Paraphrase and parallel treebank for the comparison of French and Chinese syntax

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafaël Poiret ◽  
Simon Mille ◽  
Haitao Liu
Keyword(s):  
Syntactic Structures ◽  
Linguistic Description ◽  
Linguistic Unit ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract This paper proposes to study the contrastive syntax of French and Chinese through the lens of syntactic mismatches, and by making use of parallel treebanks. A syntactic mismatch is the non-similarity between the syntactic structures of one linguistic unit and its translation. Syntactic mismatches are formalized using the notion of paraphrase from the Meaning-Text Theory, which allows for capturing mismatches at different levels of the linguistic description (e.g. Semantic, Deep-Syntactic, and Surface-Syntactic). In this paper, we report in details on the types of paraphrases found in the seed corpus used, demonstrating that the Deep-Syntactic paraphrases constitute the best starting point for our study. Then, we show how, starting from the seed corpus, we semi-automatically constructed a multi-layer parallel treebank with the alignment and annotation of paraphrases.

scholarly journals Fifty years of digital literacy studies: A meta-research for interdisciplinary and conceptual convergence

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
María-Cristina Martínez-Bravo ◽  
Charo Sádaba-Chalezquer ◽  
Javier Serrano-Puche
Keyword(s):  
Digital Literacy ◽  
Data Science ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Literacy Studies ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Systematized Review ◽  
Key Terms ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Central Term ◽  
Previous Existence

The following research has as its starting point the previous existence of different approaches to the study of digital literacy, which reflect a specialisation by area of study as well as connections and complementarity between them. The paper analyses research from the last 50 years through 11 key terms associated with the study of this subject. The article seeks to understand the contribution of each term for an integrated conceptualisation of digital literacy. From the data science approach, the methodology used is based on a systematized review of the literature and a network analysis using Gephi. The study analyses 16,753 articles from WoS and 5,809 from Scopus, between the period of 1968 to 2017. The results present the input to each key term studied as a map of keywords and a conceptual framework in different levels of analysis; in these, we show digital literacy as a central term that connects and integrates the others, and we define it as a process that integrates all the perspectives. The conclusions emphasise the comprehensive sense of digital literacy and its social condition, as well as the transversality to human life. This research aims to understand the relationships that exist between the different areas and contribute to the debate from a meta-theoretical level, validating meta-research for this interdisciplinary purpose.

scholarly journals TRANSFORMASI RELIEF CANDI PRAMBANAN DALAM KARYA TUBUH RITUS TUBUH OLEH ANGGONO KUSUMO WIBOWO

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-76
Author(s):  
Siska Dwi Purwanti ◽  
Daryono Daryono
Keyword(s):  
Contemporary Art ◽  
Participatory Research ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Theory Of Change ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Visual Expression ◽  
Change Transformation ◽  
Different Levels

Transformation is a process of changing form, nature, and so on into new forms without leaving the values that existed in the previous culture. The process of transformation always produces elements of novelty, both in terms of style, taste, and meaning even at different levels of change. Transformation in art does not only occur in similar arts. Ancient relics, for example, as one form of art can be a starting point to be interpreted into visual expression in contemporary art, including dance. Tubuh Ritus Tubuh is one of the dance works which is a form of transformation of the Prambanan Temple relief. This study tries to uncover the allegations of the  transformation of the Prambanan temple reliefs that can be observed on Tubuh Ritus Tubuh dance presentation. The problem of transformation is examined using the theory of change expressed by Lorens Bagus. The participatory research method carried out by the author is able to uncover the form of transformation found in certain parts of the dance presentation. Keywords: transformation, relief, Prambanan Temple, Tubuh Ritus Tubuh.

scholarly journals Mapping land use capability in tropical conditions adapting criteria to different levels of agricultural management

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 631-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luís Renato Silva Taveira ◽  
Michele Duarte de Menezes ◽  
Anita Fernanda dos Santos Teixeira ◽  
Nilton Curi
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Soil Map ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Tropical Conditions ◽  
Medium Level ◽  
Different Levels

ABSTRACT Land use capability is one of the most widespread technical-interpretative classification systems, however, regional adaptations may be necessary because different attributes may affect it. For these adaptations, the Minas Gerais soil map was used as the starting point for this study. The criteria to define the land use capability were adapted to management levels with small (level A) and medium (level B) application of capital and modern technology (level C). The aim of the present study was to map land use capability for Minas Gerais state, Brazil, following the criteria adapted to different levels of management and measure the accuracy of the resulting maps. The system of land use capability is widely used by INCRA in evaluations of rural properties. Erosion criterion was replaced by erodibility. The information was handled in a geographic information system. For validation, soil profiles from regional pedological surveys were sampled, classified, and its land use capability was compared to the land use capability shown on the map according to the different management levels. In spite of the small scale of the soil map, the maps of land use capability exhibited adequate accuracy: 73% (management level A), 71% (B), and 50% (C). Therefore, it can be applied in initial phases of regional planning studies, in which the level of details required is reduced (for example, in ecological-economic zoning). More detailed analyses still depend on detailed field surveys, as advocated by the system of land use capability.

De (on) Verklaarbaarheid Van Fossilisatie

1998 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 101-109
Author(s):  
Elisabeth van der Linden
Keyword(s):  
Learning Process ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Advanced Learners ◽  
Syntactic Structures ◽  
The Past ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Past Tenses ◽  
Different Levels

In the literature about fossilization, several definitions have been given and several explanations have been suggested for this phenomenon. I see fossilization as a long-time stagnation in the T2 learning process, leading to errors based on transfer. Fossilization is caused by sociolinguistic, pyscholinguistic and purely linguistic factors. In this paper I concentrate on the acquisition of syntactic structures and on the role of input and instruction in that process. I argue that, although in the acquisition of some syntactic structures, UG plays an important role, this does not account for the whole learning process: learners have not only to reset parameters when acquiring T2 but have to proceduralize knowledge based on the surface structure of sentences. In the case of the use of past tenses in French, many of the Dutch advanced learners of three different levels of proficiency do not acquire native-like intuitions about the use of these tenses, although input as well as instruction are thorough on this point. I suggest that the past tense system is not UG-dependent and that the instruction does not allow proceduralization of the knowledge.

scholarly journals TMJ Dysfunction and Systemic Correlation

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Fiorillo ◽  
Giuseppe Musumeci
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Mixed Dentition ◽  
Dental Occlusion ◽  
Sports Performance ◽  
Muscular System ◽  
Medical Field ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
A Site ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Levels

In recent years it has been conclusively shown how the position of the mouth in relation to the body affects the way of walking and standing. In particular, occlusion, the relationship between skull and jaw, swallowing and convergence of the eyes are in neuro-muscular relationship with the control and maintenance system of posture, integrating at different levels. This manuscript aims to be a summary of all the oral, occlusal and articular dysfunctions of TMJ with systemic and postural–muscular repercussions. Recent articles found in the literature that are taken into consideration and briefly analyzed represent an important starting point for these correlations, which are still unclear in the medical field. Posturology, occlusal and oral influences on posture, spine and muscular system are still much debated today. In the literature, there are articles concerning sports performance and dental occlusion or even the postural characteristics of adolescents or children in deciduous and mixed dentition. The temporomandibular joint, as the only joint of the skull, could therefore represent a site to pay particular attention to, and in some cases an ATM dysfunction could be a clue for the diagnosis of systemic pathologies, or it could be the repercussion.

Developing the “Causes of Poverty in Developing Countries Questionnaire (CPDCQ)” in a Spanish-Speaking Population

2010 ◽  
Vol 38 (9) ◽  
pp. 1167-1172 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Juan Vázquez ◽  
Isabel Pascual ◽  
Sonia Panadero
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
University Students ◽  
Third World ◽  
Spanish Speaking ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
World Poverty ◽  
Spanish Speaking Population ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Causes Of Poverty

From information supplied by 1,092 university students from countries with different levels of development, in this work we developed an up-to-date instrument to allow the causes of poverty in developing countries to be studied. Taking the Causes of Third World Poverty Questionnaire (CTWPQ; Harper, 2002), the most widely used instrument for this purpose as the starting point, and taking into account contributions made by other authors, The Causes of Poverty in Developing Countries Questionnaire (CPDCQ) was developed. It is an instrument of 20 items organized into 5 factors: “Blame causes within developing countries”, “Blame causes external to developing countries”, “Blame attributed to developing countries' populations”, “Blame attributed to developing countries' services”, and “Blame attributed to the poor distribution of land in developing countries”.

THE LANGUAGE OF CHAOS

2006 ◽  
Vol 16 (03) ◽  
pp. 523-557 ◽  
Author(s):  
ELEONORA BILOTTA ◽  
PIETRO PANTANO
Keyword(s):  
Chaotic Systems ◽  
Relative Distribution ◽  
Artificial Language ◽  
Evolution Of Language ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Linguistic Unit ◽  
Mental Worlds ◽  
Linguistic Approach ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Selection Of

This work presents a linguistic approach to the understanding of chaos. The idea comes from our work on translating into sounds and music the complexity of chaotic systems, as with Chua's attractors. Therefore, working with sounds, we have used a standardization criterion in order to detect only some of the features of the richness of chaos. This method involves the selection of a limited number of sounds, which, in turn, allow for the creation of other components of the system at different levels of organization, as with natural language. Thus, phonetic, morphological, syntactic and semantic levels, linked by a grammar of an "artificial chaotic language" are defined. Each linguistic unit of the artificial language presents networks of interrelated phenomena since for each of them, it is possible to detect its path length, tracing a graph of the mutual relationships of the system's components. We found that there is interaction among the different levels of the chaotic language. Furthermore, some traits of the dynamics of the evolution of language in human infants are found in the main routes to chaos. In this emergent dynamics, mutations, struggle for the fittest, natural selection, and the relative distribution of linguistic entities in genetic landscapes are observed. On the basis of this, a possible bridge of connection between the physical and the mental worlds may be developed.

scholarly journals Setting the agenda for research on issue arenas

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 200-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marita Vos ◽  
Henny Schoemaker ◽  
Vilma Liisa Luoma-aho
Keyword(s):  
Communication Strategies ◽  
Corporate Communication ◽  
Issues Management ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Public ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Stakeholder Interaction ◽  
Setting Theory ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Different Levels

Purpose – This paper seeks to contribute to the field of corporate communication by clarifying the theoretical basis of communication in issue arenas and proposing an agenda for research on issue arenas. Design/methodology/approach – Drawing on insights from stakeholder thinking, network theory, issues management, and agenda-setting theory, the authors identify different levels of analysis that could explain the behaviour of organisations in the public debate on current issues. Findings – The organisation-centred approach is replaced by a strong emphasis on interaction in networks of organisations, groups and individuals. Decision-making on communication strategies can be further developed by analysing the particularities of each issue arena, in particular the characteristics of the issue and the actors involved as well as the course of the debate and the communication strategies utilised in stakeholder interaction. Research limitations/implications – This theoretical approach calls for further research, but offers an agenda and suggests four starting levels for analysis. Practical implications – This paper provides a timely approach to the analysis of corporate communication that may help understand the complexities of a rapidly changing organisational environment and, ultimately, assist organisations in developing customised communication strategies suited to each issue arena relevant to their operations. Originality/value – Insights from various theories are brought together to serve as a starting point for the further analysis of communication in issue arenas.

scholarly journals Ordinary Places of Postmigrant Societies: Dealing with Difference in West and East German Neighbourhoods

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 115-126
Author(s):  
Karin Wiest
Keyword(s):  
Field Observations ◽  
Social Difference ◽  
Point Of Entry ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
East German ◽  
Social Encounters ◽  
Local Discourses ◽  
The City ◽  
Urban Places ◽  
Different Levels

The starting point of the contribution is the question of how the dynamics of social encounters in the city are shaped by specific migration histories, local discourses, economies and policies. Against this background, the article analyses the perceptions and localised practices in dealing with social difference and diversity in a comparison of East and West German neighbourhoods. However, this is not about a hierarchizing evaluation, but about understanding urban encounters in the migration society as contestations of social and class recognition, which are played out at different levels and in specific urban places. Based on narrative interviews and field observations, it is shown how urban coexistence is experienced and negotiated in everyday settings between routines and new conflicts. A postmigrant perspective—as a heuristic point of entry—aims to take hegemonic understandings of societal belonging and exclusion under migration-related conditions into question.

scholarly journals „Tu dokonało się zwycięstwo nad potężnym, zwartym łańcuchem Alp”. Semmering w przewodnikach między 1852 a 1873 rokiem

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 110-120
Author(s):  
Roland Tusch
Keyword(s):  
Critical Reflection ◽  
Qualitative Content Analysis ◽  
Research Question ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Construction Site ◽  
Construction Work ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Alps ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Different Levels

With the Railway Age, the perception of the landscape has changed. In Austria, the world’s first high mountain railway was built in the middle of the 19th century. It crosses the Alps at one of their eastern foothills, the Semmering. The central subject of this study is the landscape that was completely transformed by the construction of the Semmering Railway between 1852 and 1873. How was the Semmering perceived before it was discovered by the Viennese society as a region of summer resort? How were the massive changes in the Alpine landscape caused by the construction of the railway portrayed in the medium of contemporary travel guides?The sources investigated cover the period from the construction of the Semmering Railway to the discovery of the region as a summer resort. Starting with the first travel guides to the construction site and ending with the travel guides to the completed railway, seven main sources were analysed. As a starting point for the qualitative content analysis, a system of categories was developed as a search grid to filter the relevant aspects for answering the research question. The analysis follows the process of coding, paraphrasing and generalizing, and clearly reveals different levels of perception. The landscape in which the railway was built was described in extremely positive, poetic formulations. The negatively judging descriptions are particularly remarkable in the context of the travel guides, as they can be read as a critical reflection of the changed situation. Instead of regretting the destruction of nature, the victory of man or technology over nature was celebrated. From the comparison of the travel guides to the construction site and those to the completed railway, the progress of the construction work is clearly readable. The magnificence of the construction project was beyond question from the very beginning. The travel guides allow one to comprehend this, at the time rather young, transformation of the landscape; they open up a differentiated view of the landscape. 

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