scholarly journals Testing the role of trait reversal in evolutionary diversification using song loss in wild crickets

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (18) ◽  
pp. 8941-8949 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan W. Bailey ◽  
Sonia Pascoal ◽  
Fernando Montealegre-Z
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Acoustic Signals ◽  
Signal Loss ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Laser Doppler Vibrometry ◽  
Sexual Signal ◽  
Evolutionary Diversification ◽  
Field Crickets ◽  
Morphological Variants

The mechanisms underlying rapid macroevolution are controversial. One largely untested hypothesis that could inform this debate is that evolutionary reversals might release variation in vestigial traits, which then facilitates subsequent diversification. We evaluated this idea by testing key predictions about vestigial traits arising from sexual trait reversal in wild field crickets. In Hawaiian Teleogryllus oceanicus, the recent genetic loss of sound-producing and -amplifying structures on male wings eliminates their acoustic signals. Silence protects these “flatwing” males from an acoustically orienting parasitoid and appears to have evolved independently more than once. Here, we report that flatwing males show enhanced variation in vestigial resonator morphology under varied genetic backgrounds. Using laser Doppler vibrometry, we found that these vestigial sound-producing wing features resonate at highly variable acoustic frequencies well outside the normal range for this species. These results satisfy two important criteria for a mechanism driving rapid evolutionary diversification: Sexual signal loss was accompanied by a release of vestigial morphological variants, and these could facilitate the rapid evolution of novel signal values. Widespread secondary trait losses have been inferred from fossil and phylogenetic evidence across numerous taxa, and our results suggest that such reversals could play a role in shaping historical patterns of diversification.

Spermatophore retention may accommodate sexual signal loss in Pacific field crickets

2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mounica V. Kota ◽  
Ellen M. Urquhart ◽  
Marlene Zuk
Keyword(s):  
Signal Loss ◽  
Sexual Signal ◽  
Field Crickets

scholarly journals Rapid Evolution of HERC6 and Duplication of a Chimeric HERC5/6 Gene in Rodents and Bats Suggest an Overlooked Role of HERCs in Mammalian Immunity

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stéphanie Jacquet ◽  
Dominique Pontier ◽  
Lucie Etienne
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Chimeric Gene ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Arms Races ◽  
Evolutionary Diversification ◽  
Independent Duplication ◽  
New Research ◽  
Herc Proteins ◽  
Antiviral Innate Immunity

Studying the evolutionary diversification of mammalian antiviral defenses is of main importance to better understand our innate immune repertoire. The small HERC proteins are part of a multigene family, including HERC5 and HERC6, which have probably diversified through complex evolutionary history in mammals. Here, we performed mammalian-wide phylogenetic and genomic analyses of HERC5 and HERC6, using 83 orthologous sequences from bats, rodents, primates, artiodactyls, and carnivores—the top five representative groups of mammalian evolution. We found that HERC5 has been under weak and differential positive selection in mammals, with only primate HERC5 showing evidences of pathogen-driven selection. In contrast, HERC6 has been under strong and recurrent adaptive evolution in mammals, suggesting past and widespread genetic arms-races with viral pathogens. Importantly, the rapid evolution of mammalian HERC6 spacer domain suggests that it might be a host-pathogen interface, targeting viral proteins and/or being the target of virus antagonists. Finally, we identified a HERC5/6 chimeric gene that arose from independent duplication in rodent and bat lineages and encodes for a conserved HERC5 N-terminal domain and divergent HERC6 spacer and HECT domains. This duplicated chimeric gene highlights adaptations that potentially contribute to rodent and bat immunity. Our findings open new research avenues on the functions of HERC6 and HERC5/6 in mammals, and on their implication in antiviral innate immunity.

scholarly journals Silent crickets reveal the genomic footprint of recent adaptive trait loss

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Pascoal ◽  
Judith E. Risse ◽  
Xiao Zhang ◽  
Mark Blaxter ◽  
Timothee Cezard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Signal Loss ◽  
Sexual Signal ◽  
Adaptive Trait ◽  
Field Crickets ◽  
Altered Gene Expression ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Altered Gene ◽  
High Density Linkage Map ◽  
Mutational Effect

Secondary trait loss is widespread and has profound consequences, from generating diversity to driving adaptation. Sexual trait loss is particularly common. Its genomic impact is challenging to reconstruct because most reversals occurred in the distant evolutionary past and must be inferred indirectly, and questions remain about the extent of disruption caused by pleiotropy, altered gene expression and loss of homeostasis. We tested the genomic signature of recent sexual signal loss in Hawaiian field crickets, Teleogryllus oceanicus. Song loss is controlled by a sex-linked Mendelian locus, flatwing, which feminises male wings by erasing sound-producing veins. This variant spread rapidly under pressure from an eavesdropping parasitoid fly. We sequenced, assembled and annotated the T. oceanicus genome, produced a high-density linkage map, and localised flatwing on the X chromosome. We characterised pleiotropic effects of flatwing, including changes in embryonic gene expression and alteration of another sexual signal, chemical pheromones. Song loss is associated with pleiotropy, hitchhiking and genome-wide regulatory disruption which feminises flatwing male pheromones. The footprint of recent adaptive trait loss illustrates R. A. Fisher's influential prediction that variants with large mutational effect sizes can invade genomes during the earliest stages of adaptation to extreme pressures, despite having severely disruptive genomic consequences.

scholarly journals Sexual signal loss in field crickets maintained despite strong sexual selection favoring singing males

Evolution ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (7) ◽  
pp. 1482-1489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessie C. Tanner ◽  
Elizabeth Swanger ◽  
Marlene Zuk
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Signal Loss ◽  
Sexual Signal ◽  
Field Crickets

FEEDBACK CONTROL OF FSH IN THE MALE: ROLE OF OESTROGEN

1973 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick C. Walsh ◽  
Ronald S. Swerdloff ◽  
William D. Odell
Keyword(s):  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Follicle Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Oestrogen Therapy ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Elderly Men ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Oestrogen Treatment ◽  
Serum Lh ◽  
Higher Doses

ABSTRACT Serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) were measured by radioimmunoassay in a group of elderly men following castration and oestrogen therapy. Prior to orchiectomy, mean serum concentrations of LH and FSH were within the normal range. Two days following castration, serum LH concentrations increased in all eight patients; higher levels of LH were subsequently measured in all but one patient after periods of time ranging from 49 to 210 days. Serum FSH levels, measured in three patients following castration, increased in a pattern parallel to LH changes. Ethinyl oestradiol (EOe) in doses ranging from 5 to 300 μg/day was administered to ten men who had been castrated 3 to 72 months earlier. Oestrogen treatment suppressed both LH and FSH in a parellel manner in nine of ten patients. LH was first suppressed to intact levels in one of eight patients treated with 20 μg/day of EOe, in two of six patients treated with 50 μg/day, and in one patient by 80 μg/day. FSH was not suppressed to precastration levels until 50 μg/day of EOe was administered; this dose suppressed three of six patients. Higher doses of EOe (150–300 μg/day) suppressed both LH and FSH to levels below the sensitivity of the assay. These data fail to demonstrate any differential effect of oestrogen on LH and FSH release.

scholarly journals The dark-ventral-patch of male red deer, a sexual signal that conveys the degree of involvement in rutting behavior

BMC Zoology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva de la Peña ◽  
Javier Pérez-González ◽  
José Martín ◽  
Giovanni Vedel ◽  
Juan Carranza
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behaviors ◽  
Red Deer ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Female Mate Choice ◽  
Doñana National Park ◽  
Sexual Signal ◽  
Mating Competition ◽  
Dark Patch ◽  
Rutting Behavior

Abstract Background In polygynous mammals, signalling may play a decisive role in mating behavior, mediating the intensity of male fights and female mate choice. During the rutting season, male red deer may show a visible dark patch in their ventral fur. Recently, this patch has been suggested to act as a flexible sexual signal, due to its relationships with other variables such as age, body size, antler development, volatile compounds, or the competitive environment. The analysis of fur pigmentation at the ventral patch suggests that this might also visually indicate the male intrinsic predisposition to take part in mating competition. Results To assess the possible role of this trait as a communicative signal related to mate competition, we used red deer behavioral observations during the rut in Doñana National Park (Spain) to examine the link between the degree of expression of the dark ventral patch and the rutting activity (assessed from both intra-and-inter-sexual behaviors). Consistent with our predictions, we found in a field study that males with large dark patches showed a higher frequency of rutting behaviors (mainly roaring and flehmen), more interactions with females, and attained larger harem sizes. Conclusions The dark ventral patch was a better predictor of male behavior than antler tines or territory holding, thus standing as a short-term indicator of male willingness to invest in mating competition.

Clustering Reveals the Prognostic Role of Serum Albumin Values Within the Normal Range in Patients with Primary Biliary Cholangitis

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. S5
Author(s):  
A. Gerussi ◽  
D. Verda ◽  
D.P. Bernasconi ◽  
M. Carbone ◽  
A. Komori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Primary Biliary Cholangitis ◽  
Prognostic Role ◽  
Normal Range

The Role of the Coelomic Fluid in the Movements of Earthworms

1950 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. NEWELL
Keyword(s):  
Short Review ◽  
The Body ◽  
Coelomic Fluid ◽  
Average Pressure ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Tail Region ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Effective Barrier ◽  
Intrinsic Muscles

1. A short review is given of the coelom and of its morphological relations in the earthworm. 2. The arrangement of the intrinsic muscles in a typical septum is described. Four main sets of muscles are recognized: viz. radial muscles, circular muscles, oblique muscles, and the sphincter around the ventral foramen. 3. It is suggested that the function of the radial, circular and possibly of the oblique muscles is to control bulging of the septa, and so serve to localize differences in pressure in the coelomic fluid. Normally, in active worms, the sphincter of the ventral foramen is contracted and forms an effective barrier to the passage of fluid from one coelomic compartment to the next. This was verified experimentally and by X-ray photography. 4. A series of measurements of the pressure in the coelomic fluid in different regions of active worms was recorded by means of a capillary manometer and by the use of a spoon-gauge apparatus. Manometric measurements showed the average pressure in the anterior third of the body to be 16.0 cm. water and in the tail region to be 8.0 cm. water. The corresponding figures obtained with a spoon gauge were 13.5 and 8.5 cm. water. The pressure in narcotized worms is zero. 5. These results are discussed, and it is pointed out that the manometer readings suffer from the disadvantage of failing to show the rapid fluctuations in pressure which occur during wriggling movements of the worms. 6. It is calculated from these pressure readings that a worm can exert a forward thrust equivalent to forces of between 1.5 and 8.0 g. These figures agree well with those obtained by Gray & Lissman by the use of a special torsion balance. 7. The burrowing movements of earthworms are briefly described. 8. It is shown that the sphincters of the dorsal pores and of the nephridiopores do not normally allow of the escape of coelomic fluid, and will withstand a pressure well outside the normal range.

Abstract 461: Role of Physical Training Intensity in Metabolic and Cardiovascular Dysfunctions in a Fructose Overload Model

Hypertension ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline F Machi ◽  
Nathalia Bernardes ◽  
Danielle S Dias ◽  
Cristiano Mostarda ◽  
Edson Moreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Maximum Speed ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Maximal Exercise Test ◽  
Baroreceptor Sensitivity ◽  
Chronic Effects ◽  
Male Wistar Rats

This study evaluated the chronic effects of the run and walk in the metabolic and cardiovascular parameters of a metabolic syndrome experimental model. Male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups(n=8): Control (C),Sedentary Fructose (SF), Fructose Run (FR) and Fructose Walk (FW, n= 8). Metabolic syndrome (MS) induction was performed with D-fructose in drinking water for 18 weeks. The exercise training was initiated after the nineth week of treatment with fructose and was held for 8 weeks (60 minutes/day, 5 times / week). The FW and FR were performed on a treadmill (1 h/day; 5 days/wk for 8 wk), with ∼20% and 60% intensities respectively of the maximum speed in a maximal exercise test. Plasma glucose, triglycerides, insulin resistance, adipose tissue, blood pressure, heart rate, baroreceptor sensitivity and sympathetic and parasympathetic tone, were evaluated at the end of protocol. The results showed that run and walking decreased the adipose tissue (FR: 2.97±0.2; FW: 4.26±0.9; SF: 6.49±0.6; C: 3.23±0.2 g). The glycemia values remained within the normal range,(FR: 86.7±2.3; WF: 91.0±1.4; SF: 70.2±1.9; C: 84±2.3 mg/dl), however only the FR group decreased the triglycerides levels (FR: 133±8.8; FW: 159±10.2; SF: 220±6.3; C: 96± 4.2 mg/dl), and the insulin resistance (FR: 4.37±0.1; FW: 3.55±0.2; SF: 2.79±0.3; C: 4.86±0.3 %/min). The FR group showed a reduction in mean arterial pressure (FR: 111±4.5, FW: 125±4.1; SF: 137±2.6, C: 113±1.5 mmHg) and increased of bradycardic (FR 1.76±0.08; FW 1.31±0.10; SF 1.37±0.10; C 1.72±0.14 bpm/mmHg) and tachycardic response to BP changes (FR 4.02±0.32; FW 2.56±0.16; SF 1.97±0.15; C (and C 3.25±0.37 bpm/mmHg). Finally we observed that only the FR group showed an increase of the vagal tone (FR: 72.3±8.1, FW: 47.3±6.7; FS: 40.3±4.6, C: 60.7±6.5 bpm). In conclusion, our results suggest that training walk (FW), a practice widely recommended, is especially effective for the treatment of metabolic disorders, whereas controlled exercise (FR) seems to encompass hemodynamic and metabolic aspects. This application is easy and within reach of the majority of the population, indicating that this practice should be encouraged and may be effective in managing cardiovascular risk in MS as start therapeutic. Sources of Funding:FAPESP.

scholarly journals The role of organic sulphur in the copper-molybdenum-S interrelationship in ruminant nutrition

1975 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. F. Suttle
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Sodium Sulphate ◽  
Ruminant Nutrition ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Organic S ◽  
Treatment Variation ◽  
Inorganic Sulphur ◽  
Design Experiments

1. The ability of organic and inorganic sulphur to influence the copper and molybdenum metabolism of sheep was compared in a series of three 2 × 2 factorial design experiments. In each experiment, four groups of five to seven hypocupraemic ewes were repleted with a basal diet supplemented with 6 mg Cu/kg and containing S and Mo at one of two concentrations, 1 or 4 g S and 0.5 or 4.5 mg Mo/kg respectively. Sodium sulphate (Expt 1), methionine (Expt 2) or cysteine (Expt 3) were used as the S sources. Cu and Mo concentrations in plasma were estimated in each experiment and in Expt 3 the concentrations of Cu in liver and Mo in urine were also estimated.2. The effects of the three S sources on Cu and Mo metabolism were similar. Repletion of the plasma Cu pool was unaffected by Mo alone, reduced by S alone and totally inhibited by Mo + S. Plasma Mo was greatly increased by Mo supplements, slightly decreased by S supplements and unaffected by Mo and S supplements given together.3. In Expt 3 the treatments were found to affect urinary Mo and plasma Mo in a similar manner; S prevented dietary Mo from increasing Mo excretion. The only group to show a significant repletion of the liver Cu pool was that given Mo alone.4. Supplementation of the diet with organic S significantly reduced the within-treatment variation in plasma Cu and Mo, liver Cu and urinary Mo.5. It is suggested that variations in dietary S and Mo within the normal range for herbage affect the Cu and Mo metabolism of the grazing animal, and that total S rather than inorganic S is the more useful measurement in the context of the Cu–Mo–S interrelationship.

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