An invisible operational mortar

AILA Review ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-121
Author(s):  
Christopher J. McKenna
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
North Carolina ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Ethnic Studies ◽  
Racial Segregation ◽  
Social Hierarchies ◽  
Robeson County ◽  
The Face ◽  
Jim Crow South

Abstract The contribution seeks to apply the principles of J. L. Austin’s speech-act theories to the study of local business segregation in the Jim Crow South. In particular, it borrows the notions of illocutionary and perlocutionary force when examining the seemingly bland and prosaic statements that are often used to normalise segregation within the business of commercial entertainment. For purposes of expanding the complexity of typical Manichaean (i.e., Black vs White) ethnic studies, this analysis was developed within the context of tri-racial segregation as applied to rural moviegoing within Robeson County, North Carolina during the first half of the twentieth century. Notably, the development of Robeson’s historical cinema-exhibition spaces eventually resulted in a highly unusual venue – i.e., the three-entrance theatre – whose physical architecture reflected tensions between local ethnic demographics and desired social hierarchies. Yet even in the face of these unusual physical constructs, this study contends that seemingly everyday objective/descriptive and non-demonising language remained an essential component in enforcing segregation.

Overcoming Challenges

2018 ◽  
pp. 97-108
Author(s):  
Jenny M. Luke
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Medical Association ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
Medical Profession ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
National Medical ◽  
The Hill ◽  
Jim Crow South

As one explanation for the longevity and centrality of lay midwifery in southern childbirth culture, chapter 11 focuses on the lack of medical support and hospital facilities available to African Americans in the Jim Crow South. It reaches back to the early twentieth century and examines the challenges faced by black medical schools and hospitals, and the establishment of the National Medical Association. The problems associated with segregated facilities and the consequences of the Hill-Burton Act failed to ease the pressures on the black medical profession. The Slossfield Community Center in Birmingham Alabama is used as a case study to emphasize the both the obstacles faced by black hospitals and physicians, and the benefits of a holistic, interdisciplinary approach to wellness.

Cultural Motifs Persist

2018 ◽  
pp. 25-31
Author(s):  
Jenny M. Luke
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
African American ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
General Overview ◽  
Lay Midwifery ◽  
National Perspective ◽  
Jim Crow South

After a general overview of childbirth’s shift to hospital in the early decades of the twentieth century from a national perspective, the chapter narrows its focus to the Jim Crow South. The cultural motifs established during slavery are highlighted as features of African American lay midwifery. A religious calling, an intergenerational female connectedness, and authority to practice were inherent characteristics of the midwife’s role.

Adrienne Herndon's Homeplaces: Shakespeare and Black Resistance in Atlanta, c.1906

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-58
Author(s):  
PATRICIA A. CAHILL
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Visual Culture ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
Black Americans ◽  
The Political ◽  
White Supremacist ◽  
Domestic Spaces ◽  
Racial Trauma ◽  
Black Resistance ◽  
Jim Crow South

This essay examines the political significance of the career of Atlanta-based Shakespearean Adrienne McNeil Herndon in the early twentieth century. It contextualizes Herndon's writing in the activist journal Voice of the Negro and elucidates the radicalism of Herndon's Shakespeare work at Atlanta University and beyond. More broadly, the essay shows how Herndon's performances and pedagogy – especially her focus on elocution work, bodily expressivity, domestic spaces, and visual culture – repeatedly challenged the white supremacist culture of the Jim Crow South, offering black Americans a way to resist racial terrorism and endure racial trauma.

scholarly journals North Carolina Books

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Eileen McGrath
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
Jewish Life ◽  
Red Clay ◽  
Race Riot ◽  
The North ◽  
Race Identity ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Hill ◽  
Jim Crow South

Compiled by Eileen McGrath, the following books are included: The North Carolina Gazetter: A Dictionary of Tar Heel Places and Their History; Becoming Elizabeth Lawrence: Discovered Letters of a Southern Gardener; The Southern Mind under Union Rule: The Diary of James Rumley; A Day of Blood: The 1898 Wilmington Race Riot; Kay Kyser: The Ol' Professor of Sing! America's Forgotten Superstar; Haven on the Hill: A History of North Carolina's Dorothea Dix Hospital; Middle of the Air; Lumbee Indians in the Jim Crow South: Race, Identity, and the Making of a Nation; Cow across America; Real NASCAR: White Lightning, Red Clay, and Big Bill France; 27 Views of Hillsborough: A Southern Town in Prose & Poetry; Twelve by Twelve: A One Room Cabin off the Grid and beyond the American Dream; and Down Home: Jewish Life in North Carolina.

The Making of the Modern Death Penalty in Jim Crow North Carolina

2019 ◽  
pp. 192-214
Author(s):  
Seth Kotch
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
North Carolina ◽  
African American ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Public Space ◽  
Death Penalty ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
The State ◽  
Religious Convictions ◽  
The Impact

focuses on the transition from local public hangings to state-controlled electrocutions in North Carolina in the early twentieth century. The chapter addresses the impact of this shift on African American communities. Although the death penalty had long served as an instrument of racial control, the ritual of a local hanging nevertheless had allowed the condemned and black witnesses a public space to express religious convictions and honor the condemned’s suffering. Once the state seized control of this ritual, African Americans were largely excluded as witnesses. The modern death penalty thus came to represent the racial subjugation of Jim Crow, indeed having more in common with lynchings than legal hangings had.

Child of the Jim Crow South

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Rosen ◽  
Joseph Mosnier
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
Racial Segregation ◽  
Black Child ◽  
Montgomery County ◽  
Formative Experiences ◽  
Depression Era ◽  
Jim Crow South ◽  
The U.S

This chapter tells the story of the Depression-era, Jim Crow world from which Julius LeVonne Chambers emerged, recounting his childhood, family, and formative experiences. LeVonne Chambers (Julius Chambers's birth name) was born in October 1936, in the tiny crossroads town of Mt. Gilead, in rural Montgomery County, North Carolina. No black child born to such a time and place easily escaped the fetters imposed by the South's rigid racial segregation. Not one black child in ten in Montgomery County completed high school in those years; not one in one hundred graduated from college. Yet, by some combination of ability, effort, and good fortune, and with the unstinting support of his parents and community, Chambers set himself on a path that would lead to, at age thirty-four, to the appellant's lectern at the U.S. Supreme Court.

scholarly journals Race and Authoritarianism in American Politics

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 503-519
Author(s):  
Christopher Sebastian Parker ◽  
Christopher C. Towler
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
Levels Of Analysis ◽  
Communities Of Color ◽  
Spatial Differences ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Democratic Norms ◽  
Jim Crow South

Authoritarianism, it seems, is alive and well these days. The Trump administration's blatant dismissal of democratic norms has many wondering whether it fits the authoritarian model. This review offers a framework for understanding authoritarianism in the American past, as well as the American present. Starting in the early twentieth century, this analysis seeks to provide a better understanding of how authoritarianism once existed in enclaves in the Jim Crow South, where it was intended to dominate blacks in the wake of emancipation. Confining the definition of authoritarianism to regime rule, however, leaves little room for a discussion of more contemporary authoritarianism, at the micro level. This review shifts focus to an assessment of political psychology's concept of authoritarianism and how it ultimately drives racism. Ultimately, we believe a tangible connection exists between racism and authoritarianism. Even so, we question the mechanism. Along the way, we also discuss the ways in which communities of color, often the targets of authoritarianism, resist the intolerance to which they have been exposed. We conclude with a discussion of why we believe, despite temporal and spatial differences as well as incongruous levels of analysis, that micro- and macro-level authoritarianism have much in common.

Class as Race and Gender|Making and Breaking a Labor Union in the Jim Crow South

1995 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 425-454
Author(s):  
Larry J. Griffin ◽  
Robert R. Korstad
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
Labor Relations ◽  
Labor Union ◽  
Collective Actions ◽  
Manufacturing Facility ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
National Labor Relations Board ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Jim Crow South

Early in 1944 the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) certified Local 22 of the United Cannery, Agricultural, Packing, and Allied Workers of America (UCAPAWA) as the bargaining agent for manufacturing workers at the R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company (RJR) in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. The local was built and largely sustained by the collective actions of African Americans, especially women, who quickly made it the primary institutional locus advancing the racial aspirations of Winston-Salem's black working class. Operating the largest tobacco manufacturing facility in the world and employing a workforce of 12,000, none unionized (Tilley 1948, 1985), RJR vigorously fought the local from its inception.

Book Faces

2020 ◽  
pp. 150-165
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Goldsby
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
African American ◽  
American Literature ◽  
African American Literature ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cultural Work ◽  
Black Literature ◽  
Ethics Of Reading ◽  
The Face

Across the first half of the twentieth century, author portraits migrated from the frontispiece inside of books to the exterior covers of dust jackets; at the same time, while Jim Crow segregation reached its repressive heights in the United States, African-American literature enjoyed unprecedented circulation in the mainstream literary marketplace. This chapter traces this convergence to explore the cultural work performed by the “face” of a book—frontispieces, dust jackets, and author portraits. Examining these lays bare the signal development that distinguishes mid-twentieth-century African-American authorship from its eighteenth- and nineteenth-century precedents: namely, the turn away from writing as corroboration of black humanity to writing as expressive of black pluralities or personae. By setting alterity, not authenticity, as the threshold where readers meet and interpret black literature as works of art, the migration of author portraits also functions as a trope for the ethics of reading.

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