Bimodaal Codewisselen

2006 ◽  
Vol 75 ◽  
pp. 79-88
Author(s):  
Beppie van den Bogaerde
Keyword(s):  
Sign Language ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Language Model ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Short Introduction ◽  
The Matrix

In this article, the authors combine the insights from two linguistic sub disciplines: language contact and sign language linguistics. After a short introduction about some possible outcomes of language contact the choice for code switching and an analysis along the lines of Myers-Scottons Matrix Language model is made. First, the characteristics of bimodal language contact are discussed, and then the dataset is presented: a bimodal corpus by a deaf mother and her hearing son Jonas at the ages of approximately 3;0 and 6;0. Analyses show that a large part of the utterances is code blended, this means simultaneously signed and spoken. Even after a closer reanalysis it turns out to be difficult in many instances to decide what the matrix language is, although in many instances it is NGT.

scholarly journals Testing alternative theoretical accounts of code-switching: Insights from comparative judgments of adjective–noun order

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 200-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Stadthagen-González ◽  
M Carmen Parafita Couto ◽  
C Alejandro Párraga ◽  
Markus F Damian
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Language Model ◽  
Comparative Judgment ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Minimalist Program ◽  
2Afc Task ◽  
The Matrix

Objectives: Spanish and English contrast in adjective–noun word order: for example, brown dress (English) vs. vestido marrón (‘dress brown’, Spanish). According to the Matrix Language model ( MLF) word order in code-switched sentences must be compatible with the word order of the matrix language, but working within the minimalist program (MP), Cantone and MacSwan arrived at the descriptive generalization that the position of the noun phrase relative to the adjective is determined by the adjective’s language. Our aim is to evaluate the predictions derived from these two models regarding adjective–noun order in Spanish–English code-switched sentences. Methodology: We contrasted the predictions from both models regarding the acceptability of code-switched sentences with different adjective–noun orders that were compatible with the MP, the MLF, both, or none. Acceptability was assessed in Experiment 1 with a 5-point Likert and in Experiment 2 with a 2-Alternative Forced Choice (2AFC) task. Data and analysis: Data from both experiments were subjected to linear mixed model analyses. Results from the 2AFC task were also analyzed using Thurstone’s law of comparative judgment. Conclusions: We found an additive effect in which both the language of the verb and the language of the adjective determine word order. Originality: Both experiments examine adjective–noun word order in English–Spanish code-switched sentences. Experiment 2 represents a novel application of Thurstone’s law of comparative judgements to the study of linguistic acceptability which yielded clearer results than Likert scales. We found convincing evidence that neither the MLF nor the MP can fully account for the acceptability of adjective–noun switches. Implications: We suggest that advances in our understanding of grammaticality in code-switching will be achieved by combining the insights of the two frameworks instead of considering them in isolation, or by espousing a probabilistic model of code-switching.

scholarly journals Code Switching in Sigapokna Language Uttered by Minangkabau People in Sigapokna, Mentawai

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 40-50
Author(s):  
Marno Marno ◽  
Raflis Raflis ◽  
Fetri Reni
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Language Form ◽  
Research Techniques ◽  
Library Research ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Basic Ideas ◽  
The Mind

This research contains the title "Code Switching in Sigapokna language changed by Minangkabau people in Sigapokna" viewed from a structuralism perspective, this research discusses language contact occurring in bilingual or multilingual communities, because in this society it uses more than one language. The occurrence of language code switching in Sigapokna is due to the mixing of two languages ​​between the Sigapokna language and the Minangkabau language, native speakers of the Minangkabau people who settled in Sigapokna. Limited to some basic ideas related to observation into three questions as follows: (1) What is the form of code switching in the Sigapokna language, (2) What is the Sigapokna matrix in Minangkabau speakers, (3) What are the causes of code switching in the Sigapokna language. used is from Nababan about sociolinguistics used to answer the purpose of this research. For data analysis methods, the research used is a qualitative and quantitative approach. This approach emphasizes the meaning and understanding of the mind, reasoning, definitions of certain situations (in some contexts), more to examine matters relating to daily life such as the culture of an area. The purpose of research is usually related to practical matters. Data analysis is also a process of simplifying data into forms that are easier to read and interpret to look for broader meanings and implications from the results of research over language codes in Sigapokna. Data collection techniques in this research, to get the data and information needed, researchers used literature research techniques. In literature studies, researchers use techniques that are played with interviews and record data, materials, or references related to the problem and purpose of the research. Using library research techniques in finding data relevant to the subject of analysis. From the data collected amounted to 563. Data in the Minangkabau language form was mixed with 280 and the language while in the Sigapokna language form was 283. From the collection, the matrix language was 280/283×100% of the Minangkabau language. Sigapokna language is mixed with Minangkabau 283 so, it can be concluded that the mixed Sigapokna language is 283/280 × 100%. The occurrence of language contacts or code switching depends on the location or where someone lives. If someone is in an area with different languages ​​and cultures, there will automatically be a code transfer between the speaker, the speech partner and the speech partner in order to avoid a misunderstanding. From the conclusion of the code switching data above, native Minangkabau speakers are more dominant using the Sigapokna language.

scholarly journals On the Nature of the French Verbal Forms in the Code-Switching of Songhay, Bamanan and Fulah Speakers of French

2021 ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Past Participle ◽  
Native Languages ◽  
Contact Phenomenon ◽  
Code Mixing ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Linguistic Transfer

Code-Switching is a process of bilingualism that involves the alternation of two languages in the course of a single conversation as a result of language contact phenomenon. This paper is about the conjugation of the verbal forms in the switches of bilingual Songhay-French, Bamanankan-French and Fulfulde-French speakers as pointed out in several studies by I. Abdoulaye (2013, 2016), M. Minkailou and I. Abdoulaye (2016, 2018), I. Abdoulaye and M. Minkailou (2017, 2019). The main objective of the present paper is to describe the verbal paradigm in the switches of these three different groups of francophone speakers according to the existing theories and models on Code-Switching and Code-Mixing constraints. Based on the Matrix Language Frame Model of C. Myers-Scotton (1993a, b), the paper aims at proposing and analysing a francophone alternative of grammatical constraint in code switching. The study uses secondary data collected from the research works cited above in which spontaneous and fresh conversations have been recorded, transcribed and translated into English in an oral corpus. The population of these three different investigations is heterogeneous consisting of bilingual Songhay, Bamanan and Fulah civil servants and university students. Examining the nature of the switches, the study purposely focuses on the intra-sentential code-switching, in which the participants alternate the two codes, inserting words from French into their respective native languages. Analysing the inflected forms of the French verbs embedded in Songhay, Bamanankan or Fulfulde codes, the study has revealed that all the switched verbs belong to the same verb form, the French past participle of the three verb groups (first, second and third). So, the study has concluded that this way of conjugating verbs in Code-Switching is typical to francophone second language leaners. This approach in Code-Switching that the authors are proposing as the Francophone Model of Switching Verbs is a result of linguistic transfer of L2 learners of French.

scholarly journals Phonetic Variation Modeling and a Language Model Adaptation for Korean English Code-Switching Speech Recognition

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 2866
Author(s):  
Damheo Lee ◽  
Donghyun Kim ◽  
Seung Yun ◽  
Sanghun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Speech Recognition ◽  
Language Model ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Target Domain ◽  
Phonetic Variation ◽  
Language Model Adaptation ◽  
Imbalanced Training Data ◽  
Lm Adaptation

In this paper, we propose a new method for code-switching (CS) automatic speech recognition (ASR) in Korean. First, the phonetic variations in English pronunciation spoken by Korean speakers should be considered. Thus, we tried to find a unified pronunciation model based on phonetic knowledge and deep learning. Second, we extracted the CS sentences semantically similar to the target domain and then applied the language model (LM) adaptation to solve the biased modeling toward Korean due to the imbalanced training data. In this experiment, training data were AI Hub (1033 h) in Korean and Librispeech (960 h) in English. As a result, when compared to the baseline, the proposed method improved the error reduction rate (ERR) by up to 11.6% with phonetic variant modeling and by 17.3% when semantically similar sentences were applied to the LM adaptation. If we considered only English words, the word correction rate improved up to 24.2% compared to that of the baseline. The proposed method seems to be very effective in CS speech recognition.

Intra-Sentential Code-Switching among Bilingual Saudis on Twitter

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Hussein Ali Habtoor ◽  
Ghzail Faleh Almutlagah
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Social Aspects ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Common Phenomenon

Code switching (CS) is a common phenomenon in language contact situations wherein bilinguals utilize two languages in the same context. This study investigated the occurrence of intra-sentential code switching by 12 bilingual Saudi females on twitter who differed in age and education. The data were collected by taking screenshot for 1260 tweets. Data were analysed statistically to show the phenomena of Arabic- English code switching. Moreover, a qualitative method was used for data analysis. Findings of the study showed that code-switching was observed clearly on twitter and that intra-sentential code-switching occurs frequently. It was also observed that at the level of particular syntactic categories in Arabic-English CS, nouns were the most often switched elements in the corpus. This study focused on nouns and verbs as examples of these syntactic categories of CS. English as inserted language was mostly used by participant, so the study focused on Arabic sentences in which English is the embedded language. Finally, it is found that the most inserted words in English were related to the internet and other social aspects. 

The visual-gestural modality and beyond

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Mohr
Keyword(s):  
Sign Language ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Main Part ◽  
Language Change ◽  
Deaf Community ◽  
Fully Integrated ◽  
Modal Language ◽  
Personal Stories ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Native Signers

The article analyses cross-modal language contact between signed and spoken languages with special reference to the Irish Deaf community. This is exemplified by an examination of the phenomenon of mouthings in Irish Sign Language including its origins, dynamics, forms and functions. Initially, the setup of language contact with respect to Deaf communities and the sociolinguistics of the Irish Deaf community are discussed, and in the main part the article analyses elicited data in the form of personal stories by twelve native signers from the Republic of Ireland. The major aim of the investigation is to determine whether mouthings are yet fully integrated into ISL and if so, whether this integration has ultimately caused language change. Finally, it is asked whether traditional sociolinguistic frameworks of language contact can actually tackle issues of cross-modal language contact occurring between signed and spoken languages.

scholarly journals Code-switching within the noun phrase: Evidence from three corpora

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 695-714 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Carmen Parafita Couto ◽  
Marianne Gullberg
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Word Class ◽  
Statistical Software ◽  
Switching Patterns ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Research Questions

Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions: This study aims to improve our understanding of common switching patterns by examining determiner–noun–adjective complexes in code-switching (CS) in three language pairs (Welsh–English, Spanish–English and Papiamento–Dutch). The languages differ in gender and noun–adjective word order in the noun phrase (NP): (a) Spanish, Welsh, and Dutch have gender; English and Papiamento do not; (b) Spanish, Welsh, and Papiamento prefer post-nominal adjectives; Dutch and English, prenominal ones. We test predictions on determiner language and adjective order derived from generativist accounts and the Matrix Language Frame (MLF) approach. Design/methodology/approach: We draw on three publicly available spoken corpora. For the purposes of these analyses, we re-coded all three datasets identically. From the three re-coded corpora we extracted all monolingual and mixed simplex NPs (DetN) and complex NPs with determiners (determiner–adjective–noun (DetAN/NA)). We then examined the surrounding clause for each to determine the matrix language based on the finite verb. Data and analysis: We analysed the data using a linear regression model in R statistical software to examine the distribution of languages across word class and word order in the corpora. Findings/conclusions: Overall, the generativist predictions are borne out regarding adjective positions but not determiners and the MLF accounts for more of the data. We explore extra-linguistic explanations for the patterns observed. Originality: The current study has provided new empirical data on nominal CS from language pairs not previously considered. Significance/implications: This study has revealed robust patterns across three corpora and taken a step towards disentangling two theoretical accounts. Overall, the findings highlight the importance of comparing multiple language pairs using similar coding.

Constraints on Code-Switching: Evidence from Swedish and English

1986 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-82
Author(s):  
Beata Schmid
Keyword(s):  
Code Switching ◽  
Optimal Switching ◽  
Specific Point ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Clear Sense ◽  
Closed Class ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Category Equivalence ◽  
Communicative Context

In this paper, I have shown that Joshi's (1982) framework of codeswitching constraints can largely be applied to Swedish-English code-switches. I feel qualified to conclude that Joshi's claims concerning the non-switchability of closed class items and matrix language and embedded languages are held up by the Swedish- English data. The need for corresponding categories proved to be less clear-cut than originally proposed by Woolford (1983) and others. It seems that optimal switching conditions are given if the categories, rules and metarules correspond in the two languages. Apparently, however, it is also possible to switch if the node admissibility conditions for the matrix language only are met, as was shown by code-switched sentences containing RPs. This requires that the speaker has a clear sense of which language is the host and which is embedded. Rules from the embedded language only are not acceptable. This calls for some sort of determination strategy by the parser. I found no evidence for determining Lm at any specific point in the sentence, except at the topmost S. Rather, the judgments by code-switchers that a sentence “comes from” one language seems to coincide with the fact that the resulting sentence is based on the rules from that language. Other than that, the matrix language is determined by the communicative context as a whole.The data involving RPs also seemed to indicate that RPs are not separate ategories, but are NPs, introduced by a “de-slashing” rule (Sells 1984). If they were separate categories, this would be evidence for there being no need for category equivalence. In this case, we would have to explicitly state all other cases which require category equivalence (the majority of cases), which is undesirable.

World Englishes, Code-Switching, and Convergence

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara E. Bullock ◽  
Lars Hinrichs ◽  
Almeida Jacqueline Toribio
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Central Place ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
World Englishes ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
The Social ◽  
Mixing Patterns ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Analysis Of Variation ◽  
Mixed Nature

In this chapter, it is argued that the study of World Englishes (WE) should assume a more central place in the analysis of variation and change in the context of language contact. Because they emerge from situations of bilingualism and contact, WE varieties are highly informative with regard to the structural issues of code-switching and convergence (also termed structural borrowing, transfer, interference, imposition). The inherently mixed nature of WE is shown here to mirror the diverse structural patterns that are commonly encountered in bilingual speech. It is argued that different mixing patterns arise in response to the social and medial embedding of WE vernaculars at the community, the individual, and the interactional levels. Social evaluations of relative prestige, individual projections of style, stance, and identity, and the complex nature of multilingual interaction conspire to bring about complex, new language structures.

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