Subclassification of HI-Causatives in Korean

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-62
Author(s):  
So Young Yi
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Lexical Item ◽  
Context Sensitive ◽  
The Given ◽  
The Continuum ◽  
Causative Verbs

The purpose of this paper is to categorize Korean HI-causatives. Kim (1998) suggests a division into bi-clausal compositional causatives and mono-clausal lexical causatives. According to her suggestion, while compositional HI-causatives possess two verbs, lexical HI-causatives possess only one, since when the originally causative meaning is lost, the verb becomes one lexical item. However, some of the examples she provides cannot be accepted intuitively. An experiment was carried out in order to prove it. Each subject was given eight sentences, five with lexical and three with compositional causative verbs, and was asked to choose from among two pictures which they considered corresponding to the given sentence. Contrary to Kim’s (1998) suggestion, the result shows that Korean native speakers do not consider that HI-causatives are divided into two categories, compositional and lexical, but, instead, they are on a continuum from direct to indirect meaning semantically. According to this experiment, the continuum has mek-HI-ta ‘cause to eat’ at one end and pes-HI-ta ‘cause to take off’ at the far end. In addition, HI-causatives are context-sensitive, so that the context should be considered when native speakers use them.

Power Withstanding Capability and Transient Temperature of Carbon Nanotube-Based Nano Electrical Interconnects

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Femi Robert
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotube ◽  
Transient Analysis ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Transient Temperature ◽  
Nanoelectronic Devices ◽  
Cu Interconnects ◽  
Electrical Interconnects ◽  
Steady State Temperature ◽  
The Given ◽  
The Continuum

Abstract This paper exhibits the electrothermal modelling and evaluation of Carbon Nanotube (CNT) based electrical interconnects for electronic devices. The continuum model of the CNT is considered and the temperature across interconnect is predicted for the given power. Finite element modelling software COMSOL Multiphysics is used to carry out the simulations. The results are compared with Al and Cu interconnects. An electrothermal analysis is also carried out to obtain the temperature for the given power for Single-Walled CNT, Double-Walled CNT, Triple-Walled CNT, and Multi-Walled CNT. Results show that the CNT interconnects performs better when compared to Al and Cu interconnects. The power withstanding capability of CNT is 68.75 times more than Al and 32.35 times more than Cu. Based on the transient analysis, the time taken by the CNT interconnects to reach a steady temperature is obtained as 0.007 ns. On the application of power, Cu and Al interconnects takes 0.1 ns to reach the steady-state temperature. The nanostructured CNT based electrical interconnects would play a considerable role in replacing Cu and Al electrical interconnect applications for micro and nanoelectronic devices.

Verstaanbaarheid als interactioneel en contextgebonden fenomeen

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-170
Author(s):  
Ellen Simon ◽  
Chloé Lybaert
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Language Teaching ◽  
Language Education ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Context Sensitive ◽  
Second Language Education ◽  
Communicative Success ◽  
And Migration

Abstract As a result of growing mobility and migration flows, the number of non-native speakers of Dutch in Belgium and the Netherlands have gradually increased over the past decades and so have the number of people enrolled in Dutch as a Second Language education. While there is huge variation in the profiles of these non-native speakers, they almost exclusively have in common that their Dutch sounds, in some way and at some stage, accented. In line with worldwide trends in foreign language teaching, the pronunciation goal in Dutch as a Second Language education has shifted from native-like to intelligible. Indeed, the notion of intelligibility has become prominent in language teaching and assessment. In this paper, we discuss the complexity of this notion and set it off against related terms like ‘comprehensibility’ and ‘foreign accent’. Through a literature review, we argue that intelligibility is an interactional and context-sensitive phenomenon: it is as much a responsibility of the speaker as it is of the listener or conversational partner(s) in general, whose attitudes will have an impact on the intelligibility and thus on the conversational flow and communicative success. After reviewing literature on the intelligibility of Dutch as a Second Language, we end by formulating some promising lines for future research.

scholarly journals Lak proverbs with the religious code of culture

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Abakarova
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Social ◽  
Present Participle ◽  
Cultural Code ◽  
Positive Traits ◽  
The Given ◽  
Syntactical Analysis

The article analyzes Lak proverbs with the religious cultural code. The research was based on the descriptive method, syntactical analysis, morphological analysis and cognitive analysis. The proverbs collected from 3 books of Lak proverbs were analyzed from the point of view of semantics, axiological connotations, syntax and morphology. Semantic analysis revealed 6 groups of lexemes: (1) denominations of people; (2) words related to religious pillars and rituals; (3) words related to holy scriptures, religious attributes and terms; (4) words denoting death and afterlife; (5) words denoting commendable religious acts and notions; (6) words denoting sin and punishment. In the course of the axiological analysis there have been defined proverbs with positive evaluation of a person and proverbs with negative characteristics of a person. Positive traits include honesty, piety, decency, erudition and diligence, while negative ones include insulation, indecency, hypocrisy and negligence in the religious worship. Syntactical analysis of the Lak proverbs has revealed the presence of adverbs of asyndetic structure within which there have been established adversative, concessive and comparative relations, as well as of proverbs with copulative and disjunctive conjunctions. Some of the proverbs are based on the principle of alogism. Morphological analysis of the proverbs has revealed the most frequent grammatical tense, the Present Affirmative Tense, which is formed by means of adding the affix -r to the present participle. The Present Affirmative Tense in the Lak language denotes an action as an attribute of the subject which explains the fact of usage of this tense in proverbs that summarize the social experience of the native speakers. Lak proverbs with the given code have not been researched earlier that makes this study relevant.

scholarly journals How to Avoid Discriminatory Words in Modern English

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (1 (8)) ◽  
pp. 86-90
Author(s):  
Naira Harutyunyan
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
The Given

The semantic modifications words undergo in the course of time sometimes cause misunderstanding. This can be accounted for by the fact that many words change their meanings and become less frequent in their use, or their previous meanings may sound offensive and vulgar. To avoid such problems the author of the article suggests studying the use of the given word by native speakers taking into consideration certain cultural and traditional shades. The article attempts to find possible ways to avoid such words or to substitute them for more suitable ones.

The nature of flux variations in the continua and broad-line regions of selected active galactic nuclei

2020 ◽  
Vol 496 (1) ◽  
pp. 784-800
Author(s):  
A Bewketu Belete ◽  
L J Goicoechea ◽  
B L Canto Martins ◽  
I C Leão ◽  
J R De Medeiros
Keyword(s):  
Active Galactic Nuclei ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Sampling Rate ◽  
Galactic Nuclei ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Light Curves ◽  
Ngc 4151 ◽  
The Given ◽  
Ngc 7469 ◽  
The Continuum

ABSTRACT We present a multifractal analysis of the long-term light curves of a small sample of type 1 active galactic nuclei: NGC 4151, Arp 102B, 3C 390.3, E1821+643 and NGC 7469. We aim to investigate how the degrees of multifractality of the continuum and Hβ line vary among the five different objects and to check whether the multifractal behaviours of the continuum and the Hβ line correlate with standard accretion parameters. The backward (θ  = 0) one-dimensional multifractal detrended moving average procedure was applied to light curves covering the full observation period and partial observation periods containing an equal number of epochs for each object. We detected multifractal signatures for the continua of NGC 4151, Arp 102B and 3C 390.3 and for the Hβ lines of NGC 4151 and 3C 390.3. However, we found nearly monofractal signatures for the continua of E1821+643 and NGC 7469, as well as for the Hβ lines of Arp 102B, E1821+643 and NGC 7469. In addition, we did not find any correlations between the degree of multifractality of the Hβ line and accretion parameters, while the degree of multifractality of the continuum seems to correlate with the Eddington ratio (i.e. the smaller the ratio is, the stronger the degree of multifractality). The given method is not robust, and these results should be taken with caution. Future analysis of the sampling rate and other properties of the light curves should help with better constraining and understanding these results.

Is there anything there when there is not there? Null expletives and second language data

2004 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Oshita
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Lexical Item ◽  
Psychological Reality ◽  
Language Data ◽  
Syntactic Properties ◽  
Linguistic Characterization ◽  
Large Corpus ◽  
Made In

This article explores the issue of the psychological reality of null expletives, i.e., the silent counterparts of the so-called dummy subjects such as English it and there. Following Jackendoff’s (1997; 2002) notion of `defective’ lexical item, I define null expletives as extremely `defective’ words with syntactic properties but no semantic or phonological content. By comparing native speakers of pro-drop languages and those of topic-drop languages in terms of their grammatical judgement of and productive use of English, I argue that null expletives are very likely psychologically real to speakers of pro-drop languages but not to those of topic-drop languages. This conclusion is based on observations made in previous second language (L2) studies and the analysis of data obtained from a large corpus of nonnative English. The question of the unaccusative-unergative distinction in L2 grammar and the linguistic characterization of so-called free subject-verb inversion in pro-drop languages are also discussed in relation to the issue of the psychological reality of null expletives.

Development of disyllabic tones in different learning contexts

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-233
Author(s):  
Bei Yang ◽  
Nuoyi Yang
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Acoustic Analysis ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Read Aloud ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tone Production ◽  
Context Sensitive ◽  
Learning Contexts ◽  
Immersion Programs ◽  
Post Test

AbstractTones are the most challenging aspect of learning Chinese. We study tonal acquisition for American learners of Chinese in three learning contexts: study-abroad, at-home and immersion programs. This paper explores whether and how tone production is improved in these contexts. Fifteen learners of Chinese participated in this study. They took a pre-test and a post-test. The control group contained ten native speakers. The task was a read-aloud test in Chinese. Additionally, learners filled out a language contact form. To assess students’ tonal accuracy, we conducted two kinds of analysis: a perception assessment by native Mandarin speakers and an acoustic analysis of pitch track comparison. Contextual data were coded based on the length of language contact with native speakers of Chinese. The results indicate that difficult tone combinations are context sensitive. It also reveals what strategies learners of Chinese use to produce tones similar to native speakers’ production.

Extracting words from the speech stream at first exposure

2013 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellenor Shoemaker ◽  
Rebekah Rast
Keyword(s):  
Target Word ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Lexical Item ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Exposure Study ◽  
Several Variables ◽  
Stages Of Learning ◽  
Novel Target ◽  
Better Than

The earliest stages of adult language acquisition have received increased attention in recent years (cf. Carroll, introduction to this issue). The study reported here aims to contribute to this discussion by investigating the role of several variables in the development of word recognition strategies during the very first hours of exposure to a novel target language (TL). Eighteen native speakers of French with no previous exposure to Polish were tested at intervals throughout a 6.5-hour intensive Polish course on their ability to extract target words from Polish sentences. Following Rast and Dommergues’ (2003) first exposure study, stimuli were designed to investigate the effect of three factors: the lexical transparency of the target word with respect to the native language (L1); the frequency of the target word in the input; the target word’s position in the sentence. Results suggest that utterance position plays an essential role in learners’ ability to recognize words in the signal at first exposure, indicating acute sensitivity to the edges of prosodic domains. In addition, transparent words (e.g. professor ‘professor’) were recognized significantly better than non-transparent words (e.g. lekarz ‘doctor’), suggesting that first exposure learners are highly dependent on L1 phonological forms. Furthermore, the frequency of a target word in the input did not affect performance, suggesting that at the very beginning stages of learning, the amount of exposure to a lexical item alone does not play a significant role in recognition.

scholarly journals Generating Thematic Chinese Poetry using Conditional Variational Autoencoders with Hybrid Decoders

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaopeng Yang ◽  
Xiaowen Lin ◽  
Shunda Suo ◽  
Ming Li
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Recurrent Neural Networks ◽  
Latent Variables ◽  
Chinese Poetry ◽  
Context Sensitive ◽  
Variational Autoencoder ◽  
Symmetry Tests ◽  
The Given

Computer poetry generation is our first step towards computer writing. Writing must have a theme. The current approaches of using sequence-to-sequence models with attention often produce non-thematic poems. We present a novel conditional variational autoencoder with a hybrid decoder adding the deconvolutional neural networks to the general recurrent neural networks to fully learn topic information via latent variables. This approach significantly improves the relevance of the generated poems by representing each line of the poem not only in a context-sensitive manner but also in a holistic way that is highly related to the given keyword and the learned topic. A proposed augmented word2vec model further improves the rhythm and symmetry. Tests show that the generated poems by our approach are mostly satisfying with regulated rules and consistent themes, and 73.42% of them receive an Overall score no less than 3 (the highest score is 5).

A Grammatical Sketch of Chitumbuka

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Beaton Galafa
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Syllable Structure ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Lexical Item ◽  
Sentence Structure ◽  
Verbal Morphology ◽  
Tonal Language ◽  
Loan Words ◽  
Noun Classes ◽  
Different Types

The paper provides a grammatical sketch of Chitumbuka, a language widely spoken in the northern region of Malawi, and therefore used as a lingua franca in the region. The paper focuses on four key linguistic aspects of the language in its analysis. These include phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics. Data analysis followed interviews with native speakers of the language drawn from four districts of Mzimba, Rumphi, Nkhata Bay and Kasungu. There was also a significant reliance on data from published materials exploring the language. The paper agrees with available literature ascertaining the existence of 5 vowels and 27 consonant phonemes, a CV syllable structure, assimilation and strengthening processes in the language. It also shows that Chitumbuka is not a tonal language. The paper further ascertains the existence of 18 noun classes in the language and a complex verbal morphology with different types of markers for subject, object and tense. It also shows that the general sentence structure of Chitumbuka is Subject-Verb-Object with several other possible alterations. The paper ends with an exploration of loan words in the language and the realization of the notions of borrow and lend through a single lexical item. 

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