scholarly journals Alcohol narrows physical distance between strangers

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (20) ◽  
pp. e2101937118
Author(s):  
Laura Gurrieri ◽  
Catharine E. Fairbairn ◽  
Michael A. Sayette ◽  
Nigel Bosch
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Social Exchange ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Social Contact ◽  
Physical Distance ◽  
Interaction Partner ◽  
Principal Mode ◽  
Alcohol Administration ◽  
To Come

Pandemic management is likely to represent a global reality for years to come, but the roadmap for how to approach pandemic restrictions is as yet unclear. Of the restrictions enacted during COVID-19, among the more controversial surround alcohol. Like many infectious diseases, the principal mode of transmission for COVID-19 is direct respiration of droplets emitted during close social contact, and health officials warn that alcohol consumption may lead to decreased adherence to physical distancing guidelines. Governing bodies have acted to close bars before restaurants and have also specifically restricted alcohol sales, while at the same time those in the nightlife industry have labeled such actions unfounded and discriminatory. Complicating such debates is the lack of evidence on alcohol’s effects on physical distance. In the current study we employed a randomized alcohol-administration design paired with computer-vision measures, analyzing over 20,000 proximity readings derived from video to examine the effect of alcohol consumption on physical distance during social interaction. Results indicated that alcohol caused individuals to draw significantly closer to an unfamiliar interaction partner during social exchange, reducing physical proximity at a rate with potentially important implications for public health. In contrast, alcohol had no effect on physical distance with a familiar interaction partner. Findings suggest that alcohol might act to overcome a natural caution people feel towards strangers and thus promote virus transmission between previously unconnected social groups.

scholarly journals Interactions between social groups of colobus monkeys (Colobus vellerosus) explain similarities in their gut microbiomes

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Wikberg ◽  
Diana Christie ◽  
Pascale Sicotte ◽  
Nelson Ting
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Social Connectedness ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Social Contact ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Colobus Monkeys ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Gut Microbe ◽  
Social Group Identity ◽  
Observation Period

AbstractThe gut microbiome is structured by social groups in a variety of host taxa. Whether this pattern is driven by relatedness, similar diets, or shared social environments is under debate because few studies have had access to the data necessary to disentangle these factors in wild populations. We investigated whether diet, relatedness, or the 1-meter proximity network best explains differences in the gut microbiome among 45 female colobus monkeys in 8 social groups residing at Boabeng-Fiema, Ghana. We combined demographic and behavioural data collected May-August 2007 and October 2008-April 2009 with 16S rRNA sequencing of faecal samples collected during the latter part of each observation period. Social group identity explained a large percentage of the variation in gut microbiome beta-diversity. When comparing the predictive power of dietary dissimilarity, relatedness, and connectedness in the 1-meter proximity network, the models with social connectedness received the strongest support, even in our analyses that excluded within-group dyads. This novel finding indicates that microbes may be transmitted during intergroup encounters, which could occur either indirectly via shared environments or directly via social contact. Lastly, some of the gut microbial taxa that appear to be transmitted via 1-meter proximity are associated with digestion of plant material, but further research is needed to investigate whether this type of gut microbe transmission yields health benefits, which could provide an incentive for the formation and maintenance of social bonds within and between social groups.

scholarly journals THE INFLUENCE OF ERGONOMIC ON WORKING FROM HOME ACTIVITIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Imtihan Hanom ◽  
Rachel Aleyda Rozefy ◽  
Hilmiyani Taqiyyah Filasta
Keyword(s):  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Physical Distance ◽  
Employee Safety ◽  
Work From Home ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Working From Home ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Government ◽  
High Flexibility

Work From Home (WFH) is a system chosen by the government in 2020 due to the spread of the Corona virus, with this system it is hoped that it can maintain social distance, namely reducing people's mobility, maintaining physical distance, and reducing crowds so that it is expected to reduce the risk of corona virus transmission. and employee safety. The WFH system has high flexibility, this is to support employee balance between work and life. The work system that changed to WFH in a short period of time made workers experience stressful conditions such as feelings of anxiety or worry for a long time, especially when they lived under the same roof with many people. In carrying out WFH, workers need a comfortable place to work to help focus on work. One of the things that play a role in creating a sense of comfort when working is the application of ergonomic rules. This study looks for any variables that can affect WFH activities and which variables most affect WFH activities. The application of ergonomics, especially macro ergonomics in WFH activities, is considered appropriate to be able to solve various problems in WFH activities. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method by conducting a study through distributing questionnaires to respondents who are doing WFH. From the results of the study, it was found that the comfort of workers in carrying out WFH activities is closely related to ergonomics in a residential house. The results of this study can be used as a reference for designing a suitable workspace for WFH activities, and as a reference for further research with a similar focus of study. Keyword: Interior, Ergonomic, Working From Home

scholarly journals The targets and linguistic expression of mockery in contemporary jokes on gender

2011 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Salomėja Bandoriūtė
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Qualitative Content Analysis ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Female Characters ◽  
Linguistic Expression ◽  
To Come ◽  
Linguistic Means

  The article concentrates on the targets and linguistic expression on mockery in contemporary jokes on gender. The jokes have been collected from the humour websites www.cha.lt, www.anekdotai.us, www.linksmas.net, www.anekdotai.biz, www.anekdotai.org, www.che.lt. The aim of the research is to find out what types of characters are usually chosen as targets of jokes and what linguistic means are employed to create the comic effect in them. In addition, the article deals with the conception of humour and joke as a genre and provides the key theories of humour research. The study has been carried out applying the method of qualitative content analysis. The results of the study suggest that the choice of the target of mockery in the jokes is often determined by the stereotypes that are common in society and by the tendency to express aggressive emotions in them. Usually the targets of mockery in the jokes are female characters, such as blondes, wives and mothers-in-law. There are approximately three times fewer jokes about men in comparison to women. The most common linguistic means employed to express mockery in the jokes are sarcasm, ambiguity, absurd and irony. It is common to come across cases of a few linguistic means in one joke as well. There has been a connection found between the employed linguistic means and the target of mockery as well as the society's view to it. The article could be valuable to linguists, folklorists, sociologists and psychologists who investigate the linguistic expression of humour, the effect of emotions on humour and the image of social groups in contemporary jokes.

SET: Still a Relevant Theory for the Future of Work

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 482-486
Author(s):  
James N. Kurtessis ◽  
Lindsay Northon ◽  
Valerie N. Streets
Keyword(s):  
Social Exchange ◽  
Social Exchange Theory ◽  
Exchange Theory ◽  
Relevant Theory ◽  
Future Of Work ◽  
Slow Change ◽  
Sufficient Cause ◽  
Short Period ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Impact

Few would argue that the workplace has changed tremendously over a short period of time and will continue to evolve in the years to come. Regardless of whether change is major or minor, lightning fast or painfully slow, change in and of itself may not be sufficient cause for substantial revision of existing theories, such as social exchange theory (SET); the formulation of entirely new theories; or the creation of new constructs. This is for two reasons: (a) the possibility that we overestimate the impact of change on the workplace, and (b) change can be readily incorporated into our existing theories. We expand on each of these points below and describe several possible macrolevel trends that may impact SET in the years to come.

Heavy Drinkers — Their Prevalence, Attitudes and Characteristics

1981 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid Reynolds ◽  
Concetta Rizzo ◽  
Hugh Gallagher ◽  
Brian Speedy
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Heavy Drinking ◽  
Social Contact ◽  
Psychosocial Problems ◽  
Sick People ◽  
Heavy Drinkers ◽  
Good For ◽  
Psychosocial Complications

Heavy drinkers were defined as those admitting to drinking six or more drinks every day or most days. This pattern of alcohol consumption which is equivalent to 80 or more grams of ethanol per day, puts them at ‘high risk’ of physical and / or psychosocial complications. Eleven percent of 23,673 males and 1% of 19,803 females who had a Medicheck screening were heavy drinkers. The most frequent reasons given for heavy drinking were relaxation, social contact and enjoyment of the taste. Most heavy drinkers felt that they drank more than was good for them but did not consider themselves to be ‘sick’ people in need of treatment. Heavy drinkers had a higher prevalence of psychosocial problems than moderate or light drinkers.

scholarly journals Economics of Genesis: On the Institutional Economic Deciphering and Reconstruction of the Stories of the Bible

2001 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sigmund Wagner-Tsukamoto
Keyword(s):  
Social Exchange ◽  
Institutional Economics ◽  
Homo Economicus ◽  
Institutional Economic ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Incentive Structures ◽  
Genesis 1 ◽  
Common Interests ◽  
To Come ◽  
Book Of Genesis

The article traces in the book of Genesis (1) theoretical and (2) methodic elements of an institutional economics: (la) the idea of capital contribution-distribution interactions as model of social exchange; (lb) the idea of incentive structures as model of an institutional regulative for social exchange; (1c) the practical-normative goal of pareto-superiority (mutuality of gains) as desired interaction outcome; (2a) the methodic concept of conflicting and common interests in contribution-distribution interactions (the idea of a dilemma structure, or “war of all”, as Hobbes called it); and (2b) the methodic concept of self-interested choice behaviour (the homo economicus, or “methodological individualism” as Hayek referred to it). On these grounds, Genesis is deciphered and reconstructed in institutional economic terms. The article develops and explores the hypotheses (i) that the stories of Genesis reflect an intense interest and attempt to come to terms with the institutional problem: of how to ensure cooperation in social interactions, and (ii) that the stories of Genesis address the institutional problem in economic terms, examining social conflict as capital contribution-distribution interactions, advising on the pareto-effectiveness of conflict resolution in relation to incentive structures, and methodically grounding analysis in the ideas of the dilemma structure and the homo economicus. An economic reconstruction of Genesis questions conventional theological suggestions on the role and extent to which the Bible invokes metaphysical concepts and metaphysical intervention for analyzing and solving social problems.

scholarly journals Rehumanizing the homeless: Altered BOLD response following contact with an extreme outgroup

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Kirk ◽  
A. O. Cohen ◽  
W. Sinnott-Armstrong ◽  
L.T. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Homeless People ◽  
Social Contact ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Bold Signal ◽  
Mixed Design ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Altered Response

AbstractDehumanized perception strips people of their humanity by ignoring their mental states. Evidence has accumulated to suggest many individuals do not spontaneously attribute mental states towards certain social groups, such as the homeless, and drug-addicted (Fiske et al., 2002, Harris & Fiske, 2006; 2007; 2011). These groups tend to elicit differential BOLD signal within areas associated with social cognition. To investigate the versatility of this response, two experiments were conducted: a mixed design study (20 participants); and a repeated-measures design (11 participants). These investigated the malleability of social cognition following a contact intervention with the homeless. Both experiments had participants make emotional judgements toward eight different social groups whilst under fMRI. The two studies found mixed evidence, demonstrating altered response to homeless people in regions such as the mPFC, Insula, IPL, and MTG following social contact. This lends some support to the use of contact as an effective intervention.

scholarly journals Experiences of Parents of Preterm Children Hospitalized Regarding Restrictions to Interact with Their Children Imposed Because of the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Patricia Osorio Galeano ◽  
Ángela María Salazar Maya
Keyword(s):  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Physical Distance ◽  
Professional Support ◽  
Health Staff ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Preterm Children ◽  
Preterm Child ◽  
Opportunities For Learning ◽  
Axial Coding

Objective. To describe the experiences of parents of hospitalized preterm children regarding the restrictions implemented in the neonatal intensive care unit -NICU- during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods. Qualitative study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted between April and October 2020 with 12 parents of preterm children, whose children were hospitalized and discharged from NICU during the pandemic. The analysis was performed with tools from grounded theory through open and axial coding. Results. The study identified four categories regarding the experience: 1) needing information: refers to the need for clear and close information to compensate for the physical distance; 2) limiting the interaction with the children: expressed as a painful situation, which minimizes opportunities for learning to care at home for their preterm child; 3) the pandemic: adding to the fears: in which the virus appears as a new threat for the children, who are vulnerable given their premature condition; and 4) limiting social support after discharge: identifies that the parents had less family and professional support for care after discharge during times of pandemic. Conclusion. Parents of preterm children lived a difficult experience that became complex within the context of the pandemic. The experiences of parents of preterm children during times of COVID-19 indicate that restrictions to enter neonatal units to prevent the virus transmission limited the interaction with the preterm child and with the health staff and increased the needs for information.

scholarly journals Incidence of Crime Under the Influence of Alcohol Intoxication in Lahore

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-26
Author(s):  
Shagufta Shafi ◽  
Muhammad Yousaf ◽  
Rizwan Zafar Ansari ◽  
Anwar UI Haq ◽  
Zahid Hussain Khalil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Alcohol Intoxication ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Religious Background ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
To Come ◽  
Crime Incidence ◽  
The City

OBJECTIVE: To determine the crimes committed under the influence of alcohol in district Lahore. METHODOLOGY: A six months study of alcohol intoxication through cases brought for examination at office of surgeon medicolegal Lahore from January 01, 2016 to June 30, 2016 is conducted. Available data is analysed on SPSS 13 which includes variables of age, gender, socio-economic conditions, religious background, and time of the day when the case brought for examination. RESULTS: Maximum number of cases is of 3rd decade of life i.e. 21-30 year of age. Consumption of alcohol is found highest in younger age group (21-30 years) i.e. 57.6%, while minimum consumption is observed i.e. 4% and 4.1% respectively in the age group of 51-60 years and 61-70 years. The cases which were males, Muslims and brought at day time, formed a larger group which outnumbered the females, non- Muslims and night cases. CONCLUSION: The study indicated that rate of crime incidence under alcohol consumption was significantly high in Muslim males. The facts highlighted by the study are significant and may be helpful to policy makers and law enforcing authorities in the city of Lahore for the years to come.

INCREASING THE VERACITY OF IMPLICITLY BIASED RANKINGS

Episteme ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 499-517
Author(s):  
Martin L. Jönsson ◽  
Julia Sjödahl
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Bias ◽  
Good Reason ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Epistemological Problem ◽  
Best Estimate ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Way

ABSTRACTIn spite of our good intentions and explicit egalitarian convictions, we habitually disfavor the underprivileged. The rapidly growing literature on implicit bias – unconscious, automatic tendencies to associate negative traits with members of particular social groups – points towards explanations of this dissonance, although rarely towards generalizable solutions. In a recent paper, Jennifer Saul (2013) draws attention to the alarming epistemological problems that implicit bias carries with it; since our judgments about each other are likely influenced by implicit bias, we have good reason to doubt their veracity. In this paper we explore a novel way to come to terms with the epistemological problem as it manifests itself in ranking situations, i.e. how we can know that the way in which we have ranked a group of people for a certain position, reflects their actual competence (or the best estimate of their competence given the evidence). On our approach, rather than attempting to make people less biased, we suggest that biased behavior can sometimes be corrected after the fact. In particular, the veracity of rankings can sometimes be improved by modifying the rankings directly. We investigate three methods that modify biased rankings, and argue that the last of these solves the epistemological problem that we are concerned with.

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