scholarly journals Global mitigation potential of carbon stored in harvested wood products

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (29) ◽  
pp. 14526-14531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig M. T. Johnston ◽  
Volker C. Radeloff
Keyword(s):  
Good Practice ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Carbon Accounting ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Harvested Wood Products ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
The Us ◽  
End Use

Carbon stored in harvested wood products (HWPs) can affect national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories, in which the production and end use of HWPs play a key role. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) provides guidance on HWP carbon accounting, which is sensitive to future developments of socioeconomic factors including population, income, and trade. We estimated the carbon stored within HWPs from 1961 to 2065 for 180 countries following IPCC carbon-accounting guidelines, consistent with Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAOSTAT) historical data and plausible futures outlined by the shared socioeconomic pathways. We found that the global HWP pool was a net annual sink of 335 Mt of CO2 equivalent (CO2e)⋅y−1 in 2015, offsetting substantial amounts of industrial processes within some countries, and as much as 441 Mt of CO2e⋅y−1 by 2030 under certain socioeconomic developments. Furthermore, there is a considerable sequestration gap (71 Mt of CO2e⋅y−1 of unaccounted carbon storage in 2015 and 120 Mt of CO2e⋅y−1 by 2065) under current IPCC Good Practice Guidance, as traded feedstock is ineligible for national GHG inventories. However, even under favorable socioeconomic conditions, and when accounting for the sequestration gap, carbon stored annually in HWPs is <1% of global emissions. Furthermore, economic shocks can turn the HWP pool into a carbon source either long-term—e.g., the collapse of the USSR—or short-term—e.g., the US economic recession of 2008/09. In conclusion, carbon stored within end-use HWPs varies widely across countries and depends on evolving market forces.

Future carbon storage in harvested wood products from Ontario’s Crown forests

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (7) ◽  
pp. 1947-1958 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaxin Chen ◽  
Stephen J. Colombo ◽  
Michael T. Ter-Mikaelian ◽  
Linda S. Heath
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
C Storage ◽  
Harvested Wood Products ◽  
C Stock ◽  
End Use ◽  
Use Categories

This analysis quantifies projected carbon (C) storage in harvested wood products (HWP) from Ontario’s Crown forests. The large-scale forest C budget model, FORCARB-ON, was applied to estimate HWP C stock changes using the production approach defined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Harvested wood volume was converted to C mass and allocated to four HWP end-use categories: in use, landfill, energy, and emission. The redistribution of C over time among HWP end-use categories was calculated using a product age-based C-distribution matrix. Carbon emissions for harvest, transport, and manufacturing, as well as emission reductions from the use of wood in place of other construction materials and fossil fuels were not accounted for. Considering the wood harvested from Ontario Crown forests from 1951 to 2000 and the projected harvest from 2001 to 2100, C storage in HWP in use and in landfills is projected to increase by 3.6 Mt·year–1 during 2001–2100, with an additional 1.2 Mt·year–1 burned for energy. Annual additions of C projected for HWP far outweighs the annual increase of C storage in Ontario’s Crown forests managed for harvest, which is projected to increase by 0.1 Mt·year–1 during the same period. These projections indicate that regulated harvest in Ontario results in a steadily increasing C sink in HWP and forests. Uncertainties in HWP C estimation are also discussed.

scholarly journals Impact of Ex-Closure in above and below Ground Carbon Stock Biomass

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 130
Author(s):  
Gedion Tsegay ◽  
Xiang-Zhou Meng
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Scientific Journal ◽  
Resource Assessment ◽  
Forest Loss ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
The Impact

Globally, there is a serious issue in carbon stock due to high deforestation and the loss of land, limited carbon storage pools in aboveground and underground forests in different regions, and increased carbon emissions to the atmosphere. This review paper highlights the impact of exclosures on above and below ground carbon stocks in biomass as a solution to globally curb carbon emissions. The data has been analyzed dependent on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Forest Resource Assessment report (FRA, 2020), and scientific journal publications mostly from the last decade, to show the research results of carbon stock and the impact of exclosures, particularly the challenges of deforestation and erosion of land and opportunities of area exclosures to provide a general outlook for policymakers. Overall, the world’s forest regions are declining, and although the forest loss rate has slowed, it has still not stopped sufficiently because the knowledge and practice of exclosures are limited. The global forest loss and carbon stock have decreased from 7.8 million ha/yr to 4.7 million ha/yr and from 668 gigatons to 662 gigatons respectively due to multiple factors that differ across the regions. However, a move toward natural rehabilitation and exclosures to reduce the emissions of Greenhouse Gas (GHGs) is needed. In the global production of carbon, the exclosure of forests plays an important role, in particular for permanent sinks of carbon.

scholarly journals Social Change through Entrepreneurship: Utilizing Portable Sawmill Based Small Businesses to Promote Community Development

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Crystal Lupo
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Community Development ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Forest Industry ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization

Reduced demand for wood and wood products resulting from the economic crisis in the first decade of the 2000s severely impacted the forest industry throughout the world, causing large forest-based organizations to close (CBC News, 2008; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2009; Pepke, 2009). The result was a dramatic increase in unemployment and worker displacement among forest product workers between 2011 and 2013 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2014). Forested rural communities often depended on the large-scale forest industry for their livelihood, and as a result, decreased reliance on large-scale industry became increasingly important (Lupo, 2015). This article explores portable-sawmill-based entrepreneurship as an opportunity to promote social change in the local community. Results indicated that portable-sawmill-based small businesses created community development opportunities, which promoted social change in the larger community through farm business expansion, conservation efforts to improve local community development, and niche market creation in the local or larger community.

scholarly journals FOOD SECURITY AND AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN UZBEKISTAN

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.I Khamidov
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Food Supply ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
World Health ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact

Since January 2020, the world faced one of the largest outbreaks of human history that coronavirus (Covid-19) began spreading among countries across the globe. Plenty of research institutes developed insights and estimations regarding the impact of the coronavirus pandemic on agriculture and food security system. The UN estimations indicate that more than 132 million people around the world may have hunger due to the economic recession as a result of the pandemic. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) is pushing forward the strategies in order for increasing food supply in developing countries and providing assistance to food producers and suppliers. World Health Organization (WHO) indicated that the pandemic may not finish by the end of 2020 and countries should be prepared for longer effects within 2021. In this regard, ensuring food security as well as sufficient food supply would be one of the crucial aspects of policy functions in developing countries.

scholarly journals The default methods in the 2019 Refinement drastically reduce estimates of global carbon sinks of harvested wood products

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chihiro Kayo ◽  
Gerald Kalt ◽  
Yuko Tsunetsugu ◽  
Seiji Hashimoto ◽  
Hirotaka Komata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Atmospheric Flow ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Inventories ◽  
Harvested Wood Products ◽  
Global Carbon ◽  
Production Approach

Abstract Background The stock dynamics of harvested wood products (HWPs) are a relevant component of anthropogenic carbon cycles. Generally, HWP stock increases are treated as carbon removals from the atmosphere, while stock decreases are considered emissions. Among the different approaches suggested by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for accounting HWPs in national greenhouse gas inventories, the production approach has been established as the common approach under the Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement. However, the 24th session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change decided that alternative approaches can also be used. The IPCC has published guidelines for estimating HWP carbon stocks and default parameters for the various approaches in the 2006 Guidelines, 2013 Guidance, and 2019 Refinement. Although there are significant differences among the default methods in the three IPCC guidelines, no studies have systematically quantified or compared the results from the different guidelines on a global scale. This study quantifies the HWP stock dynamics and corresponding carbon removals/emissions under each approach based on the default methods presented in each guideline for 235 individual countries/regions. Results We identified relatively good consistency in carbon stocks/removals between the stock-change and the atmospheric flow approaches at a global level. Under both approaches, the methodological and parameter updates in the 2019 Refinement (e.g., considered HWPs, starting year for carbon stocks, and conversion factors) resulted in one-third reduction in carbon removals compared to the 2006 Guidelines. The production approach leads to a systematic underestimation of global carbon stocks and removals because it confines accounting to products derived from domestic harvests and uses the share of domestic feedstock for accounting. The 2013 Guidance and the 2019 Refinement reduce the estimated global carbon removals under the production approach by 15% and 45% (2018), respectively, compared to the 2006 Guidelines. Conclusions Gradual refinements in the IPCC default methods have a considerably higher impact on global estimates of HWP carbon stocks and removals than the differences in accounting approaches. The methodological improvements in the 2019 Refinement halve the global HWP carbon removals estimated in the former version, the 2006 Guidelines.

Determinants of demand for wood products in the US construction sector: an econometric analysis of a system of demand equations

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (10) ◽  
pp. 1217-1226 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Haim ◽  
Darius M. Adams ◽  
Eric M. White
Keyword(s):  
Wood Products ◽  
Cost Functions ◽  
Housing Construction ◽  
Construction Sector ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
The Us ◽  
Demand Equations ◽  
End Use ◽  
End Uses

A system of conditional demand equations for wood products in the US construction sector is derived from the relevant end-use cost functions by taking advantage of the duality between the production function and the cost functions. Seven different inputs, including five wood products, labor, and capital, and three different end uses (new housing construction, repair and remodeling, and nonresidential construction) are analyzed. A seemingly unrelated regression estimation procedure is employed using a detailed annual time series database that spans the period from 1950 to 2009. Results suggest large variability in own-price long-term demand elasticity among wood inputs and across end uses. Softwood lumber, for example, is highly inelastic for new housing construction, inelastic for repair and remodeling, and nearly unitary elastic for nonresidential construction. Softwood plywood, on the other hand, is elastic for new housing construction and highly inelastic for nonresidential construction. In addition, we find that dynamic adjustments to long-term conditional intensity factor demand are prevalent across all inputs and among all three end-use categories.

scholarly journals The potential role of protein leverage in the US obesity epidemic

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin D Hall
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Food Supply ◽  
Absolute Amount ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Obesity Epidemic ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
The Us ◽  
United Nations Food

The protein leverage model of obesity posits that decreasing the protein content of the diet leads to compensatory increases in total energy intake to maintain an absolute amount of protein consumed. Increased energy intake thereby results in weight gain. According to data from food balance sheets from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, while the absolute protein content of the US food supply has increased since the early 1970s, the fraction of available calories from protein has decreased by ~1% due to greater increases in available carbohydrate and fat. Surprisingly, even such a small decrease in the protein fraction of the food supply has the potential to result in large increases in energy intake according to the protein leverage model. Therefore, while the protein leverage effect is unlikely to fully explain the obesity epidemic, its potential contribution should not be ignored.

scholarly journals Effects of Wood Product Utilization on Climate Change Mitigation in South Korea

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 6737
Author(s):  
Eun-Kyung Jang ◽  
Yeo-Chang Youn
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Climate Change Mitigation ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Carbon Accounting ◽  
Tier 2 ◽  
Harvested Wood Products ◽  
Tier 3 ◽  
Change Mitigation

Many countries, including South Korea, decided to suspend the inclusion of harvested wood products in their Nationally Determined Contributions, as part of the carbon inventory, in 2016. The inclusion of harvested wood products in the national greenhouse gases inventory must ensure the accuracy of carbon accounting and its conformity with the policy direction. The method used for harvested wood product carbon accounting can influence the accuracy of carbon account value, as well as policy direction based on greenhouse gas accounting. This research evaluated the utilization of domestic wood resources in South Korea in terms of carbon storage impacts from the perspective of the cascading use of wood products. The study also compared the two accounting methods (Tier 2 and Tier 3) of carbon storage for the period from 1970 to 2080, assuming the current pattern of wood resource utilization for the next sixty years. The results show that the current utilization of domestic wood resources is inefficient in terms of climate change mitigation. The analysis shows that there is a significant difference between the Tier 2 and Tier 3 methods in carbon storage effects, and the amount of harvested wood products carbon stock calculated by the Tier 2 method was found to be approximately double that of Tier 3. This result implies that there is a possibility of overestimating the carbon storage of harvested wood products when using the Tier 2 method in the case of net timber-importing countries, such as South Korea. The study can provide guidance for designing timber resource management from the perspective of the cascading use of wood products in order to contribute to sustainable development goals, including climate change mitigation.

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