The Role of the Coelomic Fluid in the Movements of Earthworms

1950 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. NEWELL
Keyword(s):  
Short Review ◽  
The Body ◽  
Coelomic Fluid ◽  
Average Pressure ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Tail Region ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Effective Barrier ◽  
Intrinsic Muscles

1. A short review is given of the coelom and of its morphological relations in the earthworm. 2. The arrangement of the intrinsic muscles in a typical septum is described. Four main sets of muscles are recognized: viz. radial muscles, circular muscles, oblique muscles, and the sphincter around the ventral foramen. 3. It is suggested that the function of the radial, circular and possibly of the oblique muscles is to control bulging of the septa, and so serve to localize differences in pressure in the coelomic fluid. Normally, in active worms, the sphincter of the ventral foramen is contracted and forms an effective barrier to the passage of fluid from one coelomic compartment to the next. This was verified experimentally and by X-ray photography. 4. A series of measurements of the pressure in the coelomic fluid in different regions of active worms was recorded by means of a capillary manometer and by the use of a spoon-gauge apparatus. Manometric measurements showed the average pressure in the anterior third of the body to be 16.0 cm. water and in the tail region to be 8.0 cm. water. The corresponding figures obtained with a spoon gauge were 13.5 and 8.5 cm. water. The pressure in narcotized worms is zero. 5. These results are discussed, and it is pointed out that the manometer readings suffer from the disadvantage of failing to show the rapid fluctuations in pressure which occur during wriggling movements of the worms. 6. It is calculated from these pressure readings that a worm can exert a forward thrust equivalent to forces of between 1.5 and 8.0 g. These figures agree well with those obtained by Gray & Lissman by the use of a special torsion balance. 7. The burrowing movements of earthworms are briefly described. 8. It is shown that the sphincters of the dorsal pores and of the nephridiopores do not normally allow of the escape of coelomic fluid, and will withstand a pressure well outside the normal range.

Ionic regulation and buoyancy in some planktonic organisms

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Newton ◽  
W. T. W. Potts
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
The Body ◽  
Coelomic Fluid ◽  
Ionic Regulation ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Emission Analysis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
Gastrovascular System

Magnesium/chlorine and sulphur/chlorine ratios have been measured in the body fluids of some planktonic organisms by x-ray emission analysis of frozen hydrated specimens in a scanning electron microscope. Homarus vulgaris (Anthropoda: Decapoda) larvae excluded Mg2+ and SO42-ions from the haemolymph, but to a lesser extent than does the adult lobster. Bipinnaria larvae of Asterias (Echinodermata) excluded Mg2+ and SO42-ions from the coelomic fluid. Obelia medusae excluded Mg2+ and SO42-ions from the mesogloea but concentrate them in the gastrovascular system. The high concentration of sulphate in the gastrovascular fluid of medusae has been confirmed by rhodizonate titration in Cyanea and Rhizostoma jellyfish. Some implications of magnesium and sulphate regulation are discussed.

scholarly journals Theoretical Implications of Diffuse Non-Thermal Emission from Clusters of Galaxies

2002 ◽  
Vol 199 ◽  
pp. 141-148
Author(s):  
T.A. Enßlin
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Emission ◽  
Extreme Ultraviolet ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Radio Galaxies ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Clusters Of Galaxies ◽  
Thermal Electron ◽  
Electron Population ◽  
X Ray

A short review on theoretical implications of non-thermal emission (radio, extreme ultraviolet, high energy X-ray) from the intra-cluster medium is given. The origin of cluster radio halos and cluster radio relics is discussed within the framework of a network of processes producing a non-thermal electron population. Emphasis is given to the role of old, remnant, presently invisible relativistic plasma released by former radio galaxies.

The Possible Role of the Supra-Oesophageal Ganglion in the Responses of Nephtys (Polychaeta, Annelida) to Changes in Hydrostatic Pressure

1969 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-179
Author(s):  
ELFED MORGAN
Keyword(s):  
Hydrostatic Pressure ◽  
The Body ◽  
Swimming Activity ◽  
Tail Region ◽  
Sensory Structures

1. The swimming activity of the isolated ‘tail’ region of Nephtys is not affected by changes in hydrostatic pressure. In contrast the responses shown by the isolated anterior third of the body are indistinguishable from those of intact worms. 2. Decerebration, or transection of both circum-oesophageal connectives, also destroys the worms' ability to respond, whereas transection of the connective on one side only does not. 3. Not one of the sensory structures hitherto described in association with the supra-oesophageal ganglion appears to be the sole mediator of the response.

A Two-Holed Story: Structural Secrets About ClC Proteins Become Unraveled?

Physiology ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 293-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Babini ◽  
Michael Pusch
Keyword(s):  
Functional Properties ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Biophysical Properties ◽  
Physiological Functions ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Almost All

ClC Cl− channels are found in almost all organisms, ranging from bacteria to mammals, in which nine Cl− channels belonging to the ClC family have been identified. The biophysical properties and physiological functions of ClC Cl− channels have been extensively reviewed. In this short review, we will focus on recent results obtained on the X-ray structure and functional properties of the prokaryotic ClC-ec1 protein and some results obtained on the role of the cytoplasmic COOH terminus of mammalian ClCs.

scholarly journals The rôle of the body fluid in relation to movement in soft-bodied invertebrates I. The burrowing of Arenicola

1947 ◽  
Vol 134 (877) ◽  
pp. 431-455 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Body Fluid ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
The Body ◽  
Coelomic Fluid ◽  
Simple Condition ◽  
Muddy Sand ◽  
Fluid System ◽  
Quantitative Results ◽  
Pressure Changes

This investigation is an attempt to obtain quantitative results on the method of functioning of the body-wall muscle-coelomic fluid system of the lugworm which was chosen as an example of a worm having this system in a relatively simple condition. Measurements of the hydrostatic pressure developed in the coelomic fluid during various phases of activity, particularly during burrowing, were recorded, and the mechanism by which pressure is differentially distributed throughout the body is discussed. The relation of pressure changes to burrowing movements is described and some calculations of the thrust which can be exerted by the worms are given. It is shown that the forces available to the worms are insufficient to allow of straight­-forward burrowing and that the ability to burrow depends on the thixotropic properties of the muddy sand in which the animals live.

scholarly journals Interleukin 1β—A Potential Salivary Biomarker for Cancer Progression?

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. BIC.S25375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adi Idris ◽  
Nur B. Ghazali ◽  
David Koh
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Biological Fluid ◽  
Short Review ◽  
The Body ◽  
Immunological Factors ◽  
Cancer And Inflammation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Pathological Consequence ◽  
Potential Cancer

The relationship between cancer and inflammation is a complex but intimate one. Decades of work has shown to us that cancer progression is influenced by a multitude of factors, including genetic, environmental, and immunological factors. We often overlook that cancer progression is also a pathological consequence of a dysregulated inflammatory control in the body. A current emerging topic in cancer research is the role of inflammasomes in carcinogenesis. The inflammasome is a multicomplex protein platform that when activated results in the release of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β. There is increasing evidence suggesting that IL-1β plays a pivotal role in cancer progression. This short review proposes the possibility of using IL-1β as a potential cancer progression biomarker and discusses the use of saliva as a model biological fluid for measuring physiological IL-1β levels in the body.

scholarly journals Improving Bioavailability of Phytochemicals through Niosomes

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6-s) ◽  
pp. 119-121
Author(s):  
V. Poorani ◽  
K. Selvakumar ◽  
G. Venkat Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Short Review ◽  
The Body ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
Phytochemical Compounds ◽  
Nano Size ◽  
Day By Day

The role of nanotechnology in different sectors is increasing and improving day by day. The nanovectors or nanovehicles play a very major role in transporting essential components into the body across barriers, such as skin, intestine, blood-brain barrier, etc., which is a very essential part of pharmacology. Niosomes are one such vehicle of nano size, which can effectively improve the delivering properties of therapeutically and cosmeceutically important compounds. This short review examines different research that has been carried out in the last two decades involving niosomes to improve the bioavailability of pharmaceutically important phytochemical compounds. Keywords: Niosomes, Phytochemicals, Bioavailability, Drug delivery

scholarly journals Vimentin is required for normal accumulation of body fat

2019 ◽  
Vol 400 (9) ◽  
pp. 1157-1162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrika Wilhelmsson ◽  
Pia Stillemark-Billton ◽  
Jan Borén ◽  
Milos Pekny
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Dual Energy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Delayed Wound Healing ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Males And Females

Abstract Intermediate filaments (nanofilaments) have many functions, especially in response to cellular stress. Mice lacking vimentin (Vim−/−) display phenotypes reflecting reduced levels of cell activation and ability to counteract stress, for example, decreased reactivity of astrocytes after neurotrauma, decreased migration of astrocytes and fibroblasts, attenuated inflammation and fibrosis in lung injury, delayed wound healing, impaired vascular adaptation to nephrectomy, impaired transendothelial migration of lymphocytes and attenuated atherosclerosis. To address the role of vimentin in fat accumulation, we assessed the body weight and fat by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) in Vim−/− and matched wildtype (WT) mice. While the weight of 1.5-month-old Vim−/− and WT mice was comparable, Vim−/− mice showed decreased body weight at 3.5, 5.5 and 8.5 months (males by 19–22%, females by 18–29%). At 8.5 months, Vim−/− males and females had less body fat compared to WT mice (a decrease by 24%, p < 0.05, and 33%, p < 0.0001, respectively). The body mass index in 8.5 months old Vim−/− mice was lower in males (6.8 vs. 7.8, p < 0.005) and females (6.0 vs. 7.7, p < 0.0001) despite the slightly lower body length of Vim−/− mice. Increased mortality was observed in adult Vim−/− males. We conclude that vimentin is required for the normal accumulation of body fat.

The Research of Strengthening Mechanism on Ferritic Stainless Steel Under Impact Processing

2011 ◽  
Vol 317-319 ◽  
pp. 1614-1617
Author(s):  
Xin Yuan Zhou ◽  
Yong Wang ◽  
Min Wei
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Ferritic Stainless Steel ◽  
Peak Pressure ◽  
Strengthening Mechanism ◽  
The Body ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Hexagonal System ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Impact

This paper mainly studies the microstructure and strengthening mechanism of ferritic stainless under laser shock. the mechanical properties and microstructure were observed through the X-ray diffraction and TEM. The results showed that laser induced shock wave peak pressure is higher than the yield strength of stainless steel, the plastic deformation occus under the impact of the role of stress and high strain rate. when the laser power increases, ferritic stainless steel will have an obvious phase transition from the body-centered cubic into hexagonal system.

X-ray micro tomography in the scanning electron microscope

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Brünger
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Target Surface ◽  
The Body ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Micro Tomography ◽  
Scanning Electron

Reconstructive tomography is a new technique in diagnostic radiology for imaging cross-sectional planes of the human body /1/. A collimated beam of X-rays is scanned through a thin slice of the body and the transmitted intensity is recorded by a detector giving a linear shadow graph or projection (see fig. 1). Many of these projections at different angles are used to reconstruct the body-layer, usually with the aid of a computer. The picture element size of present tomographic scanners is approximately 1.1 mm2.Micro tomography can be realized using the very fine X-ray source generated by the focused electron beam of a scanning electron microscope (see fig. 2). The translation of the X-ray source is done by a line scan of the electron beam on a polished target surface /2/. Projections at different angles are produced by rotating the object.During the registration of a single scan the electron beam is deflected in one direction only, while both deflections are operating in the display tube.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document