use efficiency (WUE), biomass production (weight, dry matter content of different plant part), size of pseudostem, leaf area and specific leaf area (SLA) was observed. The drought stress had effect on all observed parameters: it decreased the photosynthetic and transpiration rate (A: from 5.04–5.37 to 3.33–3.43 µmol CO2.m−2. s−1, E: from 1.78–1.91 to 0.99–1.03 mmol H2O. m−2. s−1in the average of 5 measuring date), the weight total fresh weight of plants: from 355–453 g to 152–255 g), and the leaf area, the length and diameter of pseudostem, too. The WUE, the dry matter content and the thickness of leaves increased under stress. In the most parameters, the water supply had stronger effect than the inoculation. The inoculation had positive effect mainly under drought stress: it improved the WUE at 3 measuring time (from 3.45 to 3.50 μmol CO2.mmol H2O−1, in the average of 5 measuring date), increased the weight (total fresh weight of plants: from 152 g to 255 g) and the leaf area (from 0.16 to 0.12 m2).

scholarly journals Eucalyptus sp. seedling response to potassium fertilization and soil water.

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo César Teixeira ◽  
José Leonardo Moraes Gonçalves ◽  
José Carlos Arthur Junior ◽  
Cleci Dezordi
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Transpiration Rate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soil Water Potential ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Eucalyptus Urophylla

A considerable portion of Brazil‘s commercial eucalypt plantations is located in areas subjected to periods of water deficit and grown in soils with low natural fertility, particularly poor in potassium. Potassium is influential in controlling water relations of plants. The objective of this study was to verify the influence of potassium fertilization and soil water potential (Ψw) on the dry matter production and on water relations of eucalypt seedlings grown under greenhouse conditions. The experimental units were arranged in 4x4x2 randomized blocks factorial design, as follow: four species of Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus urophylla, Eucalyptus camaldulensis and hybrid Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla), four dosages of K (0, 50, 100 and 200 mg dm-3) and two soil water potentials (-0.01MPa and -0.1 MPa). Plastic containers with 15 cm diameter and 18 cm height, with Styrofoam base, containing 3.0 dm3 of soil and two plants per container were used. Soil water potential was kept at -0.01MPa for 40 days after seeding. Afterward, the experimental units were divided into two groups: in one group the potential was kept at -0.01MPa, and in the other one, at -0.10 MPa. Soil water potential was controlled gravimetrically twice a day with water replacement until the desired potential was reestablished. A week before harvesting, the leaf water potential (Ψ), the photosynthetic rate (A), the stomatal conductance (gs) and the transpiration rate were evaluated. The last week before harvesting, the mass of the containers was recorded daily before watering to determine the consumption of water by the plants. After harvesting, total dry matter and leaf area were evaluated. The data were submitted to analysis of variance, to Tukey's tests and regression analyses. The application of K influenced A, gs and the transpiration rate. Plants deficient in K showed lower A and higher gs and transpiration rates. There were no statistical differences in A, gs and transpiration rates in plants with and without water deficit. The addition of K reduced the consumption of water per unit of leaf area and, in general, plants submitted to water deficit presented a lower consumption of water.

Modelling Site Productivity of Eucalyptus globulus in Response to Climatic and Site Factors

1997 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 831 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Battaglia ◽  
Peter Sands
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Eucalyptus Globulus ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Site Fertility ◽  
Closed Canopy ◽  
Use Efficiency

A simple model, PROMOD, predicts the growth of a forest following canopy closure, i.e. under conditions in which the foliage biomass has attained a steady state. The principal output from PROMOD is peak mean annual increment. However, additional output available includes the closed-canopy leaf area index, evapotranspiration and water use efficiency. In addition, an indication of biomass partitioning around the time of peak MAI and the relative effects different environmental factors play in limiting production can be obtained. PROMOD is based on a generalisation of a simple forest growth model which predicts biomass production and partitioning at the stand level with a daily or annual time step. The minimum level of inputs required by PROMOD are of a quality and quantity that forest managers can readily and cheaply obtain for screening prospective plantation sites: the latitude, longitude, altitude, slope and aspect of the site and a classification of the soil depth, texture, stoniness, drainage and a rating of site fertility. However, PROMOD can be run using daily inputs of weather data and hence predict the seasonal variation of production. The closed-canopy leaf area index is calculated from the mean annual rainfall and temperature at the site, and a simple rating of site fertility. Annual production is calculated as the sum of daily production and takes diurnal temperature variation and possible seasonal photosynthetic acclimation into account. A simple soil water balance model is included in which water use is based on a crop factor which is a function of soil water content and a water use efficiency which is a function of vapour pressure deficit. The model was developed on the basis of data from nine plots of Eucalyptus globulus in south-eastern Tasmania and in Western Australia, and was validated using data from 19 plots in northern Tasmania.

scholarly journals Effects of Drought and Heat on Photosynthetic Performance, Water Use and Yield of Two Selected Fiber Hemp Cultivars at a Poor-Soil Site in Brandenburg (Germany)

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1361
Author(s):  
Werner B. Herppich ◽  
Hans-Jörg Gusovius ◽  
Inken Flemming ◽  
Katrin Drastig
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Dynamic Responses ◽  
Co2 Uptake ◽  
Intrinsic Water Use Efficiency

Hemp currently regains certain importance as fiber, oil and medical crop not least because of its modest requirements of biocides, fertilizer and water. During recent years, crops were exposed to a combination of drought and heat, even in northern Central-Europe. Dynamic responses of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance to these stresses and their persistent effects had been studied, if at all, in controlled environment experiments. Comprehensive field studies on diurnal and long-term net photosynthesis and gas exchange, and yield properties of hemp during a drought prone, high-temperature season in northern Central-Europe are obviously missing. Thus, in whole season field trails, the essential actual physiological (rates of net photosynthesis and transpiration, stomatal conductance, water use efficiencies, ambient and internal CO2 concentrations) and the yield performance of modern high-yielding multi-purpose hemp cultivars, ‘Ivory’ and ‘Santhica 27’, were evaluated under extreme environmental conditions and highly limited soil water supply. This provides comprehensive information on the usability of these cultivars under potential future harsh production conditions. Plants of both cultivars differentially cope with the prevailing climatic and soil water conditions. While ‘Ivory’ plants developed high rates of CO2 gain and established large leaf area per plant in the mid-season, those of ‘Santhica 27’ utilized lower CO2 uptake rates at lower leaf area per plant most time. This and the higher germination success of ‘Santhica 27’ resulted in nearly twice the yield compared to ‘Ivory’. Although stomatal control of CO2 gain was pronounced in both cultivars, higher stomatal limitations in ‘Ivory’ plants resulted in higher overall intrinsic water use efficiency. Cultivation of both hemp cultivars with only basic irrigation during seed germination was successful and without large effects on yield and quality. This was valid even under extremely hot and dry climatic conditions in northern Central Europe.

scholarly journals CARACTERÍSTICAS FISIOLÓGICAS E DE DESENVOLVIMENTO DE Cyperus difformis L. RESISTENTE E SUSCETÍVEL AO HERBICIDA PYRAZOSULFURON-ETHYL

2011 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Taísa DAL MAGRO ◽  
Dirceu AGOSTINETTO ◽  
Antônio Alberto da SILVA ◽  
Leandro VARGAS ◽  
Luís Eduardo PANOZZO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Transpiration Rate ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Mass Rate ◽  
Green House ◽  
Cyperus Difformis ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

Os biótipos de plantas daninhas resistentes a herbicidas podem apresentar diferenças fisiológicas e de desenvolvimento quando comparado a biótipos suscetíveis. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar características fisiológicas e de desenvolvimento de biótipos Cyperus difformis resistente e suscetível ao herbicida pyrazosulfuron-ethyl. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos em casa de vegetação, um na Universidade Federal de Pelotas (Exp. I) e outro na Universidade Federal de Viçosa (Exp. II), em delineamento experimental completamente casualizado, com quatro repetições. No primeiro experimento (Exp. I) os tratamentos constaram de biótipos de C. difformis resistente (CYPDI 9) e suscetível (CYPDI 8) ao herbicida pyrazosulfuron-ethyl e de seis épocas de coletas (14, 28, 42, 56, 70 e 84 dias após a emergência) e no segundo (Exp. II) os biótipos de C. difformis resistente e suscetível foram avaliados com e sem a aplicação do herbicida pyrazosulfuronethyl, na dose de 20g ha-1. As variáveis avaliadas no Exp. I foram área foliar (AF), massa da parte aérea seca (MPAS), taxa de crescimento absoluto e a relação AF e MPAS; no Exp. II, CO2 consumido, taxa de fluxo de gases, concentração de CO2 subestomático, taxa transpiratória, condutância estomática de vapores de água, taxa fotossintética e eficiência do uso da água. Observou-se que os biótipos de C. difformis resistente e suscetível ao herbicida pyrazosulfuron-ethyl apresentam características fisiológicas e de desenvolvimento semelhantes. ABSTRACT The resistance of weed to herbicides can cause alterations in physiologic characteristics and development of the resistant biotype. The objectives of this work went to compare physiologic characteristics and development from biotypes of resistant and susceptible C. difformis to ALS inhibiting herbicides. For that, two Studies were driven at green house of UFPel (Study I) and of UFV (Study II) in completely randomized design, with four replicates. In Study I the treatments consisted of resistant biotype (CYPDI 9) and susceptible (CYPDI 8) of C. difformis to herbicide pyrazosulfuron-ethyl and six times of collections (14, 28, 42, 56, 70 and 84 days after the emergency) and in Study II the same biotypes (resistant and susceptible) added of the application of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl in the rate of 20g ha-1. The variable availed were leaf area, aerial dry mass, rate growth and the relation leaf area and aerial dry mass, in Study I and consumed CO2, rate of flow of gases for the stomata, concentration of CO2 sub-stomatal, transpiration rate, stomatic conductance of steams of water, photosynthetic rate and efficiency of the water use in Study II. Before the results, it can be observed that the resistant and susceptible biotypes of C. difformis to pyrazosulfuron-ethyl herbicide, present physiologic characteristics and development similar.

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