scholarly journals Microbiome interactions shape host fitness

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (51) ◽  
pp. E11951-E11960 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison L. Gould ◽  
Vivian Zhang ◽  
Lisa Lamberti ◽  
Eric W. Jones ◽  
Benjamin Obadia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Multiple Traits ◽  
Community Interactions ◽  
Host Fitness ◽  
Core Species ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

Gut bacteria can affect key aspects of host fitness, such as development, fecundity, and lifespan, while the host, in turn, shapes the gut microbiome. However, it is unclear to what extent individual species versus community interactions within the microbiome are linked to host fitness. Here, we combinatorially dissect the natural microbiome of Drosophila melanogaster and reveal that interactions between bacteria shape host fitness through life history tradeoffs. Empirically, we made germ-free flies colonized with each possible combination of the five core species of fly gut bacteria. We measured the resulting bacterial community abundances and fly fitness traits, including development, reproduction, and lifespan. The fly gut promoted bacterial diversity, which, in turn, accelerated development, reproduction, and aging: Flies that reproduced more died sooner. From these measurements, we calculated the impact of bacterial interactions on fly fitness by adapting the mathematics of genetic epistasis to the microbiome. Development and fecundity converged with higher diversity, suggesting minimal dependence on interactions. However, host lifespan and microbiome abundances were highly dependent on interactions between bacterial species. Higher-order interactions (involving three, four, and five species) occurred in 13–44% of possible cases depending on the trait, with the same interactions affecting multiple traits, a reflection of the life history tradeoff. Overall, we found these interactions were frequently context-dependent and often had the same magnitude as individual species themselves, indicating that the interactions can be as important as the individual species in gut microbiomes.

scholarly journals High-dimensional microbiome interactions shape host fitness

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison L. Gould ◽  
Vivian Zhang ◽  
Lisa Lamberti ◽  
Eric W. Jones ◽  
Benjamin Obadia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Microbial Interactions ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Community Interactions ◽  
Host Fitness ◽  
Bacterial Interactions ◽  
Fitness Traits ◽  
Host Physiology ◽  
The Impact

AbstractGut bacteria can affect key aspects of host fitness, such as development, fecundity, and lifespan, while the host in turn shapes the gut microbiome. Microbiomes co-evolve with their hosts and have been implicated in host speciation. However, it is unclear to what extent individual species versus community interactions within the microbiome are linked to host fitness. Here we combinatorially dissect the natural microbiome of Drosophila melanogaster and reveal that interactions between bacteria shape host fitness through life history tradeoffs. We find that the same microbial interactions that shape host fitness also shape microbiome abundances, suggesting a potential evolutionary mechanism by which microbiome communities (rather than just individual species) may be intertwined in co-selection with their hosts. Empirically, we made germ-free flies colonized with each possible combination of the five core species of fly gut bacteria. We measured the resulting bacterial community abundances and fly fitness traits including development, reproduction, and lifespan. The fly gut promoted bacterial diversity, which in turn accelerated development, reproduction, and aging: flies that reproduced more died sooner. From these measurements we calculated the impact of bacterial interactions on fly fitness by adapting the mathematics of genetic epistasis to the microbiome. Host physiology phenotypes were highly dependent on interactions between bacterial species. Higher-order interactions (involving 3, 4, and 5 species) were widely prevalent and impacted both host physiology and the maintenance of gut diversity. The parallel impacts of bacterial interactions on the microbiome and on host fitness suggest that microbiome interactions may be key drivers of evolution.SignificanceAll animals have associated microbial communities called microbiomes that can influence the physiology and fitness of their host. It is unclear to what extent individual microbial species versus ecology of the microbiome influences fitness of the host. Here we mapped all the possible interactions between individual species of bacteria with each other and with the host’s physiology. Our approach revealed that the same bacterial interactions that shape microbiome abundances also shape host fitness traits. This relationship provides a feedback that may favor the emergence of co-evolving microbiome-host units.

Methodology to Evaluate the Characteristics of a Twin-Scroll Turbocharger With Various Approaches for the Computation of Thermodynamic Properties

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holger Mai ◽  
André Kaufmann
Keyword(s):  
Thermodynamic Properties ◽  
Test Bench ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Working Fluid ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Quality Level ◽  
Humid Air ◽  
Hot Gas ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

When it comes to evaluating the thermodynamic and fluid dynamic behavior of a turbocharger (TC) and ensuring the best possible matching to the internal combustion engine, a precise measurement of the characteristic maps is required. Measured on a hot-gas test bench under steady-state conditions, the maps of the compressor and turbine give detailed information about the turbocharger performance and provide boundary conditions for simulating the engine processes of a turbocharged engine. At the moment there is no comprehensive standard on how to measure a TC on a test bench. All existing guidelines such as SAE J1826 & J922 and ASME PTC 10 contain more general information with recommendations, but turbocharger mapping on a hot-gas test bench is highly complex and has a large dependence on heat transfer. The characteristics are not determined directly, but have to be computed using the measured quantities and the thermodynamic properties of the working fluid. For that reason, all influences that may occur during the measurement have to be taken into account for the comparability of different turbochargers or the repeatability for the same turbocharger specimen. As a consequence, this paper deals with the methodology of thermodynamic computation for a mono-scroll and a twin-scroll turbocharger in general and the impact of different approaches for computing the thermodynamic properties of the individual species on compressor and turbine efficiencies in particular. For computing the characteristics of a mono-scroll turbocharger, a methodology is used that matches good practice and state-of-the-art technology. For computing the characteristics of a twin-scroll turbocharger, a new methodology is developed to provide a practical approach for the evaluation of pressure ratios and efficiencies of a twin-entry turbine. The use of the closed-loop unit for the extension of the turbine is included. Computing the thermodynamic state changes, power, and efficiencies of the compressor and turbine requires knowledge of the physicochemical properties of the involved fluids. These fluids are humid air (compressor) and exhaust gas (turbine) and depend on the gas composition, pressure, and especially temperature with respect to the relative humidity. Turbocharger efficiencies are very sensitive to deviations in the thermodynamic properties of the individual species. Different forms of polynomials with different levels of complexity and precision are available in literature. In this paper, the most commonly used polynomials for computing the thermodynamic properties such as caloric perfect gas, humid air, VDI 4670, NASA9, CHEMKIN, NIST, and SAE J1826 will be used for the characteristic maps of a twin-scroll turbocharger. The results will be discussed in terms of the impact on turbocharger efficiencies and the relevance to achieving a desired quality level for turbocharger mapping.

Maximum flood depth characterizes above-ground biomass in African seasonally shallowly flooded grasslands

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Scholte
Keyword(s):  
Dry Season ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Above Ground Biomass ◽  
Nutrient Quality ◽  
Flood Duration ◽  
Ground Biomass ◽  
Flood Depth ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

Flood depth has been frequently used to explain the distribution of plant species in seasonally flooded grasslands, but its relation with vegetation production has remained ambiguous. The relationship between flooding and above-ground biomass at the end of the flooding season and during the dry season was studied to assess the impact of reflooding on the Logone floodplain, Cameroon. Above-ground biomass of a combination of all species and of the individual perennial grasses Oryza longistaminata and Echinochloa pyramidalis showed a positive linear relationship with maximum flood depth up to 1 m. The gradient of these relationships became steeper and their fit better during the 2 y following the installation of the flooding, showing the response lag to floodplain rehabilitation. Flood duration only explained the above-ground biomass of the combination of all species and not of the individual species. Above-ground biomass data from other floodplains in the three main African geographic regions showed a similar relationship with maximum flood depth less than 1 m. Dry-season regrowth, important because of its high nutrient quality during forage scarcity, was not directly related to maximum flood depth, possibly because of its dependency on the period of burning and soil moisture. Presented data indicate that a rise of water level of 1 cm corresponds to an increase in above-ground biomass of c. 150 kg DM ha−1.

scholarly journals Inter-Species Interactions in the Fly Gut Microbiome Shape Aging

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 739-739
Author(s):  
William Ludington
Keyword(s):  
Species Interactions ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Metabolic Memory ◽  
Host Fitness ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Core Species ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Extended Lifespan ◽  
Key Aspects

Abstract Gut bacteria affect key aspects of host fitness, including fecundity and lifespan. However, it is unclear to what extent individual species versus complex interactions drive host fitness. We dissected the natural microbiome of Drosophila melanogaster and revealed that interactions between bacteria shape host fitness through life history tradeoffs. Empirically, we made germ-free flies and colonized them with each possible combination of the five core species of bacteria. We measured the microbiome and fly fitness traits including reproduction and lifespan. Notably, flies that reproduced more died sooner. Removing bacteria after reproduction extended lifespan in most cases, suggesting an indirect tradeoff. However, in certain cases, antibiotics did not extend lifespan, indicating a metabolic memory of the microbiome. Overall, complex interactions within the microbiome had significant effects on host fitness. We suggest that model systems with reduced complexity will be instrumental in elucidating mechanisms of microbiome-host interactions.

scholarly journals Early-Life Immune System Maturation in Chickens Using a Synthetic Community of Cultured Gut Bacteria

mSystems ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Zenner ◽  
Thomas C. A. Hitch ◽  
Thomas Riedel ◽  
Esther Wortmann ◽  
Stefan Tiede ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Microbial Colonization ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Colonization Resistance ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT The gut microbiome is crucial for both maturation of the immune system and colonization resistance against enteric pathogens. Although chicken are important domesticated animals, the impact of their gut microbiome on the immune system is understudied. Therefore, we investigated the effect of microbiome-based interventions on host mucosal immune responses. Increased levels of IgA and IgY were observed in chickens exposed to maternal feces after hatching compared with strict hygienic conditions. This was accompanied by increased gut bacterial diversity as assessed by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Cultivation work allowed the establishment of a collection of 43 bacterial species spanning 4 phyla and 19 families, including the first cultured members of 3 novel genera and 4 novel species that were taxonomically described. This resource is available at www.dsmz.de/chibac. A synthetic community consisting of nine phylogenetically diverse and dominant species from this collection was designed and found to be moderately efficient in boosting immunoglobulin levels when provided to chickens early in life. IMPORTANCE The immune system plays a crucial role in sustaining animal health. Its development is markedly influenced by early microbial colonization of the gastrointestinal tract. As chicken are fully dependent on environmental microbes after hatching, extensive hygienic measures in production facilities are detrimental to the microbiota, resulting in low colonization resistance against pathogens. To combat enteric infections, antibiotics are frequently used, which aggravates the issue by altering gut microbiota colonization. Intervention strategies based on cultured gut bacteria are proposed to influence immune responses in chicken.

Accent Policy and Accent Modification Enterprises as Potential Indicators of Intercultural Power Relations: A Call for an Updated Research Agenda

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brynne D. Ovalle ◽  
Rahul Chakraborty
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Identity Construction ◽  
Social Theory ◽  
Power Relations ◽  
Linguistic Diversity ◽  
Cultural Organization ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This article has two purposes: (a) to examine the relationship between intercultural power relations and the widespread practice of accent discrimination and (b) to underscore the ramifications of accent discrimination both for the individual and for global society as a whole. First, authors review social theory regarding language and group identity construction, and then go on to integrate more current studies linking accent bias to sociocultural variables. Authors discuss three examples of intercultural accent discrimination in order to illustrate how this link manifests itself in the broader context of international relations (i.e., how accent discrimination is generated in situations of unequal power) and, using a review of current research, assess the consequences of accent discrimination for the individual. Finally, the article highlights the impact that linguistic discrimination is having on linguistic diversity globally, partially using data from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and partially by offering a potential context for interpreting the emergence of practices that seek to reduce or modify speaker accents.

Investigating the Relationship Between Self-Esteem and Stigma Among Young Adults With History of Suicide Attempts

Crisis ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 265-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meshan Lehmann ◽  
Matthew R. Hilimire ◽  
Lawrence H. Yang ◽  
Bruce G. Link ◽  
Jordan E. DeVylder
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
High Risk Population ◽  
High Functioning ◽  
People With Mental Illness ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. Background: Self-esteem is a major contributor to risk for repeated suicide attempts. Prior research has shown that awareness of stigma is associated with reduced self-esteem among people with mental illness. No prior studies have examined the association between self-esteem and stereotype awareness among individuals with past suicide attempts. Aims: To understand the relationship between stereotype awareness and self-esteem among young adults who have and have not attempted suicide. Method: Computerized surveys were administered to college students (N = 637). Linear regression analyses were used to test associations between self-esteem and stereotype awareness, attempt history, and their interaction. Results: There was a significant stereotype awareness by attempt interaction (β = –.74, p = .006) in the regression analysis. The interaction was explained by a stronger negative association between stereotype awareness and self-esteem among individuals with past suicide attempts (β = –.50, p = .013) compared with those without attempts (β = –.09, p = .037). Conclusion: Stigma is associated with lower self-esteem within this high-functioning sample of young adults with histories of suicide attempts. Alleviating the impact of stigma at the individual (clinical) or community (public health) levels may improve self-esteem among this high-risk population, which could potentially influence subsequent suicide risk.

The Role of Threat and Economic Uncertainty in Support for Scottish Independence

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Kopasker
Keyword(s):  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Perceived Threat ◽  
Constitutional Change ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Economic Expectations ◽  
Scottish Independence ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Levels Of Support

Existing research has consistently shown that perceptions of the potential economic consequences of Scottish independence are vital to levels of support for constitutional change. This paper attempts to investigate the mechanism by which expectations of the economic consequences of independence are formed. A hypothesised causal micro-level mechanism is tested that relates constitutional preferences to the existing skill investments of the individual. Evidence is presented that larger skill investments are associated with a greater likelihood of perceiving economic threats from independence. Additionally, greater perceived threat results in lower support for independence. The impact of uncertainty on both positive and negative economic expectations is also examined. While uncertainty has little effect on negative expectations, it significantly reduces the likelihood of those with positive expectations supporting independence. Overall, it appears that a general economy-wide threat is most significant, and it is conjectured that this stems a lack of information on macroeconomic governance credentials.

Queering Gender Identity Work: A Life History of a Black Transgender Woman

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Esethu Monakali
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Identity Work ◽  
Social Identities ◽  
Gender And Sexuality ◽  
Ongoing Effort ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual

This article offers an analysis of the identity work of a black transgender woman through life history research. Identity work pertains to the ongoing effort of authoring oneself and positions the individual as the agent; not a passive recipient of identity scripts. The findings draw from three life history interviews. Using thematic analysis, the following themes emerge: institutionalisation of gender norms; gender and sexuality unintelligibility; transitioning and passing; and lastly, gender expression and public spaces. The discussion follows from a poststructuralist conception of identity, which frames identity as fluid and as being continually established. The study contends that identity work is a complex and fragmented process, which is shaped by other social identities. To that end, the study also acknowledges the role of collective agency in shaping gender identity.

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