scholarly journals Honeybee gut microbiota promotes host weight gain via bacterial metabolism and hormonal signaling

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (18) ◽  
pp. 4775-4780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Zheng ◽  
J. Elijah Powell ◽  
Margaret I. Steele ◽  
Carsten Dietrich ◽  
Nancy A. Moran
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Microbial Metabolism ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Social Bees ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions ◽  
The Impact

Social bees harbor a simple and specialized microbiota that is spatially organized into different gut compartments. Recent results on the potential involvement of bee gut communities in pathogen protection and nutritional function have drawn attention to the impact of the microbiota on bee health. However, the contributions of gut microbiota to host physiology have yet to be investigated. Here we show that the gut microbiota promotes weight gain of both whole body and the gut in individual honey bees. This effect is likely mediated by changes in host vitellogenin, insulin signaling, and gustatory response. We found that microbial metabolism markedly reduces gut pH and redox potential through the production of short-chain fatty acids and that the bacteria adjacent to the gut wall form an oxygen gradient within the intestine. The short-chain fatty acid profile contributed by dominant gut species was confirmed in vitro. Furthermore, metabolomic analyses revealed that the gut community has striking impacts on the metabolic profiles of the gut compartments and the hemolymph, suggesting that gut bacteria degrade plant polymers from pollen and that the resulting metabolites contribute to host nutrition. Our results demonstrate how microbial metabolism affects bee growth, hormonal signaling, behavior, and gut physicochemical conditions. These findings indicate that the bee gut microbiota has basic roles similar to those found in some other animals and thus provides a model in studies of host–microbe interactions.

scholarly journals Effects of Rich in Β-Glucans Edible Mushrooms on Aging Gut Microbiota Characteristics: An In Vitro Study

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 2806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evdokia K. Mitsou ◽  
Georgia Saxami ◽  
Emmanuela Stamoulou ◽  
Evangelia Kerezoudi ◽  
Eirini Terzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Edible Mushrooms ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

Alterations of gut microbiota are evident during the aging process. Prebiotics may restore the gut microbial balance, with β-glucans emerging as prebiotic candidates. This study aimed to investigate the impact of edible mushrooms rich in β-glucans on the gut microbiota composition and metabolites by using in vitro static batch culture fermentations and fecal inocula from elderly donors (n = 8). Pleurotus ostreatus, P. eryngii, Hericium erinaceus and Cyclocybe cylindracea mushrooms derived from various substrates were examined. Gut microbiota composition (quantitative PCR (qPCR)) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs; gas chromatography (GC)) were determined during the 24-h fermentation. P. eryngii induced a strong lactogenic effect, while P. ostreatus and C. cylindracea induced a significant bifidogenic effect (p for all <0.05). Furthermore, P. eryngii produced on wheat straw and the prebiotic inulin had comparable Prebiotic Indexes, while P. eryngii produced on wheat straw/grape marc significantly increased the levels of tested butyrate producers. P. ostreatus, P. eryngii and C. cylindracea had similar trends in SCFA profile; H. erinaceus mushrooms were more diverse, especially in the production of propionate, butyrate and branched SCFAs. In conclusion, mushrooms rich in β-glucans may exert beneficial in vitro effects in gut microbiota and/or SCFAs production in elderly subjects.

scholarly journals In Vitro Fecal Fermentation Patterns of Arabinoxylan from Rice Bran on Gut Microbiota in Normal Weight and Overweight/Obese Subjects

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1560-1560
Author(s):  
Inah Gu ◽  
Wing Shun Lam ◽  
Daya Marasini ◽  
Cindi Brownmiller ◽  
Brett Savary ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Rice Bran ◽  
Block Design ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Objectives Arabinoxylan is a non-starch polysaccharide and rich in wheat, rice and many other cereal grains. Diets high in fiber help promoting gut health in obesity. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of arabinoxylan from rice bran on the gut microbiota and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) in normal weight (NW) and overweight/obese (OO) subjects through in vitro fecal fermentation. Methods Arabinoxylan was extracted from rice bran fiber. For in vitro fecal fermentation, each fecal sample from NW (n = 6, 3 males and 3 females) and OO (n = 7, 3 males and 4 females) was diluted into anaerobic medium with three treatments: control (no substrates), fructooligosaccharides (FOS, a well-known prebiotic), and arabinoxylan. Samples were incubated at 37˚C and aliquots were taken at 0, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h. SCFA content from samples at all timepoints was analyzed using HPLC. Samples at 0 and 24 h were used for gut microbiota analysis through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Statistical analyses were performed for the randomized complete block design, where the weight classes are confounded with blocks (subjects). Friedman test was used to determine the difference at 5% level of significance. Results As a result, arabinoxylan treatment significantly increased total SCFA concentration in both NW and OO subjects than control (P &lt; 0.05), comparable to FOS treatment. Between weight classes under arabinoxylan treatment, OO group showed a significantly higher total SCFA content than NW group (P &lt; 0.05). Arabinoxylan changed gut microbial population at the genus level, stimulating Bifidobacterium, Collinsella and Blautia and decreasing Clostridium XIVa and b, Dorea and Oscillibacter (P &lt; 0.05). In addition, different microbiome population was shown in weight classes with three treatments, showing higher Bacteroides in NW and higher Prevotella in OO. Conclusions These results showed that arabinoxylan from rice bran modified gut microbiota in both weight classes, increasing total SCFA content. This study suggests that arabinoxylan from rice bran may have a potential impact on microbial gut health in obesity with prebiotic activities. Funding Sources University of Arkansas.

scholarly journals Quantifying the impact of gut microbiota on inflammation and hypertensive organ damage

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elllen G Avery ◽  
Hendrik Bartolomaeus ◽  
Ariana Rauch ◽  
Chia-Yu Chen ◽  
Gabriele N'diaye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Th17 Cells ◽  
Suppressor Cells ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
Microbial Colonization ◽  
Cardiac Damage ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Colonization Status

Aims: Hypertension (HTN) can lead to heart and kidney damage. The gut microbiota has been linked to HTN, although it is difficult to estimate its significance due to the variety of other features known to influence HTN. Methods and Results: In the present study, we used germ-free (GF) and colonized (COL) littermate mice to quantify the impact of microbial colonization on organ damage in HTN. Four-week-old male GF C57BL/6J littermates were randomized to remain GF or receive microbial colonization. HTN was induced by subcutaneous infusion with angiotensin (Ang) II (1.44mg/kg/d) and 1% NaCl in the drinking water; sham-treated mice served as control. Renal damage was exacerbated in GF mice, whereas cardiac damage was more comparable between COL and GF, suggesting that the kidney is more sensitive to microbial influence. Multivariate analysis revealed a larger effect of HTN in GF mice. Serum metabolomics demonstrated that the colonization status influences circulating metabolites relevant to HTN. Importantly, GF mice were deficient in anti-inflammatory fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). Flow cytometry showed that the microbiome has an impact on the induction of anti-hypertensive myeloid-derived suppressor cells and pro-inflammatory Th17 cells in HTN. In vitro inducibility of Th17 cells was significantly higher for cells isolated from GF than conventionally raised mice. Conclusion: Microbial colonization status of mice had potent effects on their phenotypic response to a hypertensive stimulus, and the kidney is a highly microbiota-susceptible target organ in HTN. The magnitude of the pathogenic response in GF mice underscores the role of the microbiome in mediating inflammation in HTN.

scholarly journals Cross-Talk Between Butyric Acid and Gut Microbiota in Ulcerative Colitis Following Fecal Microbiota Transplantation

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao-Ming Xu ◽  
Hong-Li Huang ◽  
Jing Xu ◽  
Jie He ◽  
Chong Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ulcerative Colitis ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
16S Sequencing ◽  
Α Diversity ◽  
The Impact

Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) can inhibit the progression of ulcerative colitis (UC). However, how FMT modulates the gut microbiota and which biomarker is valuable for evaluating the efficacy of FMT have not been clarified. This study aimed to determine the changes in the gut microbiota and their relationship with butyric acid following FMT for UC. Fecal microbiota (FM) was isolated from healthy individuals or mice and transplanted into 12 UC patients or colitis mice induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Their clinical colitis severities were monitored. Their gut microbiota were analyzed by 16S sequencing and bioinformatics. The levels of fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) from five UC patients with recurrent symptoms after FMT and individual mice were quantified by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS). The impact of butyric acid on the abundance and diversity of the gut microbiota was tested in vitro. The effect of the combination of butyric acid-producing bacterium and FMT on the clinical responses of 45 UC patients was retrospectively analyzed. Compared with that in the controls, the FMT significantly increased the abundance of butyric acid-producing bacteria and fecal butyric acid levels in UC patients. The FMT significantly increased the α-diversity, changed gut microbial structure, and elevated fecal butyric acid levels in colitis mice. Anaerobic culture with butyrate significantly increased the α-diversity of the gut microbiota from colitis mice and changed their structure. FMT combination with Clostridium butyricum-containing probiotics significantly prolonged the UC remission in the clinic. Therefore, fecal butyric acid level may be a biomarker for evaluating the efficacy of FMT for UC, and addition of butyrate-producing bacteria may prolong the therapeutic effect of FMT on UC by changing the gut microbiota.

scholarly journals Short Chain Fatty Acids Modulate the Growth and Virulence of Pathosymbiont Escherichia coli and Host Response

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 462
Author(s):  
Shiying Zhang ◽  
Belgin Dogan ◽  
Cindy Guo ◽  
Deepali Herlekar ◽  
Katrina Stewart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Virulence Gene ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Host Responses ◽  
Virulence Gene Expression ◽  
E Coli ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Short chain fatty acids (SCFA), principally acetate, propionate, and butyrate, are produced by fermentation of dietary fibers by the gut microbiota. SCFA regulate the growth and virulence of enteric pathogens, such as enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), Klebsiella and Salmonella. We sought to investigate the impact of SCFA on growth and virulence of pathosymbiont E. coli associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC), and their role in regulating host responses to bacterial infection in vitro. We found that under ileal conditions (pH = 7.4; 12 mM total SCFA), SCFA significantly (p < 0.05) potentiate the growth and motility of pathosymbiont E. coli. However, under colonic conditions (pH = 6.5; 65 to 123 mM total SCFA), SCFA significantly (p < 0.05) inhibit growth in a pH dependent fashion (up to 60%), and down-regulate virulence gene expression (e.g., fliC, fimH, htrA, chuA, pks). Functional analysis reveals that colonic SCFA significantly (p < 0.05) inhibit E. coli motility (up to 95%), infectivity (up to 60%), and type 1 fimbria-mediated agglutination (up to 50%). In addition, SCFA significantly (p < 0.05) inhibit the activation of NF-kB, and IL-8 production by epithelial cells. Our findings provide novel insights on the role of the regional chemical microenvironment in regulating the growth and virulence of pathosymbiont E. coli and opportunities for therapeutic intervention.

scholarly journals Development of a self-limiting model of Methotrexate-induced mucositis reinforces butyrate as a potential therapy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Rita da Silva Ferreira ◽  
Stijn A.J. van der Aa ◽  
Tjalling Wehkamp ◽  
Hannah R. Wardill ◽  
Jean Paul Ten Klooster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Folinic Acid ◽  
Metabolic Activity ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Optimal Dosage ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Clinical Practices ◽  
Chemokine Production ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: Gastrointestinal mucositis remains a significant complication of anticancer treatment, with limited anti-mucositis interventions. Currently, there are few validated in vitro systems suitable to study the mechanisms of mucosal injury. Therefore, we aimed to develop and characterize a chemotherapeutic-induced model of mucositis using 3D intestinal organoids. Methods: Organoids derived from mouse ileum were grown for 7 days and incubated with different concentrations of the chemotherapeutic agent methotrexate (MTX), ranging from 0-1000 ng/ml. Metabolic activity, citrulline levels and cytokine/chemokine production were measured to determine the optimal dosage and incubation time. To link the model to clinical practices, the protective effects of folinic acid on the toxicity of MTX were investigated by pre-treating organoids with (0.0005-50 µg/mL) folinic acid. Given the impact of microbial-derived short-chain fatty acids in epithelial health, we also evaluated the impact of short-chain fatty acid supplementation on MTX toxicity in the organoid model. Results: MTX treatment caused a dose-dependent reduction in cell metabolic activity and citrulline production. Folinic acid treatment reduced MTX toxicity when applied simultaneously or up to 24 hours after treatment. Supplementation of the growth medium with butyrate reduced MTX toxicity. Analysis of organoid gene expression suggests that butyrate may reduce intracellular MTX concentrations by increasing the expression of MTX transporters, including the ABCC1 transporter.Conclusion: MTX causes significant organoid damage, which can be reversed upon removal of MTX. The specific readouts and the protective effects of folinic acid suggest that the model is clinically relevant, and can be used in the future to study mucositis, diminishing the need for animal models. By using the model for intervention, it was found that prophylactic treatment with butyrate might be a valuable strategy for prophylactic mucositis prevention.

scholarly journals Evolution of Intestinal Gases and Fecal Short-Chain Fatty Acids Produced in vitro by Preterm Infant Gut Microbiota During the First 4 Weeks of Life

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuefang Wang ◽  
Juan Li ◽  
Na Li ◽  
Kunyu Guan ◽  
Di Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Preterm Infant ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Delivery Mode ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Background: The production of intestinal gases and fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) by infant gut microbiota may have a significant impact on their health, but information about the composition and volume of intestinal gases and SCFA profiles in preterm infants is scarce.Objective: This study examined the change of the composition and volume of intestinal gases and SCFA profiles produced by preterm infant gut microbiota in vitro during the first 4 weeks of life.Methods: Fecal samples were obtained at five time points (within 3 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, and 4 weeks) from 19 preterm infants hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University between May and July 2020. These samples were initially inoculated into four different media containing lactose (LAT), fructooligosaccharide (FOS), 2′-fucosyllactose (FL-2), and galactooligosaccharide (GOS) and thereafter fermented for 24 h under conditions mimicking those of the large intestine at 37.8°C under anaerobic conditions. The volume of total intestinal gases and the concentrations of individual carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen (H2), methane (CH4), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) were measured by a gas analyzer. The concentrations of total SCFAs, individual acetic acid, propanoic acid, butyric acid, isobutyric acid, pentanoic acid, and valeric acid were measured by gas chromatography (GC).Results: The total volume of intestinal gases (ranging from 0.01 to 1.64 ml in medium with LAT; 0–1.42 ml with GOS; 0–0.91 ml with FOS; and 0–0.44 ml with FL-2) and the concentrations of CO2, H2, H2S, and all six fecal SCFAs increased with age (p-trends &lt; 0.05). Among them, CO2 was usually the predominant intestinal gas, and acetic acid was usually the predominant SCFA. When stratified by birth weight (&lt;1,500 and ≥1,500 g), gender, and delivery mode, the concentration of CO2 was more pronounced among infants whose weight was ≥1,500 g than among those whose weight was &lt;1,500 g (p-trends &lt; 0.05).Conclusions: Our findings suggested that the intestinal gases and SCFAs produced by preterm infant gut microbiota in vitro increased with age during the first 4 weeks of life.

scholarly journals Insights into the Role of the Microbiota and of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Rubinstein–Taybi Syndrome

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 3621
Author(s):  
Elisabetta Di Fede ◽  
Emerenziana Ottaviano ◽  
Paolo Grazioli ◽  
Camilla Ceccarani ◽  
Antonio Galeone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
In Vivo Models

The short-chain fatty acid butyrate, produced by the gut microbiota, acts as a potent histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. We assessed possible ameliorative effects of butyrate, relative to other HDAC inhibitors, in in vitro and in vivo models of Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome (RSTS), a severe neurodevelopmental disorder caused by variants in the genes encoding the histone acetyltransferases CBP and p300. In RSTS cell lines, butyrate led to the patient-specific rescue of acetylation defects at subtoxic concentrations. Remarkably, we observed that the commensal gut microbiota composition in a cohort of RSTS patients is significantly depleted in butyrate-producing bacteria compared to healthy siblings. We demonstrate that the effects of butyrate and the differences in microbiota composition are conserved in a Drosophila melanogaster mutant for CBP, enabling future dissection of the gut–host interactions in an in vivo RSTS model. This study sheds light on microbiota composition in a chromatinopathy, paving the way for novel therapeutic interventions.

scholarly journals Effect of nutritionally complete formula on gut microbiota and their metabolite in fecal batch fermentation system

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 641
Author(s):  
Santad Wichienchot ◽  
Kridsada Keawyok
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Lactic Acid Production ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Uremic Toxins ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Background: Emerging evidence has revealed that the gut microbiota is significantly altered, contributing to the occurrence and development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Therefore, the target of increasing short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and lactic acid production and reduction of uremic toxins were interested.   Objective: To study the effect of the nutritionally complete formula (Synplus) developed for hemodialysis patients on gut microbiota and their metabolite in in vitro fecal fermentation of healthy volunteers.Methods:  Fecal fermentation (in vitro) using batch culture in an environment mimicking human large intestine was used to study the change of gut microbiota by next generation sequencing (NGS) during fermentation of the developed formula (Synplus), commercial formula (Nepro®) and control. The gut metabolites were determined including short-chain fatty acids (acetic, propionic, and butyric) and lactic acid. The uremic toxins (p-cresol and indole) were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).Results: The increase of Lactobacillus spp. (53.74%) and Bifidobacterium spp. (29.35%) was observed in the developed product (Synplus) compared with control at 48 hrs fermentation meanwhile, these genera were decreased in a commercial product (Nepro®). Moreover, the abundance of the genus Escherichia spp. (12.33%) was observed in Nepro® fermentation, with Escherichia albertii species which is a newly discovered pathogen of the gastrointestinal tract. Microbial metabolites produced by fecal fermentation of Synplus revealed that propionate, acetate, and butyrate increased significantly (p<0.05). All the samples evaluated exhibited acetate in abundance when compared to other SCFAs. Acetate was the most abundant SCFA in all samples. The concentrations of acetate for Synplus fermentation were 15.63±3.26, 147.29±2.39, 162.28±4.13 and 189.39±0.17 mM at 0, 12, 24, and 48 hrs respectively. Total SCFAs produced from Synplus was significantly increased (p<0.05) and higher than control and Nepro®, respectively. The concentration of p-cresol at 48 hrs fermentation for control, Synplus and Nepro® were 3.79±0.12, 6.31±2.37 and 11.59±0.10 µg/mL, respectively. The indole concentration of control, Synplus and Nepro® were 3.64±0.08, 15.06±3.56 and 12.81±1.68 µg/mL, respectively. There were also indicated that imbalance of gut microbiota was related with the ratio of uremic toxins (indole and p-cresol) to SCFAs.CONCLUSION: The synbiotic product containing prebiotic and probiotic may be used to improve gut microbiota thus reducing the risk of kidney disease.Keywords: synbiotic, gut microbiota, uremic toxins, SCFA, CKD

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