Field-based comparison of platinum and wax impregnated graphite redox electrodes

Soil Research ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 415 ◽  
Author(s):  
DL Biddle ◽  
DJ Chittleborough ◽  
RW Fitzpatrick
Keyword(s):  
South Australia ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Redox Potentials ◽  
Pt Electrodes ◽  
Inert Electrode ◽  
Average Rainfall ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Redox Electrodes

An inert electrode was constructed using wax-impregnated graphite (WIG) as an alternative to Pt for permanent installation in the regolith. The performance of WIG electrodes has not previously been systematically evaluated by using data from field trials, although Pt and WIG measure similar Eh values in laboratory solutions. We compared the performance of the WIG electrode when installed adjacent to Pt redox electrodes in the A, B and C horizons of duplex soils in a X-eralf-Aqualf toposequence near Mount Crawford in the Mt Lofty Ranges, South Australia. Lower potentials, commonly in the order of 200 mV, were measured from WIG electrodes, relative to Pt electrodes. Measurements of potential from adjacently installed WIG and Pt electrodes did not show significant correlation. Generally oxidizing redox potentials were measured in all soils in which electrodes were installed due to below average rainfall during the sampling period. Further testing of WIG electrodes in reduced regolith is needed. Interpretation of Eh trends, measured using Pt electrodes, between the A, B and C horizon are presented.

Condition bias of hunter-shot mallards (Anas platyrhynchos)

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 599-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamilton Greenwood ◽  
Robert G. Clark ◽  
Patrick J. Weatherhead
Keyword(s):  
Anas Platyrhynchos ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Poor Condition ◽  
Collection Period ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Band Recovery

We tested the hypothesis that hunters using decoys disproportionately shot ducks in poor condition. We compared weights of 316 hunter-shot mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) with those of 156 mallards we collected by jump or pass shooting at a roost. Data were subdivided by age, sex, and sampling period. In support of the hypothesis, in 11 of 12 comparisons, hunter-shot ducks weighed less than ducks collected at the roost and those differences were significant for five of the seven largest samples. Also consistent with the hypothesis, weights of hunter-shot birds were less variable than weights of birds collected at the roost in 9 of 12 comparisons. Through the fall collection period, the mean weight of ducks shot by hunters remained constant, while the weight of ducks sampled at the roost increased by 5.4%. Our results support the argument that caution must be exercised when using data from hunter-shot waterfowl for management programs based on band-recovery analysis or for any other purpose for which a condition bias could influence the interpretation of those data.

Influence of cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae) on wheat yields in South Australia

1981 ◽  
Vol 21 (112) ◽  
pp. 516 ◽  
Author(s):  
AD Rovira ◽  
PG Brisbane ◽  
A Simon ◽  
DG Whitehead ◽  
RL Correll
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Variety ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Cereal Cyst Nematode ◽  
Heterodera Avenae ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
Yield Responses

Significant yield responses of up to 0.9 t/ha were obtained with the nematicides aldicarb and dibromochloropropane in seven of eleven field trials with the wheat variety, Condor. Both nematicides reduced the numbers of white cysts of Heterodera avenae on the roots of wheat. With aldicarb the increase in wheat yields varied directly as the decrease in white cysts: dibromochloropropane gave similar increases in yield as aldicarb with a greater reduction in cyst numbers. There was no yield increase with either nematicide when cereal cyst nematode was not present. An analysis of covariance indicated that over all the sites 64% of the increase in yield due to aldicarb could be explained in terms of cysts of cereal cyst nematode.

Effect of glyphosate on the establishment, growth and nodulation of 14 pasture legume cultivars

1985 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 347 ◽  
Author(s):  
WM Blowes ◽  
KJ Schmalzl ◽  
SM Jones
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Rapid Absorption ◽  
Seed Placement ◽  
Pasture Legume ◽  
Topsoil Layer

In field trials carried our in 1983 at Gama and Horsham (Victoria), Hart (South Australia) and York (Western Australia), the effect of two rates of glyphosate (0.54 and 1.08 kg/ha active ingredient), applied 1-8 days before sowing, on the establishment, growth and nodulation of four cultivars of subterranean clover and 10 medic cultivars was investigated. No significant adverse effects were observed on establishment, growth or nodulation even at the high rate (2x field rate) of glyphosate. The absence of any adverse effect was attributed to rapid absorption and inactivation of glyphosate in soil and possibly also the manner of seed placement below the glyphosate-treated topsoil layer.

scholarly journals ‘Childness’: An Alternative Approach to the Archaeology of Childhood through Cemetery Studies

Religions ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 451
Author(s):  
Muller ◽  
Burke ◽  
Leiuen ◽  
Degner ◽  
Farrell
Keyword(s):  
South Australia ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
Rural South ◽  
Social Ideology ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Family ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Class And Status

Notions of childhood in colonial Australia were informed by a variety of social contexts that varied across time and space and were given material expression in the memorialization of children’s burials. Using data drawn from two studies of nineteenth-century cemeteries in rural South Australia, in this paper, we suggest an alternative way to understand children archaeologically that avoids the trap of essentialism: the notion of ‘childness’. Childness is defined as the multiple conceptions of being, and being labeled, a child. The concept of being a child may be instantiated in different ways according to particular social, cultural, chronological, and religious contexts; childness is the measure of this variation. In Western historical settings, the most likely causes for such variation are the social processes of class and status via the closely associated ideologies of gentility and respectability and their attendant expectations around labor, as well as the shifts they represent in the social ideology of the family. Exploring childness, rather than children, provides an alternative way to approach the histories of contemporary Western understandings of childhood, including when particular types of childhood began and ended, and according to what criteria in different contexts, as well as how boundaries between child and adult were continually being established and re-negotiated.

Field performance of tomato varieties resistant to root-knot nematodes

1982 ◽  
Vol 22 (117) ◽  
pp. 357 ◽  
Author(s):  
GR Stirling ◽  
MF Wachtel
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Corn ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Nematode Resistance ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Root Knot Nematodes ◽  
Tomato Variety ◽  
Resistant Varieties ◽  
Susceptible Tomato

The performance of 15 potentially useful nematode-resistant tomato varieties (Ace Hy, Better Boy, Bigset, Bonus, Calmart, Magnifico, Monte Carlo, Patriot, Red Supreme, Rich Reward, Surprise, Terrific, VFN Bush, VFN 8 and Vine Ripe) was assessed in field trials at Loveday and Loxton, South Australia. All varieties showed some nematode resistance when grown in sites heavily infested with root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne javanica) and most produced yields which were not significantly less than the commonly used susceptible varieties (Burnley Gem, Floradade, Grosse Lisse and Q3) grown in soil treated with nematicides. However, the nematode-resistant varieties were of limited value commercially because the fruit was either susceptible to cracking or too soft to be transported long distances. In glasshouse tests, biotypes of root-knot nematode capable of attacking resistant varieties were not observed. All resistant varieties exhibited resistance against populations of M. javanica from grape, peach, sweet corn, tomato (variety Floradade), tomato (variety VFN Bush), and against field populations of Meloidogyne from both resistant and susceptible tomato varieties. These results suggest that agronomically acceptable nematode-resistant varieties would be useful in management programs to control root-knot nematodes in the Murray Valley.

Herbicide use, productivity, and nitrogen fixation in field pea (Pisum sativum)

2007 ◽  
Vol 58 (12) ◽  
pp. 1204 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Drew ◽  
V. V. S. R. Gupta ◽  
D. K. Roget
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
N2 Fixation ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
N Nutrition ◽  
Herbicide Effects ◽  
Percent Nitrogen

Grain legumes grown in low-rainfall (<300 mm per annum) cropping regions of southern Australia have at times failed to provide the rotational benefits observed in other regions, such as improved cereal yields in the season following a legume. ‘In-crop’ herbicides were identified as one possible factor that may have been negatively affecting the legume–rhizobia symbiosis. To test this hypothesis and identify possible mechanisms behind any observed effects, field trials were conducted at Waikerie (South Australia) in 2001, 2003, and 2004. Field pea (Pisum sativum L.) was grown and treated with one of several herbicides 5 weeks after sowing. Crop yellowing, biomass, nodulation, and nitrogen (N2) fixation were assessed 3 weeks after spraying, and biomass, yield, percent nitrogen derived from fixation (%Ndfa), and N2 fixation (2003, 2004) were assessed at the end of the season. Some herbicides stunted plant growth and caused crop yellowing 3 weeks after application; however, none of the herbicides affected N nutrition of peas. Despite this, in 2003, half of the herbicides assessed reduced the %Ndfa by 34–60% relative to unsprayed control plots. Herbicide effects on the measured parameters followed similar trends over each year of the 3-year study. However, effects were rarely significant in 2004 as the trials were primarily affected by low rainfall, indicating that environmental parameters play a key role in determining the severity of herbicide effects on symbiotic N2 fixation. The possible mechanisms behind herbicide-induced damage to the pea–rhizobium symbiosis are discussed, including reduced photosynthetic capacity of plants exposed to herbicides.

Efficacy of zinc phosphide, strychnine and chlorpyrifos as rodenticides for the control of house mice in South Australian cereal crops

2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg Mutze ◽  
Ron Sinclair
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Time ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Zinc Phosphide ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
House Mice ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Whole Wheat

Replicated field trials were conducted to compare the efficacy of zinc phosphide, strychnine and chlorpyrifos for the control of house mice (Mus domesticus) infesting recently sown wheat crops in South Australia. Bait was prepared using whole-wheat grain or grain-based pellets and broadcast into the crops at 1 kg ha–1. Treatment with zinc phosphide reduced mouse numbers by 98%. Two treatments with strychnine baits, applied 11 days apart, also reduced mouse numbers by 98% with no evidence of bait aversion in mice that survived the initial treatment. On the basis of these and other published results, zinc phosphide is considered an effective alternative to strychnine for control of house mice in cereal crops. Chlorpyrifos baits reduced mouse numbers by less than 10%. The trial began too late in the growing season to prevent substantial mouse damage to seed grain and seedlings. The number of seedlings established at treatment time one month after sowing explained 84% of variation in crop yield. Mouse damage is estimated to have reduced yield by more than 0.5 t ha–1 or 15% of potential yield and cost the grower more than $30 000 in lost production from the 300-ha study area.

scholarly journals Thermal Personalities of Older People in South Australia: A Personas-Based Approach to Develop Thermal Comfort Guidelines

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (22) ◽  
pp. 8402
Author(s):  
Helen Bennetts ◽  
Larissa Arakawa Martins ◽  
Joost van Hoof ◽  
Veronica Soebarto
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Study Participants

An important consideration for future age-friendly cities is that older people are able to live in housing appropriate for their needs. While thermal comfort in the home is vital for the health and well-being of older people, there are currently few guidelines about how to achieve this. This study is part of a research project that aims to improve the thermal environment of housing for older Australians by investigating the thermal comfort of older people living independently in South Australia and developing thermal comfort guidelines for people ageing-in-place. This paper describes the approach fundamental for developing the guidelines, using data from the study participants’ and the concept of personas to develop a number of discrete “thermal personalities”. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) was implemented to analyse the features of research participants, resulting in six distinct clusters. Quantitative and qualitative data from earlier stages of the project were then used to develop the thermal personalities of each cluster. The thermal personalities represent different approaches to achieving thermal comfort, taking into account a wide range of factors including personal characteristics, ideas, beliefs and knowledge, house type, and location. Basing the guidelines on thermal personalities highlights the heterogeneity of older people and the context-dependent nature of thermal comfort in the home and will make the guidelines more user-friendly and useful.

Variation in Australian durum wheat germplasm for productivity traits under irrigated and rainfed conditions: genotype performance for agronomic traits and benchmarking

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Gururaj Kadkol ◽  
Alison Smith ◽  
Brian Cullis ◽  
Karine Chenu
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
New South ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Rainfed Conditions ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Treatment Structure

Abstract A set of durum wheat genotypes from New South Wales (NSW, Durum Breeding Australia (DBA) Northern Program), South Australia (SA, DBA Southern Program and Australian Grain Technology), ICARDA and CIMMYT (International Centre for Research in Dryland Agriculture and International Centre for Maize and Wheat Improvement) was evaluated over 3 years (2012–2014) in field trials containing rainfed and watered blocks in Narrabri, NSW, Australia. Data on yield and other agronomic traits were analysed using a multi-environment trial approach that accommodated the factorial treatment structure (genotype by irrigation regime) within individual trials. Considerable variation was observed in the durum germplasm for productivity and grain quality traits. DBA Bindaroi (NSW) and 101042 (ICARDA) were the top yielders in watered and rainfed blocks, respectively. The yield was positively and strongly related to both harvest index and grains/m2, but grains/m2 was negatively related to thousand grain weight (TGW) and positively related to screenings. TGW and screenings were strongly negatively related and TGW and grains/m2 showed a weak positive relationship. Promising genotypes were identified, with superior traits to both the bread wheat check, EGA Gregory and the durum check, Caparoi. Overall, lines from SA and ICARDA were superior for yield but those from NSW were superior for quality parameters including TGW and screenings. These results suggested the possibility of developing high yielding high-quality durum varieties by crossing NSW lines with SA, CIMMYT and ICARDA lines through simultaneous selection for yield, TGW and low screenings. The results also suggested that productivity in rainfed conditions was positively related to productivity under watering, but further research is required to establish this.

Small mammals in a semi-arid community, with particular reference to Ningaui yvonneae

2000 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 103 ◽  
Author(s):  
SM Carthew ◽  
T Keynes
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Small Mammals ◽  
Small Mammal ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Field Trips ◽  
Mus Domesticus ◽  
Small Mammal Community ◽  
Mammal Community ◽  
Semi Arid

Small mammal community structure was investigated at a semi-arid mallee site in the Middleback Ranges of South Australia during 14 field trips conducted over four years. During this time, 291 small mammals were caught from 6579 trap nights (trap success 4.4%). Ningaui yvonneae was the most abundant and frequently recorded species (199 captures), followed by Cercartetus concinnus (75 captures). Other species caught infrequently were Sminthopsis dolichura (2 captures), Notomys mitchellii (3 captures), Pseudomys bolami (2 captures) and Mus domesticus (10 captures). Ningaui yvonneae was the only species caught during all sampling periods. Males were trapped more frequently than females (117 : 43). Recapture rates were low, with only eight of 160 individuals caught during more than one sampling period. This may reflect the mobility of the species. Distances moved between successive recaptures within a sampling period averaged less than 100 m, while between sampling periods distances averaged more than 450 m. This is the first published study to capture N. yvonneae regularly and in reasonable numbers.

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