HIV, cancer, and aging

Sexual Health ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew E. Grulich ◽  
Fengyi Jin ◽  
I. Mary Poynten ◽  
Claire M. Vajdic
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Screening ◽  
General Population ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Accelerated Aging ◽  
Alcohol Exposure ◽  
Hiv Therapy ◽  
Active Research ◽  
Anal Cancer Screening ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

As people with HIV age, they will experience increasing rates of all diseases of aging, including cancer. However, the pattern of higher cancer risk in people with HIV is mostly explained by the chronic effects of certain oncogenic infections, and is not consistent with a syndrome of accelerated aging. Many of those cancers that are most closely associated with aging do not occur at increased rates in people with HIV compared with the general population. The risk of many infection-associated cancers in people with HIV is closely related to the degree of immune deficiency, and for some types of cancer, it is also associated with ongoing HIV replication. Thus, if HIV therapy can provide durable HIV suppression and maintain near normal levels of immune function, the excess risk of cancer is likely to be minimised. While avoidance of profound immunity will greatly reduce cancer risk, it is unclear how close to normal immune function must be to minimise HIV-associated cancer risk. People with HIV are also at a high risk of cancer because they have high rates of lifestyle risks for cancer, in particular tobacco and alcohol exposure. For most cancers, it is appropriate to follow general population guidelines on cancer screening. The exception is cervical cancer, for which annual screening is recommended. In addition, active research is required to establish whether anal cancer screening would prevent the unacceptably high levels of morbidity caused by this disease in people with HIV, most particularly in gay men.

Determination of the immunogenetic risk of developing cancer.

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e13132-e13132
Author(s):  
István Miklós ◽  
Eniko Rita Toke ◽  
Mónika Megyesi ◽  
Levente Molnar ◽  
József Tóth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
General Population ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Tumor Antigens ◽  
Hla Class I ◽  
Class I ◽  
P Value ◽  
T Cell Epitopes ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

e13132 Background: Association between certain HLA types and cancer is well known. We hypothesized that the number of epitopes of tumor antigens presented by autologous HLAs characterizes a patient’s capacity to kill tumor cells. These CD8+ T cell epitopes are presented by 6 out of >13,000 known HLA class I alleles and induce extremely variable tumor-specific T-cell responses. Methods: We predicted HLA-binding epitopes from 48 frequently expressed tumor antigens in subjects characterized with 6 HLA class I alleles. To develop the “HLA Score” cancer risk predictor we used epitopes binding to multiple HLAs of a subject. The predictor was trained on 5,789 non-American subjects. To identify populations with high and low immunogenetic risk to develop cancer we compared the HLA Score of American cancer subjects to a general population of American subjects (1,400 subjects). The performance of the predictor was characterized with AUC and Risk Ratio. Due to Bonferroni correction, AUC values with p-value p<0.007 was accepted as significant. Results: “HLA Score” predictor significantly separated cancer patients from the general population in six out of the seven investigated cancer types. The Risk Ratios between the most protected and most at risk subpopulations ranged between 2.38 and 5.67 (Table). Cancer risk prediction with HLA Score. Conclusions: Subjects with certain HLA class I alleles have high risk of developing cancer. The novel “HLA Score” predictor we introduced here could complement current testing used for determination of the genetic risk of cancer.[Table: see text]

scholarly journals Cancer risk after total hip replacements. A prospective study of 41,402 patients in the Norwegian Arthroplasty Register linked to the Cancer Registry of Norway

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Dybvik ◽  
Ove Furnes ◽  
Leif I. Havelin ◽  
Sophie D. Fosså ◽  
Clement Trovik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Cancer Registry ◽  
Arthroplasty Register ◽  
Total Hip ◽  
Total Hip Replacements ◽  
Hip Replacements ◽  
Risk Of Cancer ◽  
Norwegian Arthroplasty Register

Abstract Background Concerns have been raised that implants used in total hip replacements (THR) could lead to a future increased cancer risk. Several different materials and metals are used in joint prosthesis, as well as different fixation techniques and types of articulation for the surface of the joint can lead to an increased escape of particles or ions into the human body. Methods Patients with THR registered in the Norwegian Arthroplasty Register during 1987-2009 were linked to the Cancer registry of Norway. Patients with THR due to osteoarthritis, under the age of 75 at time of surgery, were included. Standardized incidence ratios (SIR) were applied to compare cancer risk for THR patients to the general population. Types of THR were divided into cemented (both components), uncemented (both components), and hybrid (cemented femoral and uncemented acetabular component). To account for selection mechanisms, time dependent covariates were applied in Cox-regression, adjusting for cancer risk the first 10 years after surgery. The analyses were adjusted for age, gender, and if the patient had additional THR-surgery in the same or the opposite hip. The study is according to the STROBE guidelines.Results When comparing patients with THR to the general population in Norway we found no differences in the risk. The overall SIR for the THR-patients after 10 years of follow-up was 1.02 (95% CI: 0.97-1.07). For cemented THR, the SIR after 10 years of follow-up was 0.99 (95% CI: 0.94-1.05), while it was 1.16 (95% CI: 1.02-1.30) for uncemented THRs, and 1.12 (95% CI: 0.91-1.33) for hybrid THRs. Adjusted Cox analyses showed that patients with uncemented THRs had an elevated risk of cancer (hazard ratio: HR=1.24, 95% CI: 1.05-1.46, p=0.009) when compared to patients with cemented THRs after 10 years of follow-up. The risk for patients with hybrid THRs was not significantly increased (HR=1.07, 95% CI: 0.85-1.35, p=0.55) compared to patients with cemented THRs. Conclusions We found that receiving an uncemented THR was associated with a small increased risk of cancer, in particular prostate cancer for younger men.

Psychological and utility-based quality of life impact of screening test results for anal precancerous lesions in gay and bisexual men: baseline findings from the Study of the Prevention of Anal Cancer

2019 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin Cvejic ◽  
Isobel Mary Poynten ◽  
Patrick J Kelly ◽  
Fengyi Jin ◽  
Kirsten Howard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Anal Cancer ◽  
Precancerous Lesions ◽  
Intrusive Thoughts ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Anal Cancer Screening ◽  
Abnormal Results

ObjectiveGay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM), particularly HIV-positive GBMSM, are at increased anal cancer risk compared with the general population. This study examined the psychological and quality of life (QoL) impact of receiving abnormal anal cancer screening results during the baseline visit of the Study of the Prevention of Anal Cancer (SPANC).MethodsSPANC was a prospective cohort study of the natural history of anal human papillomavirus (HPV) and associated abnormalities in GBM aged 35 years and over. Participants completed questionnaires including aspects of health-related QoL (HR-QoL) and psychosocial functioning at baseline. Participants underwent procedures including an anal swab for cytology, and high-resolution anoscopy with biopsy of any possibly HPV-related abnormality. Questionnaires were readministered 2 weeks and 3 months after participants were given cytology and histology results. Perceived test result served as the study factor.ResultsParticipants with perceived abnormal results (n=232) reported poorer HR-QoL (mean difference=1.8; p=0.004) and lower utility-based QoL (mean difference=0.02; p=0.018) 2 weeks after screening than individuals with perceived normal results (n=268). These differences did not persist at 3-month follow-up. A greater proportion of participants who perceived their results as abnormal reported feeling worse than usual about their anal health and anal cancer fear (p’s<0.001), experienced more intrusive thoughts about their results (p’s≤0.006) and felt more likely to develop cancer than other gay men their age (p’s≤0.025) at both time points than those with perceived normal results.ConclusionsProviding abnormal results may cause psychological distress and impact HR-QoL, with sustained intrusive thoughts, increased cancer worry and perceived cancer risk. The potential for psychological harm needs to be considered when implementing anal cancer screening programmes.

scholarly journals A systematic review and meta-analysis to inform cancer screening guidelines in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies

Rheumatology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander G S Oldroyd ◽  
Andrew B Allard ◽  
Jeffrey P Callen ◽  
Hector Chinoy ◽  
Lorinda Chung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Ct Scanning ◽  
High Serum ◽  
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies ◽  
Continuous Variables ◽  
Inflammatory Myopathies ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

Abstract Objectives To identify clinical factors associated with cancer risk in the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs) and to systematically review the existing evidence related to cancer screening. Methods A systematic literature search was carried out on Medline, Embase and Scopus. Cancer risk within the IIM population (i.e. not compared with the general population) was expressed as risk ratios (RR) for binary variables and weighted mean differences (WMD) for continuous variables. Evidence relating to cancer screening practices in the IIMs were synthesized via narrative review. Results Sixty-nine studies were included in the meta-analysis. DM subtype (RR 2.21), older age (WMD 11.19), male sex (RR 1.53), dysphagia (RR 2.09), cutaneous ulceration (RR 2.73) and anti-transcriptional intermediary factor-1 gamma positivity (RR 4.66) were identified as being associated with significantly increased risk of cancer. PM (RR 0.49) and clinically amyopathic DM (RR 0.44) subtypes, Raynaud’s phenomenon (RR 0.61), interstitial lung disease (RR 0.49), very high serum creatine kinase (WMD −1189.96) or lactate dehydrogenase (WMD −336.52) levels, and anti-Jo1 (RR 0.45) or anti-EJ (RR 0.17) positivity were identified as being associated with significantly reduced risk of cancer. Nine studies relating to IIM-specific cancer screening were included. CT scanning of the thorax, abdomen and pelvis appeared to be effective in identifying underlying asymptomatic cancers. Conclusion Cancer risk factors should be evaluated in patients with IIM for risk stratification. Screening evidence is limited but CT scanning could be useful. Prospective studies and consensus guidelines are needed to establish cancer screening strategies in IIM patients.

scholarly journals The Cancer Risk among Physicians in Taiwan, a PopulationBased Propensity Score Matched Cohort Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsin-Yi YANG ◽  
Cheng-Ren CHEN ◽  
Shih-Yu LEE ◽  
Wen-Chen TSA ◽  
Yueh-Han HSU
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Propensity Score ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Job Stress ◽  
Health Insurance System ◽  
Cancer Risks ◽  
Female Physicians ◽  
National Health Insurance System ◽  
Physician Health ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

Background: The field of physician health is gaining increasing attention; however, most research and interventions have concentrated on factors such as job stress, mental health, and substance abuse. The risks of major cancers in physicians remain unclear. We used a propensity score-matched analysis to investigate the risk of cancer in physicians relative to the general population who had no healthcare-related professional background. Methods: Data were obtained from the National Health Insurance system in Taiwan. The physician cohort contained 29,713 physicians, and each physician was propensity score-matched with a person from the general population. Results: The physicians demonstrated a 0.90-fold lower risk of all-cancers (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.83 – 0.96) when compared with the general population. Female physicians had a higher risk of cancer than male physicians (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] = 1.59; 95% CI = 1.28 – 1.96). Physicians had higher risks of prostate (HR = 1.26; 95% CI = 1.00 – 1.59) and thyroid cancers (HR = 3.16; 95% CI = 1.69 – 5.90) when compared with the general population. Conclusion: Physicians have lower rates of overall cancer risk than the general population. Female physicians have higher cancer risks than male physicians. Male physicians have higher risks of thyroid and prostate cancer relative to the general population.

scholarly journals Cancer incidence after childhood irradiation for tinea capitis in a Portuguese cohort

2020 ◽  
Vol 93 (1105) ◽  
pp. 20180677
Author(s):  
Luís Antunes ◽  
Maria José Bento ◽  
Manuel Sobrinho-Simões ◽  
Paula Soares ◽  
Paula Boaventura
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Dose ◽  
General Population ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
Head And Neck ◽  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
Tinea Capitis ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

Objectives: Our aim was to compare cancer incidence in a cohort exposed in childhood (1950–63) to a therapeutic dose of radiation in the North of Portugal and followed-up until the end of 2012, with the incidence rates for the same age and sex in the general population. Methods: A population-based North Region cancer registry (RORENO) was used to assess which members of the cohort developed cancer. The association between radiation exposure and overall and specific cancer sites was evaluated using standardised incidence ratios (SIR). Results: Over the full follow-up period, 3357 individuals of the 5356 original tinea capitis (TC) cohort (63%) were retrieved in the RORENO, and 399 new cancer cases were identified, representing an increased risk of 49% when compared with the general population (SIR = 1.49; 95% CI: 1.35–1.64). The risk was slightly higher in males than in females (SIR = 1.65; 95% CI: 1.43–1.89 vs SIR = 1.35; CI = 1.17–1.55). The risk was slightly higher in the individuals exposed to a higher radiation dose (SIR = 1.78; 95% CI: 1.22–2.51 for ≥630 R vs SIR = 1.46; 95% CI: 1.31–1.62 for 325–475 R). In females, there was an excess cancer risk in all cancers with the higher radiation dose (SIR = 2.00; 95% CI: 1.21–3.13 for ≥630 R vs SIR = 1.30; 95% CI: 1.11–1.51 for 325–475 R) which was not observed in males, and for combined dose categories significantly raised SIRs for thyroid and head and neck cancer, suggesting a possible higher radiosensitivity of females. An increased risk was also observed for some cancers located far from the irradiated area. Conclusions: The results suggest an association between radiation exposure and later increased cancer risk for cancers located near the radiation exposed area, mainly thyroid, and head and neck cancers. Further studies are necessary to disentangle possible non-radiation causes for distant cancers increased risk. Advances in knowledge: This paper shows a possible association between childhood X-ray epilation and increased risk of cancer which was not previously investigated in the Portuguese TC cohort.

scholarly journals Family history assessment significantly enhances delivery of precision medicine in the genomics era

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasmin Bylstra ◽  
Weng Khong Lim ◽  
Sylvia Kam ◽  
Koei Wan Tham ◽  
R. Ryanne Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Family History ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Cancer Genes ◽  
Family History Information ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Family History Assessment ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

Abstract Background Family history has traditionally been an essential part of clinical care to assess health risks. However, declining sequencing costs have precipitated a shift towards genomics-first approaches in population screening programs rendering the value of family history unknown. We evaluated the utility of incorporating family history information for genomic sequencing selection. Methods To ascertain the relationship between family histories on such population-level initiatives, we analysed whole genome sequences of 1750 research participants with no known pre-existing conditions, of which half received comprehensive family history assessment of up to four generations, focusing on 95 cancer genes. Results Amongst the 1750 participants, 866 (49.5%) had high-quality standardised family history available. Within this group, 73 (8.4%) participants had an increased family history risk of cancer (increased FH risk cohort) and 1 in 7 participants (n = 10/73) carried a clinically actionable variant inferring a sixfold increase compared with 1 in 47 participants (n = 17/793) assessed at average family history cancer risk (average FH risk cohort) (p = 0.00001) and a sevenfold increase compared to 1 in 52 participants (n = 17/884) where family history was not available (FH not available cohort) (p = 0.00001). The enrichment was further pronounced (up to 18-fold) when assessing only the 25 cancer genes in the American College of Medical Genetics (ACMG) Secondary Findings (SF) genes. Furthermore, 63 (7.3%) participants had an increased family history cancer risk in the absence of an apparent clinically actionable variant. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that the collection and analysis of comprehensive family history and genomic data are complementary and in combination can prioritise individuals for genomic analysis. Thus, family history remains a critical component of health risk assessment, providing important actionable data when implementing genomics screening programs. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02791152. Retrospectively registered on May 31, 2016.

scholarly journals Risk of Cancer Following the Use of N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) Contaminated Ranitidine Products: A Nationwide Cohort Study in South Korea

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 153
Author(s):  
Hong Jin Yoon ◽  
Jie-Hyun Kim ◽  
Gi Hyeon Seo ◽  
Hyojin Park
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Primary Study ◽  
Study Cohort ◽  
Matched Cohort ◽  
Cancer Outcomes ◽  
H2 Receptor Antagonist ◽  
Carcinogenic Agent ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), a known carcinogenic agent, was recently detected in some products of ranitidine. Several studies have investigated the detectability of NDMA, in drugs and their risks. However, only a few epidemiological studies have evaluated cancer risk from the use of such individual drugs. This study investigates the risk of cancer in ranitidine users. We conducted an observational population-based cohort study using the Health Insurance Review and Assessment databases, which contain information about the use of medicines in South Korea. The primary study cohort consisted of ranitidine users (n = 88,416). For controls, we enrolled users of famotidine, another H2-receptor antagonist in which no NDMA has been detected. A 4:1 matched cohort was constructed to compare cancer outcomes of the two groups. Our matched cohort comprised of 40,488 ranitidine users and 10,122 famotidine users. There was no statistical difference in the overall cancer risk between the ranitidine and famotidine groups (7.45% vs. 7.56%, HR 0.99, 95% CI 0.91–1.07, p = 0.716). Additionally, no significant differences were observed in the analysis of 11 single cancer outcomes. We found no evidence that exposure to NDMA through ranitidine increases the risk of cancer.

Prediction of 10-year and lifetime risk of cancer in individual patients with established cardiovascular disease, results from UCC-SMART and CANTOS

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
C.C Van 't Klooster ◽  
P.M Ridker ◽  
N.R Cook ◽  
J.G.J.V Aerts ◽  
J Westerink ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Funding Source ◽  
Cancer Models ◽  
Total Cancer ◽  
The Cantos ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

Abstract Background As treatment for cardiovascular disease (CVD) has improved substantially over the last decades, more patients survive acute CVD manifestations and are at risk for developing cancer as well as recurrent CVD. Due to similar risk factors, including smoking and obesity, patients with established CVD are at higher risk for cancer. Objectives The aim of this study was to develop and externally validate prediction models for the estimation of 10-year and lifetime risk for total, colorectal, and lung cancer in patients with established CVD. Methods Data from patients with established CVD from the UCC-SMART prospective cohort study (N=7,280) were used for model development, and data from the CANTOS trial (N=9,322) were used for model validation. Predictors were selected based on previously published cancer risk prediction models or cancer risk factors, easy clinical availability, and availability in the derivation dataset (UCC-SMART cohort). A Fine and Gray competing risk-adjusted lifetime model was developed for total, colorectal, and lung cancer. Results Selected predictors were age, sex, smoking status, weight, height, alcohol use, antiplatelet use, diabetes mellitus, and C-reactive protein. External calibration for 4-year risks of the total cancer, colorectal cancer, and lung cancer models was good (Figure 1), and C-statistics were 0.63–0.74 in the CANTOS trial population. Median predicted lifetime risks in CANTOS were 26% (range 1%-52%) for total cancer, 4% (range 0%-13%) for colorectal cancer, and 5% (range 0%-37%) for lung cancer. Conclusions Lifetime and 10-year risk of cancer can be estimated with easy to measure variables in patients with established CVD, showing a wide distribution of predicted lifetime risks for total cancer and lung cancer. Using these lifetime models in clinical practice could increase understanding of cancer risk and aid in emphasizing healthy lifestyle changes. Figure 1. Calibration plots of cancer models Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: Public hospital(s). Main funding source(s): University Medical Center; Additional funding: CANTOS trial was funded by Novartis Pharmaceuticals.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document