Morphological, anatomical, and physiological changes in the developing fruit of the Valencia orange, Citrus sinensis (L) Osbeck

1958 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
JM Bain
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Maximum Width ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Cell Layers

Measurements of fruit radius and peel and pulp width, as well as determinations of fresh weight, dry weight, moisture content total and protein nitrogen content, and respiration rate were made throughout two growing seasons on Valencia oranges from the Gosford district of New South Wales. Soluble solids, sugar, and acid were also determined in the juice. Anatomical changes during development were investigated throughout one season. Development could be divided into three stages, corresponding with changes in growth rate and coinciding on a calendar basis in both seasons. Stage I varied in length according to the date of the blossom, but was completed by mid December. This was the cell division stage; by mid December cell division was completed in all tissues except the outermost cell layers. Increase in fruit size at this stage was mainly due to increased peel thickness. Stage 11, a period of very rapid growth from mid December to mid July, was the critical period for growth and was distinguished as the cell enlargement period, rapid morphological and physiological changes occurring in the absence of cell division. The growth of the pulp was responsible for most of the increase in fruit size during Stage 11; the peel reached a maximum width early in this stage and then became thinner with very little subsequent change in thickness as the pulp continued to increase in size. Stage 111, the maturation period, lasted from mid July until the fruit was ripe, or approximately 7 months. Fruit continued to grow for as long as it was left on the tree but at a very reduced rate compared with Stage 11. Ripening occurred during Stage 111.

Some morphological, anatomical, and physiological changes in the pear fruit (Pyrus communis var. Williams Bon Chrétien) during development and following harvest

1961 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 99 ◽  
Author(s):  
JM Bain
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Pyrus Communis ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Pear Fruit ◽  
Protein Nitrogen

Morphological, anatomical, and physiological changes occurring in the developing fruit of Pyrus communis var. Williams Bon Chretien were studied at frequent intervals, from blossom until after commercial maturity, in three successive seasons. Morphological changes were shown by increase in measurements of volume, long and short axis, and the width of the cortex (flesh), the morphology of the fruit being interpreted by the receptacular theory, Anatomical changes were given by the duration and distribution of cell division, differentiation of tissues, cell size, and cell number. Physiological changes were expressed as changes in fresh weight, dry weight, and moisture content for the whole fruit, and separately for the flesh, peel, and core in the second and third seasons. Total and reducing sugars, starch, titratable acidity, and total and protein nitrogen were estimated per gram of dried flesh at each sampling. Respiration rates for whole fruit were measured by the Pettenkofer method. Physiological changes could not be expressed on a per cell basis because of the complex structure of pear tissue. Data presented on the basis of the number of days from blossom showed two distinct stages in fruit growth. Stage I, the first 42-56 days of development, corresponded to the main cell division period and was characterized by more rapid morphological but slower physiological changes (except for increase in protein nitrogen) than Stage 11, the remainder of the time on the tree. Comparable trends were found in the three seasons, but drought reduced growth rate in the first season. Some ripening changes were followed on removal from the tree and after periods of cold storage at 0°C.

scholarly journals Flower Bud Density Affects Vegetative and Fruit Development in Field-grown Southern Highbush Blueberry

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 607-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.E. Maust ◽  
J.G. Williamson ◽  
R.L. Darnell
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Vaccinium Corymbosum ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Highbush Blueberry ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Southern Highbush

Floral budbreak and fruit set in many southern highbush blueberry (SHB) cultivars (hybrids of Vaccinium corymbosum L. with other species of Vaccinium) begin prior to vegetative budbreak. Experiments were conducted with two SHB cultivars, `Misty' and `Sharpblue', to test the hypothesis that initial flower bud density (flower buds/m cane length) affects vegetative budbreak and shoot development, which in turn affect fruit development. Flower bud density of field-grown plants was adjusted in two nonconsecutive years by removing none, one-third, or two-thirds of the flower buds during dormancy. Vegetative budbreak, new shoot dry weight, leaf area, and leaf area: fruit ratios decreased with increasing flower bud density in both cultivars. Average fruit fresh weight and fruit soluble solids decreased in both cultivars, and fruit ripening was delayed in `Misty' as leaf area: fruit ratios decreased. This study indicates that because of the inverse relationship between flower bud density and canopy establishment, decreasing the density of flower buds in SHB will increase fruit size and quality and hasten ripening.

Changes in the cotyledons of Cucurbita maxima during germination. I. General characteristics

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (12) ◽  
pp. 2227-2231 ◽  
Author(s):  
John N. A. Lott
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Cucurbita Maxima ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Germination Time ◽  
Storage Organs

Various structural and physiological changes in squash cotyledons were followed as a function of germination time. Temperature, to which squash plants are very sensitive, was kept constant at 31 °C but light conditions were varied.In light-germinated plants (16 h light/day) the cotyledons changed from storage organs to greatly enlarged photosynthetic leaves, within 5 days. Incorporation of major amounts of thymidine-2-14C throughout the cotyledons occurred only during the enlargement phase.Dark-germinated plants, in which the cotyledons enlarged very little, produced a long, stout hypocotyl. No major incorporation of thymidine-2-14C into the cotyledons occurred, suggesting that little cell division occurs in the cotyledons of dark-germinated squash plants.Fresh- and dry-weight changes in the cotyledons were consistent with the changes in morphology of light- and dark-germinated plants. The cotyledons of plants which were dark-germinated for 6 days and then placed in 16 h light per day did not reach the fresh weight per cotyledon or dry weight per cotyledon level attained by cotyledons from plants germinated, from the beginning in 16 h light per day.

scholarly journals Annual Bloom-time Phosphorus Fertigation Affects Soil Phosphorus, Apple Tree Phosphorus Nutrition, Yield, and Fruit Quality

HortScience ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 885-890 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerry H. Neilsen ◽  
Denise Neilsen ◽  
Peter Toivonen ◽  
Linda Herbert
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Ammonium Polyphosphate ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Main Plot ◽  
P Application

A randomized, complete block, split-plot experimental design with six replicates was established and maintained annually for the first five fruiting seasons (1999 to 2003) in a high-density apple [Malus sylvestris (L) Mill var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf] orchard on M.9 rootstock planted in Apr. 1998. Main plot treatments involved eight different nutrient regimes, each containing three tree subplots of each of five different cultivars (Ambrosia, Cameo, Fuji, Gala, and Silken). This report compares a +phosphorus (P) treatment, involving annual fertigation at bloom time of 20 g P/tree as ammonium polyphosphate (10N–15P–0K), to a −P treatment. Both treatments also received nitrogen, potassium, and boron nutrients through fertigation. Drip fertigation of P increased 2 M KCl-extractable P to 0.4-m depth within 0.5-m distance of the drippers. Leaf and fruit P concentrations were consistently increased by the +P treatment with few differences among cultivars. P-fertigated trees also had a 20% increase in cumulative yield overall cultivars during the first five fruiting seasons. Standard fruit quality measurements, including fruit size, soluble solids concentration, titratable acidity, and red coloration were unaffected by P application. However, reductions in incidence of water core at harvest, increased resistance to browning, and elevated antioxidant content of harvested fruit measured in some years imply a role for P in apple membrane stability. The cumulative results indicate that applications of 20 g P as ammonium polyphosphate annually at bloom would be advantageous for apples receiving adequate fertigated applications of nitrogen, potassium, and boron. Best apple performance was associated with leaf P concentrations above 2.2 mg·g−1 dry weight and fruit P concentrations between 100 and 120 mg·kg−1 dry weight.

scholarly journals Benzyladenine Effects on Cell Division and Cell Size during Apple Fruit Thinning

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 852F-852
Author(s):  
Paul T. Wismer ◽  
J.T.A. Proctor ◽  
D.C. Elfving
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Control Cell ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Cortical Cell ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Fruit Thinning ◽  
Control Cell Division

Benzyladenine (BA), carbaryl (CB), daminozide (DM), and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) were applied postbloom, as fruitlet thinning agents, to mature `Empire' apple trees. Although fruit set and yield were similar for BA, NAA, and CB, BA-treated fruit were larger, indicating BA increased fruit size beyond the effect attributable to thinning. BA applied at 100 mg·liter–1 increased the rate of cell layer formation in the fruit cortex, indicating that BA stimulated cortical cell division. The maximum rate of cell division occurred 10 to 14 days after full bloom (DAFB) when fruit relative growth rate and density reached a maximum and percent dry weight reached a minimum. Cell size in BA-treated fruit was similar to the control. Cell division ended by 35 DAFB in the control and BA-treated fruit when percent dry weight and dry weight began to increase rapidly and fruit density changed from a rapid to a slower rate of decreased density. These data support the hypothesis that BA-induced fruit size increases in `Empire' apple result largely from greater numbers of cells in the fruit cortex, whereas the fruit size increase due to NAA or CB is a consequence of larger cell size.

scholarly journals 574 Nitrogen, Trunk Scoring, and AVG Treatments Influence Fruit Color and Quality of `Jonagold' Apple

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 495B-495
Author(s):  
James M. Wargo ◽  
Ian Merwin ◽  
Christopher Watkins
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Refrigerated Storage ◽  
Fruit Firmness ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Fruit Maturity ◽  
Harvest Maturity ◽  
Foliar Urea

`Jonagold' apple often has problems of inadequate red blush development at harvest, and loss of firmness and skin “greasiness” after refrigerated storage. During two growing seasons we tested factorial combinations of three preharvest treatments for managing these problems: 1) N fertilization (no applied N, 34 kg N/ha in May, or 1% (w/w) foliar urea sprays in May and June); 2) mid-summer trunk scoring (girdling); and 3) aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) applications 3 weeks prior to harvest. Fruit were harvested at four weekly intervals each year, and evaluated for size, blush, firmness, soluble solids, ethylene, and starch hydrolysis. Nitrogen delayed blush development in 1998, but not 1999, and there was no difference in fruit surface blush coverage between foliar urea and soil applied N. Nitrogen applications increased fruit size, decreased fruit firmness, and increased post-storage flesh breakdown in 1999. Trunk scoring increased blush coverage and intensity both years, and improved market-grade packouts. Blush increase after trunk scoring was not caused by advanced fruit maturity (based on ethylene and starch indices) in either year, although it did increase skin greasiness slightly. AVG treatments delayed maturity and blush development of `Jonagold' by 7 to 10 days both years, relative to untreated fruit. Flesh firmness increased and greasiness decreased in AVG treated fruit harvested on the same dates as controls. However, in AVG fruit harvested at comparable stages of maturity 7 to 10 days later, firmness and greasiness were equivalent to untreated fruit on the previous harvest date. Trunk scoring and no N fertilizer were effective for improving fruit blush coloration, and AVG for delaying harvest maturity.

scholarly journals 682 New Perspectives on the Influence of Mid-season Environment on Apple Fruit Characteristics

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 516C-516
Author(s):  
D.S. Tustin ◽  
T. Fulton ◽  
H. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Climatic Variability ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Cortical Cell ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Crop Load

Growth of apple fruit can be described as an initial exponential phase lasting the 40+ days of fruit cell division followed by a more-or-less linear phase where growth is by cell expansion. Temperature is a major influence on fruit growth rate during the cell division phase, thereby affecting fruit size at maturity. However it is generally thought that temperature has less-direct impact on fruit development during the fruit expansion phase. Our observations of apple growth among regions and seasons of considerable climatic variability led us to speculate that temperature may impact directly on fruit development during fruit expansion but that responses may be interactive with carbon balance (crop load) influences. Controlled environment studies are being used to examine this hypothesis. Potted `Royal Gala' trees set to three levels of crop (one fruit per 250, 500, or 1000 cm2 leaf area) were grown from 56 to 112 DAFB in day/night temperature regimes of 18/6, 24/12, and 30/18 °C. All trees grew in field conditions prior to and following the controlled environment treatments. Treatments were harvested when 20% to 25% of fruit on trees showed the visual indicators used commercially to indicate harvest maturity. Fruit were evaluated using attributes that determine quality and that may have implications for fruit post harvest behaviour. Temperature and crop load influences on time to maturity, fruit fresh and dry weight, fruit DM content, fruit firmness, fruit airspace content and estimated fruit cortical cell size will be presented and implications discussed.

The effect of conventional cultivation, direct drilling and crop residues on soil temperatures during the early growth of wheat at Murrumbateman, New South Wales

Soil Research ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
AR Aston ◽  
RA Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Crop Residues ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Adjacent Area ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Soil Temperatures

Soil temperatures were measured at different depths under wheat crops sown by three different methods in a dry (1982) and a wet season (1983). A conventionally cultivated treatment, which comprised a short cultivated fallow, was compared with one which was directly drilled with full disturbance of the soil surface after previous crop residues had been burned, and with another treatment which was directly drilled with minimum disturbance into soil carrying 2-4 t ha-' stubble. Generally the soil temperatures at any particular depth of the conventionally cultivated treatment were warmer during the day and cooler during the night than the soil temperatures at the same depth in the direct drilled treatments. These patterns persisted throughout both the growing seasons, but in the wet year (1983) there was little difference between temperatures under conventional cultivation and direct drill with stubble burning and full disturbance. Similar temperature patterns were measured when the same treatments were imposed on an adjacent area which had previously been growing fertilized ryegrass/clover pasture. It was found that wheat sown by conventional means had a larger shoot dry weight per plant at the 4 1/2 leaf stage of development than direct drilled wheat. The improved early vigour of wheat sown by conventional cultivation practices could at least partially have been due to the patterns in soil temperature.

scholarly journals Prohexadione calcium on shoot growth of 'Starkrimson' pear trees

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mateus da Silveira Pasa ◽  
Todd Einhorn
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Internode Length ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Return Bloom ◽  
Prohexadione Calcium

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the fruiting and vegetative growth of 'Starkrimson' pear in response to the application of prohexadione calcium (P-Ca). P-Ca (250 mg L-1) was sprayed to scaffold limbs and to whole trees in commercial orchards. A randomized complete block design was used to minimize declivity effects. Vegetative growth (length and number of shoots, increment in limb and trunk cross-sectional area, number of nodes, and internode length), production (fruit number, yield, yield efficiency, and fruit size), and return bloom were evaluated from 2010 to 2013. P-Ca efficiently controlled shoot growth in all growing seasons, when applied early in the season, due to the reduction in internode length. Production was not negatively affected by the application of P-Ca in all years and at both sites, and fruit size and return bloom were not reduced. Fruit quality attributes were also little affected by P-Ca, except for total soluble solids content, which was lower than that of the control. This shows that P-Ca is efficient to manage tree vigor in high-density 'Starkrimson' pear orchards.

scholarly journals Manipulation of Fruit Dry Matter via Seasonal Pruning and Its Relationship to d’Anjou Pear Yield and Fruit Quality

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 897
Author(s):  
Alex Goke ◽  
Sara Serra ◽  
Stefano Musacchi
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fresh Fruit ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
High Dry Matter ◽  
Solids Content

Orchard-side optimization of fruit quality is experiencing renewed research focus in the fresh fruit industry as new technologies and quality metrics have emerged to enhance consumer acceptance and satisfaction. Fruit dry matter, one such quality index gaining traction among numerous fresh fruit commodities, was targeted for improvement in d’Anjou pear with the application of seasonal pruning cycles (fall, fall and summer, winter, and winter and summer) across two growing seasons in 2016 and 2017 in a mid-aged, traditionally managed commercial orchard in the Columbia basin, Washington, USA. Dry matter was assessed non-destructively on pears using near-infrared spectroscopy at harvest and fruit categorized in to low (<13%), moderate (13–16%), and high (>16%) dry matter quality categories, revealing that fall pruning positively impacted average predicted fruit dry matter in comparison to winter pruning (15.1 vs. 14.2% in 2016 and 13.7 vs. 13.1% predicted dry matter in 2017 for winter vs. fall pruning, respectively), as well in the abundance of high dry matter fruits. The addition of summer pruning to either fall or winter pruning increased fruit size by up to 13% of proportion of fruits 80 mm or greater in diameter. Further, a tendency for summer pruning to decrease yield (up to nearly 30 kg/tree lower yields), average fruit dry matter (up to 0.5% lower average predicted dry matter), and abundance of high dry matter fruits (up to 11% fewer high predicted dry matter fruits) was observed. Fruit quality classes assembled on predicted dry matter verified the utility of this emerging parameter as a fruit quality metric for pears as demonstrated by more desirable post-harvest eating characteristics such as higher soluble solids content corresponding to greater at-harvest predicted dry matter categories. Targeted seasonal pruning in association with precise at-harvest dry matter fruit sorting may preserve the profitability of pear cultivation through their impact on fruit quality and associated consumer experiences.

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