The effect of conventional cultivation, direct drilling and crop residues on soil temperatures during the early growth of wheat at Murrumbateman, New South Wales

Soil Research ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
AR Aston ◽  
RA Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Crop Residues ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Adjacent Area ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Soil Temperatures

Soil temperatures were measured at different depths under wheat crops sown by three different methods in a dry (1982) and a wet season (1983). A conventionally cultivated treatment, which comprised a short cultivated fallow, was compared with one which was directly drilled with full disturbance of the soil surface after previous crop residues had been burned, and with another treatment which was directly drilled with minimum disturbance into soil carrying 2-4 t ha-' stubble. Generally the soil temperatures at any particular depth of the conventionally cultivated treatment were warmer during the day and cooler during the night than the soil temperatures at the same depth in the direct drilled treatments. These patterns persisted throughout both the growing seasons, but in the wet year (1983) there was little difference between temperatures under conventional cultivation and direct drill with stubble burning and full disturbance. Similar temperature patterns were measured when the same treatments were imposed on an adjacent area which had previously been growing fertilized ryegrass/clover pasture. It was found that wheat sown by conventional means had a larger shoot dry weight per plant at the 4 1/2 leaf stage of development than direct drilled wheat. The improved early vigour of wheat sown by conventional cultivation practices could at least partially have been due to the patterns in soil temperature.

scholarly journals Crop residues on short-term CO2 emissions in sugarcane production areas

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 699-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana M. Corradi ◽  
Alan R. Panosso ◽  
Marcílio V. Martins Filho ◽  
Newton La Scala Junior
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Agricultural Crop ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Sugarcane Production ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Production Areas

The proper management of agricultural crop residues could produce benefits in a warmer, more drought-prone world. Field experiments were conducted in sugarcane production areas in the Southern Brazil to assess the influence of crop residues on the soil surface in short-term CO2 emissions. The study was carried out over a period of 50 days after establishing 6 plots with and without crop residues applied to the soil surface. The effects of sugarcane residues on CO2 emissions were immediate; the emissions from residue-covered plots with equivalent densities of 3 (D50) and 6 (D100) t ha-1 (dry mass) were less than those from non-covered plots (D0). Additionally, the covered fields had lower soil temperatures and higher soil moisture for most of the studied days, especially during the periods of drought. Total emissions were as high as 553.62 ± 47.20 g CO2 m-2, and as low as 384.69 ± 31.69 g CO2 m-2 in non-covered (D0) and covered plot with an equivalent density of 3 t ha-1 (D50), respectively. Our results indicate a significant reduction in CO2 emissions, indicating conservation of soil carbon over the short-term period following the application of sugarcane residues to the soil surface.

Effect of Herbicides on Germination and Growth of Four Grass Weeds

Weed Science ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 489-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank L. Young ◽  
David R. Gealy ◽  
Larry A. Morrow
Keyword(s):  
Bromus Tectorum ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Downy Brome ◽  
Aegilops Cylindrica ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Jointed Goatgrass ◽  
Germination And Growth

In the greenhouse, glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] at 0.6 kg ae/ha applied directly to seeds alone or seeds on the soil surface reduced germination and shoot dry weight of common rye (Secale cerealeL. ♯3SECCE). Paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion) applied similarly at 0.6 kg ai/ha reduced germination and shoot dry weight of downy brome (Bromus tectorumL. ♯ BROTE) and wheat (Triticum aestivumL. ‘Daws' ♯ TRZAX). Metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazin-5 (4H)-one] at 0.6 kg ai/ha applied to seeds, soil, or seeds and soil had very little effect on germination, but significantly reduced shoot dry weight of common rye, downy brome, wheat, and jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindricaHost. ♯ AEGCY). Pronamide [3,5-dichloro(N-1,1-dimethyl-2-propynyl)benzamide] at 0.6 kg ai/ha, and propham (isopropyl carbanilate) at 3.4 kg ai/ha plus extender (p-chlorophenyl-N-methylcarbamate) at 0.4 kg ai/ha substantially reduced shoot height and dry weight of all species, regardless of application method, with pronamide completely inhibiting shoot elongation and dry-weight production in three of the four species.

Effects of depth and time of sowing on emergence of Danthonia richardsonii Cashmore and Danthonia linkii Kunth

1993 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 1311 ◽  
Author(s):  
GM Lodge ◽  
AJ Schipp
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Sand Mixture ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Seed Field ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Soil Temperatures

Two experiments examined the effects of sowing time and depth (surface and 10, 25, 50 mm) on emergence of Danthonia richardsonii Cashmore and Danthonia linkii Kunth. Experiment 1 was conducted from January to December 1990 on a loam/sand mixture in boxes. Emergence was highest in both species for seeds sown onto the soil surface in summer and autumn (P < 0.05). Sowing at any depth at any time of the year, or surface sowing in winter and spring, markedly reduced emergence. Experiment 2 was conducted in the field at Tamworth, northern New South Wales from September 1991 to August 1992, on a red brown earth and a black earth. This study confirmed that emergence in both species was highest from surface sown seed. Field emergence was lowest in winter, but in contrast to experiment 1, it was higher in spring, particularly on the black earth. Seedling emergence appeared to be related to mean maximum temperature, decreasing in winter as it declined below 20�C, and increasing in spring when it was greater than 23�C. Differences in seed weight were reflected in emergence of D. richardsonii and D. linkii in experiment 1. Similar emergence was recorded for the loamlsand mixture and sand, indicating that there was little effect of texture. Phalaris aquatica L. cv. Sirosa surface sown in December had lower emergence ( P < 0.05) than both Danthonia spp., but emergence of this larger seeded cultivar was higher at depths of 10 and 25 mm. Laboratory studies to determine reasons for the low emergence of D. richardsonii and D. linkii from depth, indicated that neither had an obligate light requirement for germination. Depth, however, reduced germination (P < 0.05) compared with surface sowing of seed. Seedlings at depth also were observed to have slower rates of shoot and root elongation. In the field, the most successful establishments of D. richardsonii and D. linkii seedlings are likely to occur from surface sowings in April and May. Sowing in spring may also be possible if mean maximum soil temperatures exceed 23�C, and seedlings can establish before the onset of hot, dry conditions in summer.

scholarly journals Cutless Controls Shoot Growth of ‘China Girl’ Holly

1994 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-169
Author(s):  
G.J. Keever ◽  
C.H. Gilliam ◽  
D.J. Eakes
Keyword(s):  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Production Growth ◽  
Container Production

Abstract Ilex x meserveae ‘China Girl’ plants were sprayed with a single application of different rates of Cutless (flurprimidol) during container production. Growth index, shoot length and shoot dry weight decreased with increasing rates of Cutless. Growth index of plants treated with 500 ppm Cutless was about 17% less than that of control plants 120 days after treatment, but were similar after the spring flush the following year. Growth inhibition persisted for at least two growing seasons when plants were treated with rates of 1500 to 2500 ppm; foliage of these plants was smaller and more cupped than that of control plants. Treated plants were noticeably more compact and uniform, and foliage was darker green than that of control plants.

scholarly journals Relating Plant Architecture to Eggplant Fruit Quality

2013 ◽  
Vol 138 (6) ◽  
pp. 428-432
Author(s):  
Brian A. Kahn
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Solanum Melongena ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Marketable Fruit

A 2-year study was conducted at Bixby, OK, to examine shoot characteristics of several eggplant (Solanum melongena) cultivars, including the vertical distribution patterns of fruit production, and to examine possible relationships of these traits to aspects of fruit quality. Plants of 11 cultivars of purple-fruited eggplant were field-grown following local production practices. Fourteen harvests of fruit that had reached horticultural maturity were made from 99 plants in each year over a period of ≈45 days per year. On each harvest date, every fruit that was harvested from an individual plant was charted. Before a fruit was severed from the plant, heights were measured from the soil surface to the pedicel attachment and to the blossom end. Each fruit was then weighed and categorized for marketability. On the day after the final harvest, each data plant was measured for height and diameter of the main stem and then severed at soil level for subsequent measurement of shoot dry weight. ‘Classic’, ‘Dusky’, ‘Megal’, and ‘Santana’ were the only cultivars that produced more than 50% marketable fruit in both years. There were no consistent relationships between plant height, stem diameter, or shoot dry weight and fruit quality. For a given cultivar, the fruiting plane was defined as the vertical space in which fruit were found over the course of the harvest period. This was delimited at the top by the mean height above the soil of the point of pedicel attachment and at the bottom by the mean height above the soil of the blossom end. The cultivars differed in fruiting planes, but height of fruit set was relatively unimportant as a determinant of overall fruit quality. Cull fruit usually had blossom ends that were higher off the ground than marketable fruit. The primary reason for cull fruit production was determined for two cultivars: ‘Black Beauty’ had poor fruit color and ‘Black Bell’ was relatively susceptible to fruit rot (primarily caused by Phomopsis vexans). Fruit scarring was found to be a major contributor to cull fruit production. Cultivars differed in fruit scarring in 1 of 2 years, and there was evidence that scarred fruit occurred higher in the crop canopy than marketable fruit.

Suppression of Rhizoctonia solani AG-8 induced disease on wheat by the interaction between Pantoea, Exiguobacterium, and Microbacteria

Soil Research ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Barnett ◽  
David K. Roget ◽  
Maarten H. Ryder
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Wheat Root ◽  
Disease Suppression ◽  
Suppressive Soil ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Soil Pathogen ◽  
Pathogen Dna ◽  
Diverse Groups

Rhizoctonia solani AG-8 is a major wheat root pathogen; however, soils can become suppressive to the expression of disease under intensive cropping with retention of crop residues. This is in part due to the action of soil microorganisms. A step-wise approach was used to determine which microorganisms contributed to suppression of R. solani induced disease in a disease-suppressive soil. Using wheat-soil-pathogen bioassays it was determined that the interaction between 3 phylogenetically diverse groups of bacteria, Pantoea agglomerans, Exiguobacterium acetylicum, and Microbacteria (family Microbacteriaceae), was a major contributor to disease suppression. Inoculation of a sterilised soil with the combination of these groups resulted in greatly increased seedling shoot dry weight and reduced infection compared with diseased control plants with no bacterial inoculation, or inoculated with individual types of bacteria. These groups, however, did not reduce levels of pathogen DNA, although inoculation with suppressive soil (at 10% w/w) did reduce pathogen DNA. Root associated P. agglomerans and E. acetylicum promoted the growth of infected wheat plants and soil associated Microbacteria reduced root infection by R. solani.

Morphological, anatomical, and physiological changes in the developing fruit of the Valencia orange, Citrus sinensis (L) Osbeck

1958 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
JM Bain
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Maximum Width ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Cell Layers

Measurements of fruit radius and peel and pulp width, as well as determinations of fresh weight, dry weight, moisture content total and protein nitrogen content, and respiration rate were made throughout two growing seasons on Valencia oranges from the Gosford district of New South Wales. Soluble solids, sugar, and acid were also determined in the juice. Anatomical changes during development were investigated throughout one season. Development could be divided into three stages, corresponding with changes in growth rate and coinciding on a calendar basis in both seasons. Stage I varied in length according to the date of the blossom, but was completed by mid December. This was the cell division stage; by mid December cell division was completed in all tissues except the outermost cell layers. Increase in fruit size at this stage was mainly due to increased peel thickness. Stage 11, a period of very rapid growth from mid December to mid July, was the critical period for growth and was distinguished as the cell enlargement period, rapid morphological and physiological changes occurring in the absence of cell division. The growth of the pulp was responsible for most of the increase in fruit size during Stage 11; the peel reached a maximum width early in this stage and then became thinner with very little subsequent change in thickness as the pulp continued to increase in size. Stage 111, the maturation period, lasted from mid July until the fruit was ripe, or approximately 7 months. Fruit continued to grow for as long as it was left on the tree but at a very reduced rate compared with Stage 11. Ripening occurred during Stage 111.

scholarly journals Containerized Muskmelon Transplants: Cell Volume Effects on Pretransplant Development and Subsequent Yield

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth T. Maynard ◽  
Charles S. Vavrina ◽  
W. Dennis Scott
Keyword(s):  
Cell Volume ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Cucumis Melo ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Quadratic Effects ◽  
Seedling Leaf ◽  
Volume Effects

Muskmelon (Cucumis melo L. cvs. Superstar and Mission) transplants were grown in cellular seedling trays of polystyrene or styrofoam, with individual cells ranging in volume from 7 to 100 cm3, transplanted to the field, and grown to maturity in Florida and Indiana during the 1993 and 1994 growing seasons. Seedling leaf area, shoot and root weights before transplanting, and shoot dry weight 20 days after transplanting increased linearly with increasing cell volume in Florida. Thirty days after transplanting, vine length showed significant linear and quadratic trends with respect to cell volume in Indiana. In Florida, early and total yields increased linearly as transplant cell volume increased for `Mission' in both years and for `Superstar' in 1994. In Indiana, early yields increased linearly as transplant cell volume increased for `Mission' in 1994 and for `Superstar' in both years, but cell volume did not consistently affect total yield. Transplant tray effects on early and total yield unrelated to linear or quadratic effects of cell volume occurred in both locations, but these effects were not consistent.

scholarly journals Genetic Variation in Seed Size and Germination Patterns and their Effect on White Spruce Seedling Characteristics

2009 ◽  
Vol 58 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 152-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvie Carles ◽  
M. S. Lamhamedi ◽  
J. Beaulieu ◽  
D. C. Stowe ◽  
F. Colas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Size ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Weibull Function ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
The Family ◽  
Seed Characteristics ◽  
Seedling Characteristics

AbstractWe determined the degree to which families differ in seed and germination characteristics and examined the extent to which these characteristics influence the early growth of 75 open-pollinated white spruce families. Seed characteristics (1000-seed weight, length, width, area, volume) were measured for 400 seeds per family. Germination variables (germination capacity, peak value, germination value) were determined for each of the 75 families under controlled conditions and germination patterns were modelled using the Weibull function. Seedling characteristics (height, diameter, shoot and root dry weights) were measured at the end of the first and second growing seasons under standard nursery cultural practices. Statistically significant family variation (p < 0.0001) was found for all seed characteristics and germination variables measured. The between-family variance explained 23% to 98% of the total variance of morphological and physiological seed characteristics. Family differences at the seed stage explained up to 33% (root dry weight) and 12% (shoot dry weight) of the family differences observed at the one-year and two-year seedling stages, respectively. Since, in this study based on a comparison of family means, a maximum of only 12% of the family differences observed at the two-year seedling stage were explained by the effect of seed size, a selection for families with better juvenile characteristics could be envisaged without considering the maternal effect of seed size.

scholarly journals Growth Analysis of Two Pea Cultivars as Influenced by Planting Date

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 785E-785
Author(s):  
Abdullah A. Alsadon
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growth Analysis ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Growth Attributes

`Lincoln' and `Rondo' pea cultivars (Pisum sativum L. subsp. hortense) were planted at early, midseason, and late dates during 1989–90 and 1990–91 growing seasons. Plant growth analysis data were collected via weekly harvests throughout the growing season. Plant height, leaf area, and shoot dry weight were measured, and LAI, SLA, and SLW were also determined. Derived growth quantities such as RGR, NAR, and CGR were calculated. `Rondo' plants were taller, larger in leaf area, had more vegetative and dry weight, and were earlier in flowering than `Lincoln' plants. Leaf area was not significantly affected by planting date. Optimum LAI was obtained between harvests 7 and 9, which coincides with the time of highest values of NAR and CGR. Significant correlation coefficients were obtained between growth attributes in both seasons, and, in most cases, for all planting dates.

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