scholarly journals Multicomponent nature underlies the extraordinary mechanical properties of spider dragline silk

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (31) ◽  
pp. e2107065118
Author(s):  
Nobuaki Kono ◽  
Hiroyuki Nakamura ◽  
Masaru Mori ◽  
Yuki Yoshida ◽  
Rintaro Ohtoshi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Genome Sequencing ◽  
Silk Gland ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Dragline Silk ◽  
Spider Dragline Silk ◽  
Multicomponent Nature ◽  
High Quality Genome

Dragline silk of golden orb-weaver spiders (Nephilinae) is noted for its unsurpassed toughness, combining extraordinary extensibility and tensile strength, suggesting industrial application as a sustainable biopolymer material. To pinpoint the molecular composition of dragline silk and the roles of its constituents in achieving its mechanical properties, we report a multiomics approach, combining high-quality genome sequencing and assembly, silk gland transcriptomics, and dragline silk proteomics of four Nephilinae spiders. We observed the consistent presence of the MaSp3B spidroin unique to this subfamily as well as several nonspidroin SpiCE proteins. Artificial synthesis and the combination of these components in vitro showed that the multicomponent nature of dragline silk, including MaSp3B and SpiCE, along with MaSp1 and MaSp2, is essential to realize the mechanical properties of spider dragline silk.

scholarly journals Multicomponent nature underlies the extraordinary mechanical properties of spider dragline silk

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuaki Kono ◽  
Hiroyuki Nakamura ◽  
Masaru Mori ◽  
Yuki Yoshida ◽  
Rintaro Ohtoshi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Genome Sequencing ◽  
Silk Gland ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Dragline Silk ◽  
Spider Dragline Silk ◽  
Multicomponent Nature ◽  
High Quality Genome

AbstractDragline silk of golden orb-weaver spiders (Nephilinae) is noted for its unsurpassed toughness, combining extraordinary extensibility and tensile strength, suggesting industrial application as a sustainable biopolymer material. To pinpoint the molecular composition of dragline silk and the roles of its constituents in achieving its mechanical properties, we report a multiomics approach combining high-quality genome sequencing and assembly, silk gland transcriptomics, and dragline silk proteomics of four Nephilinae spiders. We observed the consistent presence of the MaSp3B spidroin unique to this subfamily, as well as several non-spidroin SpiCE proteins. Artificial synthesis and combination of these components in vitro showed that the multicomponent nature of dragline silk, including MaSp3B and SpiCE, along with MaSp1 and MaSp2, is essential to realize the mechanical properties of spider dragline silk.

Effects of Cyclic Stress on the Mechanical Properties of Cultured Collagen Fascicles from the Rabbit Patellar Tendon

2003 ◽  
Vol 125 (6) ◽  
pp. 893-901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ei Yamamoto ◽  
Susumu Tokura ◽  
Kozaburo Hayashi
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Patellar Tendon ◽  
Control Level ◽  
Quadratic Function ◽  
Peak Stress ◽  
Cyclic Stress ◽  
Original Strength

Effects of cyclic stress on the mechanical properties of collagen fascicles were studied by in vitro tissue culture experiments. Collagen fascicles (approximately 300 μm in diameter) obtained from the rabbit patellar tendon were applied cyclic load at 4 Hz for one hour per day during culture period for one or two weeks, and then their mechanical properties were determined using a micro-tensile tester. There was a statistically significant correlation between tensile strength and applied peak stress in the range of 0 to 5 MPa, and the relation was expressed by a quadratic function. The maximum strength (19.4 MPa) was obtained at the applied peak stress of 1.8 MPa. The tensile strength of fascicles were within a range of control values, if they were cultured under peak stresses between 1.1 and 2.6 MPa. Similar results were also observed in the tangent modulus, which was maintained at control level under applied peak stresses between 0.9 and 2.8 MPa. The stress of 0.9 to 1.1 MPa is equivalent to approximately 40% of the in vivo peak stress which is developed in the intact rabbit patellar tendon by running, whereas that of 2.6 to 2.8 MPa corresponds to approximately 120% of the in vivo peak stress. Therefore, the fascicles cultured under applied peak stresses of lower than 40% and higher than 120% of the in vivo peak stress do not keep the original strength and modulus. These results indicate that the mechanical properties of cultured collagen fascicles strongly depend upon the magnitude of the stress applied during culture, which are similar to our previous results observed in stress-shielded and overstressed patellar tendons in vivo.

scholarly journals 3D Plotting using Camphene as Pore-regulating Agent to Produce Hierarchical Macro/micro-porous Poly(ε-caprolactone)/calcium phosphate Composite Scaffolds

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (17) ◽  
pp. 2650
Author(s):  
Jae-Won Choi ◽  
Woo-Youl Maeng ◽  
Young-Hag Koh ◽  
Hyun Lee ◽  
Hyoun-Ee Kim
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Phase Separation ◽  
Calcium Phosphate ◽  
Tensile Modulus ◽  
Compressive Modulus ◽  
Composite Scaffolds ◽  
In Vitro Biocompatibility ◽  
Porous Poly

This study demonstrates the utility of camphene as the pore-regulating agent for phase separation-based 3D plotting to produce hierarchical macro/micro-porous poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL)–calcium phosphate (CaP) composite scaffolds, specifically featuring highly microporous surfaces. Unlike conventional particulate porogens, camphene is highly soluble in acetone, the solvent for PCL polymer, but insoluble in coagulation medium (water). In this study, this unique characteristic supported the creation of numerous micropores both within and at the surfaces of PCL and PCL–CaP composite filaments when using high camphene contents (40 and 50 wt%). In addition, the incorporation of the CaP particles into PCL solutions did not deteriorate the formation of microporous structures, and thus hierarchical macro/micro-porous PCL–CaP composite scaffolds could be successfully produced. As the CaP content increased, the in vitro biocompatibility, apatite-forming ability, and mechanical properties (tensile strength, tensile modulus, and compressive modulus) of the PCL–CaP composite scaffolds were substantially improved.

scholarly journals Autologous Platelet Gel (APG): A Preliminary Evaluation of the Mechanical Properties after Activation with Autologous Thrombin and Calcium Chloride

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 3941
Author(s):  
Antonio Scarano ◽  
Calogero Bugea ◽  
Lucia Leo ◽  
Pablo Santos de Oliveira ◽  
Felice Lorusso
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
Loading Test ◽  
Platelet Gel ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Autologous Platelet

The tensional and mechanical behavior of regenerative components, grafts, and blood clots represent an essential condition for the success of bone regeneration protocols. Autologous platelet growth factors represent a useful protocol to enhance the soft and hard tissue healing in several fields of medicine and craniofacial surgery. Different protocols for blood concentrates with and without activation have been proposed in literature. The aim of the present study was to investigate in vitro the mechanical properties of autologous platelet gel (APG) with autologous thrombin and calcium chloride. Materials and Methods: A total of 20 APG samples were evaluated; 10 samples were activated by autologous thrombin and calcium chloride (Group I) and 10 samples were non-activated (Group II). The tensile strength and modulus of elasticity were calculated through a static loading test (Lloyd 30 K, Lloyd Instruments Ltd., Segensworth, UK). Results: Group I (activated) reported a tensile strength of 373.5 ± 14.3 MPa, while Group II showed a significantly lower value of of 360.5 ± 16.3 MPa (p < 0.05). The Young’s modulus was 145.3 ± 10.4 MPa for Group I and 140.3 ± 15.3 MPa for Group II (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The effectiveness of the present in vitro simulation showed that the APG activation protocol is able to increase the mechanical characteristics of the blood derivates and could be clinically useful to enhance regenerative procedures.

Effects of Static Stress on the Mechanical Properties of Cultured Collagen Fascicles From the Rabbit Patellar Tendon

2001 ◽  
Vol 124 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ei Yamamoto ◽  
Wataru Iwanaga ◽  
Hiroshi Miyazaki ◽  
Kozaburo Hayashi
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Applied Stress ◽  
Patellar Tendon ◽  
Control Level ◽  
Peak Stress ◽  
Static Stress ◽  
Tangent Modulus

In-vitro tissue culture experiments were performed to study the effects of static stress on the mechanical properties of collagen fascicles obtained from the rabbit patellar tendon. After collagen fascicles having the diameter of approximately 300 μm were cultured for 1 and 2 wk under static stress between 0 and 3 MPa, their mechanical properties and crimp morphology were determined using a micro-tensile tester and a light microscope, respectively. The tensile strength and tangent modulus of the fascicles were significantly decreased by culture under no load compared to control fascicles. A statistically significant correlation, which was described by a quadratic curve, was observed between applied stress and tensile strength. The maximum tensile strength (16.7 MPa) was obtained at the applied stress of 1.2 MPa; the strength was within a range of control values. There was a similar correlation between applied stress and tangent modulus, and the modulus was maintained at control level under 1.3 MPa stress. The stress of 1.2 to 1.3 MPa is equivalent to approximately 50 percent of the peak stress developed in the intact rabbit patellar tendon by running. Strain at failure of cultured collagen fascicles was negatively correlated with applied stress, and that at 1.2 to 1.3 MPa stress was almost the same as the control value. Crimp morphology in the fascicles cultured under about 1.2 MPa stress was similar to that in control fascicles. These results indicate that cultured collagen fascicles change the mechanical properties and structure in response to static tensile stress. In addition, their mechanical properties and structure are maintained at control level if the static stress of 50 percent of in-vivo peak stress is applied.

scholarly journals Mechanical Properties of Spider Dragline Silk: Humidity, Hysteresis, and Relaxation

2007 ◽  
Vol 93 (12) ◽  
pp. 4425-4432 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Vehoff ◽  
A. Glišović ◽  
H. Schollmeyer ◽  
A. Zippelius ◽  
T. Salditt
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Dragline Silk ◽  
Spider Dragline Silk

scholarly journals Role of Skin Layers on Mechanical Properties and Supercontraction of Spider Dragline Silk Fiber

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 1970006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenjiro Yazawa ◽  
Ali D. Malay ◽  
Hiroyasu Masunaga ◽  
Keiji Numata
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Silk Fiber ◽  
Dragline Silk ◽  
Spider Dragline Silk

Analysis of the Process of AA-6201 Feedstock Using Continuous Casting and Extrusion

2007 ◽  
Vol 340-341 ◽  
pp. 713-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tian Guo Zhou ◽  
Zheng Yi Jiang ◽  
Jing Lin Wen ◽  
Hai Bo Xie ◽  
A. Kiet Tieu
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Continuous Casting ◽  
Extrusion Ratio ◽  
Ageing Temperature ◽  
Solution Temperature ◽  
Strengthening Phase ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Cooling Speed ◽  
On Line

Effects of the extrusion ratio, on-line solution temperature and cooling speed on the microstructures, mechanical properties and conductivity of AA-6201 feedstock have been investigated. Experimental results show that the size of the grain of the feedstock grows slowly with an increase of on-line solution temperature, the size of strengthening phase becomes smaller and the density becomes bigger with an increase of extrusion ratio. The tensile strength of AA-6201 feedstock after T-6 treated increases with an increase of extrusion ratio, on-line cooling speed, and with a decrease of solution temperature, and the conductivity is a little penalty. Under the conditions of the extrusion ratio 16.5, on-line solution temperature 793.15K and ageing temperature 423.15K, the tensile strength, elongation and conductivity are 324 MPa, 10.1 % and 53.0% IACS respectively. A feedstock with high quality can be produced by a method of continuous casting and extrusion.

PENGARUH HARDENING PADA BAJA JIS G 4051 GRADE S45C TERHADAP SIFAT MEKANIS DAN STRUKTUR MIKRO

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Koos Sarjono
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Engineering Industry ◽  
Heat Treatment Process ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Metallic Material ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Industrial Demand

Steel represents a metallic material which is still dominantly used in the engineering industry and mechanical construction. In order to fulfil the industrial demand, the high quality and mechanical properties of steel has to be always available.It is necessary to conduct a heat-treatment process to identify the improvement of mechanical properties and microstructure of steel JIS G 4051 grade S 45 C .Results of the heat-treatment process indicate that the maximum tensile strength of the investigated steel is 1074 MPa , it is earning from the warm-up temperature 860 °C and the highest hardness of the investigated steel is 579 HV it is earning from the warm-up temperature 920 °C . These results meet to AISI – SAE 1045 or JIS G 4051 grade S 45 C standard.

Development of Aluminum-Lithium Alloys Processed by the Rheo Container Process

2006 ◽  
Vol 116-117 ◽  
pp. 513-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Sauermann ◽  
Bernd Friedrich ◽  
T. Grimmig ◽  
M. Buenck ◽  
Andreas Bührig-Polaczek
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Collaborative Research ◽  
Induction Melting ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Aluminum Lithium ◽  
Semi Solid ◽  
Aluminum Lithium Alloys ◽  
Lithium Alloys

This investigation describes the development and evaluation of thixoformable alloys on Al-Li-Mg basis in the scope of the collaborative research center SFB 289 at RWTH Aachen University. Scandium and zirconium was added to Al-Li2.1-Mg5.5 (A1420) with the aid of DoE (Design of Experiments) and precursor billets were manufactured by pressure induction melting (PIM). To evaluate the thixoformability of the synthesized alloys high-quality semi solid processed demonstrators were manufactured by the Rheo-Container-Process. Subsequent heat treatment raised the mechanical properties to maximum values of tensile strength of 432MPa, yield strength of 220MPa and an elongation of 13%. The RCP-Process was designed for the special requirements of this high reactive alloy. The paper will present extraordinary benefits in terms of properties and process simpleness for the semi-solid processing of Al-Li alloys.

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