The Unconditioned and the Absolute in Kant and Early German Romanticism

Kant Yearbook ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Watkins
Keyword(s):  
German Romanticism ◽  
Friedrich Schlegel ◽  
General Line ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Do So

AbstractThis paper argues not only that Schelling, Novalis, and Friedrich Schlegel are reacting directly to Kant (rather than simply to each other and to other post-Kantian figures), but also that they are responding in complex ways to one particularly prominent and distinctive line of thought in Kant, namely his account of reason, conditions, and the unconditioned. Though Kant argues that we cannot have cognition of unconditioned objects, he none the less thinks that reason demands that we accept the existence of such objects. The paper argues that the German Romantics take over this general line of thought, though they do so in different contexts and to different ends. Specifically, focusing on this dimension of Kant’s thought allows us to see both how the logic of conditioning relations can be seen to be driving their arguments for the Absolute, and how Kant’s particular conception of conditioning relations gives rise to important differences from the views of the German Romantics. For whereas he distinguishes different kinds of real conditioning relations, they operate with a generic conception of conditioning that leads to their distinctive Romantic views.

Frequency and Tense Use in French

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 43-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arie Molendijk ◽  
Henriette E. de Swart
Keyword(s):  
General Rule ◽  
Concrete Situation ◽  
Dependent Frequency ◽  
Temporal Relationships ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Do So

Abstract. This paper deals wilh the use of Ihe passé simple and the imparfait of French in frequentative sentences. It is argued that frequency implies sentence-internal quantification, meaning that frequentative sentences report just one (complex) eventuality. This claim is related to the fact that, as far as establishing temporal relationships between eventualities is concerned, sentences containing frequency adverbs behave like sentences that don't imply quantification at all. So they may establish all kinds of temporal relationships between eventualities. Given the claims put forward in this paper about the temporal meaning of the passe* simple and the imparfait (Molendijk 1990), it naturally follows that, as a general rule, frequency adverbs combine with both tenses. But they do not always do so under exactly the same circumstances. In this regard, a distinction can be made between dependent frequency adverbs {tout le temps 'all the time' etc.), which imply reference to a contextually determinable concrete situation, and independent ones (toujours 'always', etc.), which may be used without any reference to such a situation. This distinction helps us to understand, for instance, why dependent frequency adverbs do not easily combine with the 'absolute' (non-narrative) passe simple, whereas they do combine with the imparfait and the 'narrative' passé simple.

Tennant's Struggle with a “Desperate Task”

1942 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-208
Author(s):  
Graham Frisbee
Keyword(s):  
William James ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Do So

In his essay, “On God and the Absolute,” F. H. Bradley declares that the “assertor of an imperfect God is, whether he knows it or not, face to face with a desperate task or a forlorn alternative. He must try to show (how I cannot tell) that the entire rest of the Universe, outside his limited God, is known to be still weaker and more limited. Or he must appeal to us to follow our Leader blindly and, for all we know, to a common and overwhelming defeat.” The appeal of the second course, even when it is set forth in the spirited and heroic manner of William James, cannot survive a full realization of what is involved in such a prospect. It is not surprising, therefore, to find that most of the more sober-minded theologians who hold the idea of a limited God attempt to do so in the first form suggested by Bradley. F. R. Tennant belongs to this group. And it is his attempt to accomplish the “desperate task” that we propose to examine.

Novalis (Georg Philipp Friedrich von Hardenberg) (1772–1801)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Bowie
Keyword(s):  
Modern Philosophy ◽  
Natural Science ◽  
The Political ◽  
Friedrich Schleiermacher ◽  
German Romanticism ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Friedrich Schlegel ◽  
Philosophical Work

Novalis (the name is a pseudonym adopted for his published writings) was, together with Friedrich Schlegel and Friedrich Schleiermacher, the leading philosophical thinker of ‘early German Romanticism’. Until recently Novalis was regarded primarily as a poet and as the author of the novel Heinrich von Ofterdingen, who wrote some philosophical work in conjunction with his writings on natural science and on the political matters of his day. In the wake of the renewed philosophical interest in the philosophy of J.G. Fichte and other German idealist thinkers, there has been a reassessment of the writings of both Schlegel and Novalis. It is now apparent that, far from being, as most commentators present them, defenders of Fichte’s ‘subjective idealism’, Novalis and Schlegel arrived at significant criticisms of Fichte’s idealism and initiated an anti-foundationalist tendency in modern philosophy which still has significant resonances today.

Prophecies of Language

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina Mendicino
Keyword(s):  
German Romanticism ◽  
Friedrich Schlegel ◽  
Wilhelm Von Humboldt ◽  
Literature And Philosophy ◽  
Future Events ◽  
Point Of Departure ◽  
Friedrich Hölderlin ◽  
The Way

The scenes of Babel and Pentecost, the original confusion of tongues and their redemption through translation, haunt German Romanticism and Idealism. This book retraces the ways in which the task of translation, so crucial to the literature and philosophy of Romanticism, is repeatedly tied to prophecy, not in the sense of telling future events, but in the sense of speaking in the place of another—most often unbeknownst to the speaker herself. In prophecy, in other words, the confusion of tongues repeats, each time anew, and prophecy means, first of all, speaking in more than one voice—and more than one tongue—at once, unpredictably. This book argues that the relation between translation and prophecy drawn by German Romantic writers fundamentally changes the way we must approach this so-called “Age of Translation.” Instead of taking as its point of departure the opposition of the familiar and the foreign, this book suggests that Romantic writing provokes the questions: how could one read a language that is not one? And what would such a polyvocal, polyglot language, have to say about philology—both for the Romantics, whose translation projects are most intimately related to their philological preoccupations, and for us? Through careful readings of major texts by G.W.F. Hegel, Wilhelm von Humboldt, Friedrich Schlegel, and Friedrich Hölderlin, this book proposes a version of philology that does not take language as a given but rather attends to language as it pushes against the limits of what can be said.

scholarly journals The heat-tension ratio in prolonged tetanic contractions

1931 ◽  
Vol 108 (759) ◽  
pp. 522-537 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Acid Formation ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Do So

It was found by Hartree and Hill (1921) that in tetanic contractions of various durations the relation between heat liberated and duration of stimulus soon becomes linear; from the slope of the curve relating the two variables the absolute values of the heat production were calculated, per centimetre length of muscle, per gramme weight of tension maintained, per second of stimulus, in contractions at various temperatures. No observations, however, were made with tetani longer than 2 seconds. The isometric time coefficients of lactic acid formation and of phosphagen breakdown (subsequently denoted, following Meyerhof, by the symbols K 2 ( I .) and K 2 ( P ) respectively) have been determined by various workers and summarised by Meyerhof (1930, pp. 102, 234, etc.). Recently, however, the existence of delayed lactic acid formation following a tetanus, long maintained by embden and his school, has been confirmed by Meyerhof and his collaborators (1931), who failed to do so in several previous investigations. Lundsgaard (1931) also has found that the anaerobic delayed lactic acid formation following a 5-second tetanus may be over one-half of the total lactic acid set free. When there is a delayed lactic acid formation amounting to as much as, or more than, 100 per cent. of that occurring during the contraction proper, it is obvious that the values of K 2 ( I .) and K 2 ( P ) lack significance unless the time from the end of the stimulus at which the chemical determinations are made is specified. The older chemical investigations mentioned thus require revision, which has been given in a recent paper by Meyerhof and Schulz (1931).

scholarly journals The Concept of The Duplicity of Being (From German Romanticism to Present)

wisdom ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 200-207
Author(s):  
Yelena ETARYAN
Keyword(s):  
Fairy Tale ◽  
Scientific Paper ◽  
Thomas Mann ◽  
German Romanticism ◽  
Friedrich Schlegel ◽  
Literary Works ◽  
Main Emphasis ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Literary Aesthetic

The following scientific paper aims to show the realization of the romantic concept of a progressive universal poetry by Friedrich Schlegel on the basis of the works of E.T.A. Hoffmann and Thomas Mann. To this purpose, the fairy tale “The Golden Pot” (“Der goldene Topf”) and the novella “Tonio Kröger” are subject to analysis.  In the analysis of the literary works and the presentation of the poetics of the writers, the main emphasis is on the problem of the relationship between poetry and reality, spirit and nature, which lies at the basis of the concept of the duplicity of being.    Keywords: cognition, truth, duplicity, dualism, literary-aesthetic reflections.  

Romanticism, German

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick Beiser
Keyword(s):  
Modern Society ◽  
Western Philosophy ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
German Romanticism ◽  
Friedrich Schlegel ◽  
Aesthetics And Politics ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mechanistic Worldview ◽  
Specific Culture

Because Romanticism has many meanings which vary according to time and place, it is best to examine the movement in a specific culture and period. Of all the phases of Romanticism, early German Romanticism is of special importance in the history of Western philosophy. The early German Romantics – Friedrich Schlegel, Friedrich von Hardenberg, Schleiermacher and Schelling – developed influential ideas in the fields of metaphysics, ethics, aesthetics and politics. The aim of their movement was essentially social and political: to overcome the alienation and disenchantment created by modernity, and to restore unity with oneself, others and nature. In accord with this aim, the Romantics advocated an ethics of love and self-realization, in opposition to hedonism and the Kantian ethic of duty. They championed an ideal of community against the competitive egoism of modern society; and, finally, they developed an organic concept of nature against the mechanistic worldview of Cartesian physics. Romantic ethics, politics and aesthetics should all be seen in the light of their essential cultural goal: to cure humanity of homesickness and to make people feel at home in the world again.

Creatively Engaging the Political

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caron E. Gentry
Keyword(s):  
Visual Arts ◽  
Spoken Word ◽  
The Political ◽  
Power Structures ◽  
Christian Realism ◽  
Alternative Perspective ◽  
The People ◽  
Per Se ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Do So

This chapter establishes feminist Christian realism in IR as focused upon addressing power structures and articulating a rigorous creative response to anxiety. A creative response to injustice recognizes not just the ability of love to operate in political contexts but the absolute need for it to do so. Creativity has been reduced to an egotistical proposition, glorifying human ingenuity and genius. It tends to focus on the people who are well recognized and therefore set apart from the rest of population for their contributions to society: whether this is written or spoken word, music, visual arts, or inventions. There is an alternative perspective on creativity, one that is not located within human ingenuity per se but rather on relationships, community, and agape—one that is cognizant of mutual vulnerability.

Progress

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 262-279
Author(s):  
S. D. Chrostowska
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Intellectual History ◽  
German Romanticism ◽  
Friedrich Schlegel ◽  
Philosophical System ◽  
Charles Perrault

Abstract This article begins from the assumption that what was once an integral dimension of progress—the development of literature and of art more generally—now lies outside its scope. The essay falls into three parts that juxtapose French with German intellectual history. The first part examines the notion of literary progress developed by Charles Perrault and Fontenelle, as well as the opposition to it by Boileau and other antiquarians, during the querelle des Anciens et des Modernes in the later seventeenth century. The second part treats the reception of those arguments during the eighteenth century by J. C. Gottsched, J. J. Bodmer, and J. J. Breitinger. Special attention is given to the paradox that Gottsched, the leader of the German antiquarians, and Bodmer, the leader of the German progressives, were equally devoted to the Leibnizian-Wolffian philosophical system and thus that German Romanticism, heavily indebted to Bodmer's poetics, had roots in rationalist philosophy. The essay's third part discusses ideas of literary progress in the writings of the early Romantics J. G. Herder and Friedrich Schlegel. As these discussions show, the conception of general progress was formed in a field that has since dissociated itself from progress's march.

Rousseau's Moral Realism: Replacing Natural Law with the General Will

1983 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 633-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur M. Melzer
Keyword(s):  
Social Contract ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Natural Law ◽  
Moral Realism ◽  
General Will ◽  
Classical View ◽  
Natural Goodness ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Do So

The Social Contract is reinterpreted by emphasizing its relation to Rousseau's other writings and doctrines. In the spirit of Hobbesian realism, Rousseau regards natural law and other forms of “private morality” as ineffectual, invalid, and in practice dangerous tools of oppression and subversion. But, still more realistic than Hobbes, Rousseau thinks it impossible to build a nonoppressive state on men's selfish interests alone and embraces the classical view that morality or virtue is politically necessary (as well as intrinsically good). Rousseau's doctrine of the natural goodness of man, however, which traces all vice to the effects of oppression, leads him to conclude that the non-oppression more or less guaranteed by the absolute rule of general laws is also sufficient to make men virtuous. Thus Rousseau can declare law as such (General Will) infallible and “sovereign”—and he must do so in order to protect rule of law from its greatest danger, the subversive appeal to “natural law.”

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