Invoking scalarity

2000 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott A. Schwenter ◽  
Elizabeth Closs Traugott
Keyword(s):  
Personal Evaluation ◽  
Epistemic Belief ◽  
Discourse Marker ◽  
The World

The discourse contexts are analyzed in which clause-internal in fact developed pragmaticalized meanings and came to invoke scalarity in two domains: epistemic sentence adverb (IPAdv), and additive discourse marker (DM). In both these uses, in fact tightens word to world fit (Powell 1992): the world of epistemic belief in the case of the IPAdv, the world of evaluative, rhetorical perspective in the case of the DM. The analysis therefore provides further evidence for (i) pragmatic ambiguities across these worlds (Sweetser 1990), (ii) subjectification that shifts perspectives from interpersonal (adversative) to personal evaluation (Traugott 1989), (iii) the pragmatic relationship between scalarity, adversativity and additivity (Schwenter 1999). The different orientations of the two uses suggest they are polysemous, not contextually bound.

An exploratory study of complementary contrastive discourse constructions in English

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 210-239
Author(s):  
Aneider Iza Erviti
Keyword(s):  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Cognitive Models ◽  
Discourse Marker ◽  
The Family ◽  
The World ◽  
Fixed Part ◽  
High Level

Abstract This paper studies the fundamental characteristics of a subgroup of members of the family of complementary-contrastive discourse constructions in English. Following Ruiz de Mendoza and Gómez-González (2014) by discourse constructions this article refers to form-meaning pairings capturing relational meaning such as addition, exemplification, contrast, etc. grounded in high-level cognitive models. A discourse construction (e.g., X Let Alone Y; cf. Fillmore, Kay, & O’Connor, 1988), generally consists of a fixed part and two variables, where the fixed part is a connector (a discourse marker or a conjunction). The constructions under scrutiny indicate a relation between two elements or situations in the world that are opposites but not exclusive of each other. Many of the members of this constructional family have frequently been treated as fully interchangeable in standard lexicographic practice. By contrast, this paper argues that each of these constructions introduces small but decisive changes in focal structure, resulting in important differences in meaning. Taking this evidence into account, the paper specifies the cases where one construction is used with preference over the others.

scholarly journals CODE SWITCHING IN BILINGUAL CLASSROOM

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-56
Author(s):  
Rakhmat Wahyudin Sagala ◽  
Bambang Panca Syahputra
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Bilingual Education ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Bilingual Students ◽  
Discourse Marker ◽  
Proper Nouns ◽  
Universal Language ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
Bilingual Classroom

Nowadays, universal language which is used in the world is English. The ability of speaking English is being a prerequisite to be someone’s success in the future. The aim of this study is to find the phenomenon of code switching in bilingual classroom which focused on types of grammatical code switching and reasons of using grammatical code switching. This research applied descriptive qualitative research which obtained the data from the discourse of lecturers and students in bilingual classroom at Universitas Negeri Medan. The researchers applied observation, interview and documentation. The data showed that lecturers and students used grammatical code switching in the classroom such as 2 tag code switching, 12 inter-sentential code switching, 22 intra-sentential code switching, 3 proper nouns, 1 negative words, 8 similarity of words in languages and 3 discourse marker. There are some reasons why the participants used code switching in their discourse. First, code switching made students more understand what the lecturers explained because not all bilingual students are able to speak English. Second, they used code switching because lack of vocabulary in English and so that they switched languages to make the material were easier to be understood.Keywords— Code Switching, Types of Grammatical Code Switching, Reasons of Code Switching, Bilingual Education

scholarly journals Evaluation of Online Hotel Booking Services in Uzbekistan

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sitora Inoyatova ◽  
Obidjon Khamidov ◽  
Asror Nigmonov
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Service Level ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Personal Evaluation ◽  
The World ◽  
Website Analysis ◽  
Hotel Booking ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Made In

Nowadays, trend towards the online hotel booking has been increased throughout the world. Hotels can directly offer online room booking service to prospective customers through their website, which reduces the need of booking through giant commercial online hotel booking services. Main objective of this article is to analyze and have an actual picture of the online booking systems in the hotels of Uzbekistan. With the aim of meeting the objective of the article the qualitative method shall be used by conducting the website analysis, personal evaluation, and open to public statistics resources. The paper will be based on the literature review of similar research conducted by other authors within the area of online hotel booking, which brings great interest to the researchers, since there is very little research has been conducted on same area in Uzbekistan, which makes it very difficult to obtain valid resource which would demonstrate the current online hotel booking service level integration in the country. In conclusion, the results of the research shall be presented, where the current situation of online booking services by hotels’ website would be represented with the present features used by the local hotels, along with the areas for further development and recommendations will be made in order to boost the development of the country hotels’ online booking systems.

A pragmatist philosophy of psychological science and its implications for replication

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Gantman ◽  
Robin Gomila ◽  
Joel E. Martinez ◽  
J. Nathan Matias ◽  
Elizabeth Levy Paluck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
William James ◽  
Mental Processes ◽  
Psychological Science ◽  
Behavioral Measurement ◽  
The World ◽  
Pragmatist Philosophy

AbstractA pragmatist philosophy of psychological science offers to the direct replication debate concrete recommendations and novel benefits that are not discussed in Zwaan et al. This philosophy guides our work as field experimentalists interested in behavioral measurement. Furthermore, all psychologists can relate to its ultimate aim set out by William James: to study mental processes that provide explanations for why people behave as they do in the world.

Culture and the plasticity of perception

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Lifshitz ◽  
T. M. Luhrmann
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Sensory Experience ◽  
Cultural Learning ◽  
The World

Abstract Culture shapes our basic sensory experience of the world. This is particularly striking in the study of religion and psychosis, where we and others have shown that cultural context determines both the structure and content of hallucination-like events. The cultural shaping of hallucinations may provide a rich case-study for linking cultural learning with emerging prediction-based models of perception.

Let's call a memory a memory, but what kind?

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazim Keven
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Animal Cognition ◽  
The World

Abstract Hoerl & McCormack argue that animals cannot represent past situations and subsume animals’ memory-like representations within a model of the world. I suggest calling these memory-like representations as what they are without beating around the bush. I refer to them as event memories and explain how they are different from episodic memory and how they can guide action in animal cognition.

Rotational Characteristics of the Green Solar Corona: 1947-1991

1994 ◽  
Vol 144 ◽  
pp. 139-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Rybák ◽  
V. Rušin ◽  
M. Rybanský
Keyword(s):  
Solar Corona ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Rotation Period ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Coronal Emission ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The World ◽  
Coronal Emission Line ◽  
Homogeneous Data

AbstractFe XIV 530.3 nm coronal emission line observations have been used for the estimation of the green solar corona rotation. A homogeneous data set, created from measurements of the world-wide coronagraphic network, has been examined with a help of correlation analysis to reveal the averaged synodic rotation period as a function of latitude and time over the epoch from 1947 to 1991.The values of the synodic rotation period obtained for this epoch for the whole range of latitudes and a latitude band ±30° are 27.52±0.12 days and 26.95±0.21 days, resp. A differential rotation of green solar corona, with local period maxima around ±60° and minimum of the rotation period at the equator, was confirmed. No clear cyclic variation of the rotation has been found for examinated epoch but some monotonic trends for some time intervals are presented.A detailed investigation of the original data and their correlation functions has shown that an existence of sufficiently reliable tracers is not evident for the whole set of examinated data. This should be taken into account in future more precise estimations of the green corona rotation period.

Where in the world is the hip hop nation?

Popular Music ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-245
Author(s):  
Inez H. Templeton
Keyword(s):  
Hip Hop ◽  
The World

Scanning electron microscopy of freeze-fractured prescapular lymph node of caprine

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 244-245
Author(s):  
O. Faroon ◽  
F. Al-Bagdadi ◽  
T. G. Snider ◽  
C. Titkemeyer
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Lymphatic System ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
The Body ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
The World ◽  
Cellular Constituent ◽  
Scanning Electron

The lymphatic system is very important in the immunological activities of the body. Clinicians confirm the diagnosis of infectious diseases by palpating the involved cutaneous lymph node for changes in size, heat, and consistency. Clinical pathologists diagnose systemic diseases through biopsies of superficial lymph nodes. In many parts of the world the goat is considered as an important source of milk and meat products.The lymphatic system has been studied extensively. These studies lack precise information on the natural morphology of the lymph nodes and their vascular and cellular constituent. This is due to using improper technique for such studies. A few studies used the SEM, conducted by cutting the lymph node with a blade. The morphological data collected by this method are artificial and do not reflect the normal three dimensional surface of the examined area of the lymph node. SEM has been used to study the lymph vessels and lymph nodes of different animals. No information on the cutaneous lymph nodes of the goat has ever been collected using the scanning electron microscope.

Ultrastructure of neuromuscular relationships in the canine heartworm (dirofilaria immitis)

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 278-279
Author(s):  
W. L. Steffens ◽  
Nancy B. Roberts ◽  
J. M. Bowen
Keyword(s):  
Dirofilaria Immitis ◽  
Domestic Dogs ◽  
Structural Description ◽  
Pharmacological Effects ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Canine Heartworm ◽  
The World ◽  
Synaptic Region ◽  
Muscle Innervation ◽  
Insight Into

The canine heartworm is a common and serious nematode parasite of domestic dogs in many parts of the world. Although nematode neuroanatomy is fairly well documented, the emphasis has been on sensory anatomy and primarily in free-living soil species and ascarids. Lee and Miller reported on the muscular anatomy in the heartworm, but provided little insight into the peripheral nervous system or myoneural relationships. The classical fine-structural description of nematode muscle innervation is Rosenbluth's earlier work in Ascaris. Since the pharmacological effects of some nematacides currently being developed are neuromuscular in nature, a better understanding of heartworm myoneural anatomy, particularly in reference to the synaptic region is warranted.

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